Variabilidade da precipitação em tempo e espaço associada à Zona de Convergência Intertropical

Este estudo visa apresentar uma análise atmosférica da variabilidade espacial e temporal da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT) nas cidades de Belém, Jakarta e Nairóbi, que estão localizadas sobre os continentes da América do Sul, Ásia e África, respectivamente. Para isso, foram utilizados dados diários de precipitação observada e radiação de onda longa para o período de 1999 a 2008, e aplicadas as técnicas matemáticas e estatísticas, como a média aritmética e a transformada em ondeletas Morlet. Em geral, os resultados indicam que do ponto de vista espacial, a precipitação mensal varia consideravelmente, pois as três cidades estudadas localizam-se em diferentes continentes da faixa tropical. Isto ocorre principalmente, durante os meses de Janeiro a Maio, período de maior atuação da ZCIT no hemisfério sul. As variações atmosféricas observadas, a partir dos escalogramas de fase, - de ondeleta indicam que as escalas interdecadal, anual, interanual e intrassazonal são moduladoras da precipitação. Tais escalas podem ser representadas pelos mecanismos oceano-atmosfera dos fenômenos El Niño Oscilação Sul e da oscilação intrassazonal de Madden e Julian. A contribuição destes fenômenos na distribuição da chuva nessas regiões é evidente durante o período estudado, sendo que Nairóbi, apesar de estar localizada em latitude semelhante à de Belém, apresenta pouca evidência do ciclo anual e forte na escala interdecadal. No caso de Belém e de Jakarta as oscilações de múltiescala de precipitação concentram-se nas escalas dos mecanismos moduladores da chuva associados com o ciclo anual e intrassazonal, durante todo o período.

Alternative approaches to slum upgrading in Kibera, Nairobi

This paper discusses the sustainability of two different approaches to upgrade water and sanitation infrastructure in Kenya’s largest informal settlement, Kibera. A background to the urbanization of poverty is outlined along with approaches to urban slums. Two case-studies of completed interventions of infrastructure upgrading have been investigated. In one case-study, the upgrading method driven by an NGO uses an integrated livelihoods and partnership technique at community level to create an individual project. in the other case-study, the method is a collaboration between the government and a multi-lateral agency to deliver upgraded services as a part of a country-wide programme. The ‘bottom-up’ (project) and ‘top-down’ (programme) approaches each seek sustainability and aim to achieve this in the same context using different techniques. This paper investigates the sustainability of each approach. The merits and challenges of the approaches are discussed with the projected future of Kibera. The paper highlights the valuable opportunity for the role of appropriate engineering infrastructure for sustainable urban development, as well as the alleviation of poverty in a developing context.

Alternative approaches to slum upgrading in Kibera, Nairobi

This paper discusses the sustainability of two different approaches to upgrade water and sanitation infrastructure in Kenya's largest informal settlement, Kibera. A background to the urbanisation of poverty is outlined along with approaches to urban slums. Two case studies of completed interventions of infrastructure upgrading have been investigated. In one case study, the upgrading method driven by a non-government organisation uses an integrated livelihoods and partnership technique at community level to create an individual project. In the other case study, the method is a collaboration between the government and a multi-lateral agency to deliver upgraded services as part of a country-wide programme. The 'bottom-up' (project) and 'top-down' (programme) approaches both seek sustainability and aim to achieve this in the same context using different techniques. This paper investigates the sustainability of each approach. The merits and challenges of the approaches are discussed with the projected future of Kibera. The paper highlights the valuable opportunity for the role of appropriate engineering infrastructure for sustainable urban development, as well as the alleviation of poverty in a developing context.

Informalilty in the Social and Culture Life in the City Centre of Nairobi

We live in a world of advanced technology, stiff global competition and rapid transformation of all facets of life and as a result architecture has not been spared. These transformations affect the social relations, cultural consumption and political economy that have influenced the manner in which people perform in and out of space in the city centres. The residents have adopted strategies for negotiating through the spaces sanitized by authorities and other agents. The public spaces provide the background materials for informal urban practices that are sometimes deemed illegal yet are necessary for animating the city spaces. Cities market themselves ecstatically beyond the baroque with a more visible presence of the contending parties through trademarks, public relations invasively advertised in streets, monuments (signature buildings or projects), and language. This paper comes out of a research carried out in Nairobi in February and March 2007. It examined how the notions of globalisation are reflected in the life in the city centre; the impacts on the quality of life of users of the city centre and how informal urbanism has developed as copying strategy to deal with the transformations due to liberalization and globalization.

Podcast of the launch of Trickle Out Africa project at British Council Nairobi

Film of the launch of the Trickle Out Project and speaches

Urban Leptospirosis in Africa: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Leptospira Infection in Rodents in the Kibera Urban Settlement, Nairobi, Kenya

Leptospirosis is a widespread but under-reported cause of morbidity and mortality. Global re-emergence of leptospirosis has been associated with the growth of informal urban settlements in which rodents are thought to be important reservoir hosts. Understanding the multi-host epidemiology of leptospirosis is essential to control and prevent disease. A cross-sectional survey of rodents in the Kibera settlement in Nairobi, Kenya was conducted in September–October 2008 to demonstrate the presence of pathogenic leptospires. A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that 41 (18.3%) of 224 rodents carried pathogenic leptospires in their kidneys, and sequence data identified Leptospira interrogans and L. kirschneri in this population. Rodents of the genus Mus (37 of 185) were significantly more likely to be positive than those of the genus Rattus (4 of 39; odds ratio = 15.03). Questionnaire data showed frequent contact between humans and rodents in Kibera. This study emphasizes the need to quantify the public health impacts of this neglected disease at this and other urban sites in Africa.

Territories of scarcity and creativity: a critical view of informal settlements and emerging tactics under conditions of scarcity in Nairobi, Kenya and Quito, Ecuador

This thesis explores the processes through which scarcity is constructed in informal settlements and how conditions emerging within its limits gives way to particular socio-spatial phenomena and influence the emergence of self-organisation and creative strategies from a non-expert perspective. At the same time, this thesis deconstructs these emerging tactics (reactive and transformative) in a diagrammatic way to generate a critical study of their potential for socio-spatial change that goes beyond the everyday survival. Most people associate scarcity with “not having enough” of something, most usually of a material nature. In contrast, this paper is based on the premise that scarcity is a constructed condition, therefore exploring it beyond its immediate manifestation and illustrating its discursive, distributive and socio-material components. In this line, the research uses Assemblage Theory as both an approach and a tool for analysis. This approach allows the research to depart from everyday narratives of the residents, and gradually evolve into a multi-scalar, non-linear reading of scarcity, by following leads into different realms and unpacking a series of routine events to uncover their connections to wider processes and particular elements affecting the settlement and the city as a whole. For this purpose, the research is based on a qualitative, flexible and multi-sited methodology, using different case studies as testing grounds. Collected data stems from a 11-months ethnographic fieldwork in informal settlements in Ecuador and Kenya, analysing the socio-spatial practices and strategies deployed by the different actors producing the built environment and arising from everyday and latent experiences of scarcity. The thesis examines the multi-scalar nature of these strategies, including self-building and management tactics, the mobilisation of grassroots organisations, the innovative ways of collaborating deployed by different coalitions and the reformulation of urban development policies. As outcomes of the research, the thesis will show illustrative diagrams that allow a better understanding of, firstly, the construction of scarcity in the built environment beyond its immediate manifestation and secondly, the way that emerging tactics a) improve existing conditions of scarcity, b) reinforce the status quo or c) contribute to the worsening of the original condition. Therefore, this thesis aims to offer lessons with both practical and theoretical considerations, by firstly, giving an insight into the complexity and transcalar nature of the construction of scarcity in informal settlements; secondly, by illustrating how acute conditions related to scarcity gives birth to a plethora of particular phenomena shaping the territory, social relationships and processes; and thirdly, by identifying specific characteristics within the informal that might allow for new readings of the city and possibilities for socio-spatial change under conditions of scarcity.

FSM de Nairobi, el desafiament africà.'FSM de Nairobi, el desafío africano'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

CARTA DE NAIROBI 1976

A Conferência Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura, reunida em Nairobi, de 26 de Outubro a 30 de Novembro de 1976, em sua décima nona sessão. Considerando que os conjuntos históricos ou tradicionais fazem parte do ambiente quotidiano dos seres humanos em todos os países, constituem a presença viva do passado que lhes deu forma, asseguram ao quadro da vida a variedade necessária para responder à diversidade da sociedade e, por isso, adquirem um valor e uma dimensão humana suplementares, Considerando que os conjuntos históricos ou tradicionais constituem através das idades os testemunhos mais tangíveis da riqueza e da diversidade das criações culturais, religiosas e sociais da humanidade e que sua salvaguarda e integração na vida contemporânea são elementos fundamentais na planificação das áreas urbanas e do planejamento físico-territorial.

Antecedentes sobre "el consumo" aportados para el documento presentado por CELADE al Symposium on environmental sciences in developing countries", Nairobi, Kenya 21-23 de febrero de 1974

Incluye Bibliografía