NOx storage-reduction over Pt/Mg-Al-O catalysts with different Mg/Al atomic ratios

A series of Pt/Mg-Al-O catalysts with different Mg/Al atomic ratios were prepared. The NOx storage capacities of these catalysts were measured by isothermal storage at 350 degreesC. It was found that the NOx storage capacity increased with increasing Mg/Al atomic ratios. The catalytic behaviors of Pt/Mg-Al-O and Pt/MgO were studied with storage-reduction cycles at 400 degreesC. Under oxidizing conditions, NOx concentration in the outlet gas gradually increased with time, which indicated the catalysts could store NOx effectively. After a switch from oxidizing conditions to reducing conditions, NOx desorption peak emerged immediately due to the incomplete reduction of stored NOx, which lowered the total NOx conversion. With increasing Mg/Al atomic ratio in the catalysts, NOx conversion increases. Pt/MgO has the highest NOx conversion because of its best activity in the reduction of NOx by C3H6. It seems that with an increasing amount of MgO in the catalysts, the self-poisoning of Pt-sites by adsorbed species during the reaction of NOx with C3H6 may be inhibited effectively.

Insight into the key aspects of the regeneration process in the NOx storage reduction (NSR) reaction probed using fast transient kinetics coupled with isotopically labelled (NO)-N-15 over Pt and Rh-containing Ba/Al2O3 catalysts

For the first time, the coupling of fast transient kinetic switching and the use of an isotopically labelled reactant (15NO) has allowed detailed analysis of the evolution of all the products and reactants involved in the regeneration of a NOx storage reduction (NSR) material. Using realistic regeneration times (ca. 1 s) for Pt, Rh and Pt/Rh-containing Ba/Al2O3 catalysts we have revealed an unexpected double peak in the evolution of nitrogen. The first peak occurred immediately on switching from lean to rich conditions, while the second peak started at the point at which the gases switched from rich to lean. The first evolution of nitrogen occurs as a result of the fast reaction between H2 and/or CO and NO on reduced Rh and/or Pt sites. The second N2 peak which occurs upon removal of the rich phase can be explained by reaction of stored ammonia with stored NOx, gas phase NOx or O2. The ammonia can be formed either by hydrolysis of isocyanates or by direct reaction of NO and H2.

The study highlights the importance of the relative rates of regeneration and storage in determining the overall performance of the catalysts. The performance of the monometallic 1.1%Rh/Ba/Al2O3 catalyst at 250 and 350 °C was found to be dependent on the rate of NOx storage, since the rate of regeneration was sufficient to remove the NOx stored in the lean phase. In contrast, for the monometallic 1.6%Pt/Ba/Al2O3 catalyst at 250 °C, the rate of regeneration was the determining factor with the result that the amount of NOx stored on the catalyst deteriorated from cycle to cycle until the amount of NOx stored in the lean phase matched the NOx reduced in the rich phase. On the basis of the ratio of exposed metal surface atoms to total Ba content, the monometallic 1.6%Pt/Ba/Al2O3 catalyst outperformed the Rh-containing catalysts at 250 and 350 °C even when CO was used as a reductant.

Origin of double dinitrogen release feature during fast switching between lean and rich cycles for NOx storage reduction catalysts

The performance of NOx storage and reduction over 1.5 wt% Pt/20 wt% KNO3/K2Ti8O17 and 1.5 wt% Pt/K2Ti8O17 catalysts has been investigated using combined fast transient kinetic switching and isotopically labelled (NO)-N-15 at 350 degrees C. The evolution of product N-2 has revealed two significant peaks during 60 s lean/1.3 s rich switches. It also found that the presence of CO2 in the feed affects the release of N-2 in the second peak. Regardless of the presence/absence of water in the feed, only one peak of N-2 was observed in the absence of CO2. Gas-phase NH3 was not observed in any of the experiments. However, in the presence of CO2 the results obtained from in situ DRIFTS-MS analysis showed that isocyanate species are formed and stored during the rich cycles, probably from the reaction between NOx and CO, in which CO was formed via the reverse water-gas shift reaction. 

NOx storage-reduction characteristics of Ba-based lean NOx trap catalysts subjected to simulated road aging

In order to study the effect of washcoat composition on lean NOx trap (LNT) aging characteristics, fully formulated monolithic LNT catalysts containing varying amounts of La-stabilized CeO2 (5 wt% La2O3) or CeO2-ZrO2 (Ce:Zr = 70:30) were subjected to accelerated aging on a bench reactor. Subsequent catalyst evaluation revealed that aging resulted in deterioration of the NOx storage, NOx release and NOx reduction functions, whereas the observation of lean phase NO2 slip for all of the aged catalysts indicated that LNT performance was not limited by the kinetics of NO oxidation. After aging, all of the catalysts showed increased selectivity to NH3 in the temperature range 250–450 °C. TEM, H2 chemisorption, XPS and elemental analysis data revealed two main changes which can explain the degradation in LNT performance. First, residual sulfur in the catalysts, present as BaSO4, decreased catalyst NOx storage capacity. Second, sintering of the precious metals in the washcoat was observed, which can be expected to decrease the rate of NOx reduction. Additionally, sintering is hypothesized to result in segregation of the precious metal and Ba phases, resulting in less efficient NOx spillover from Pt to Ba during NOx adsorption, as well as decreased rates of reductant spillover from Pt to Ba and reverse NOx spillover during catalyst regeneration. Spectacular improvement in LNT durability was observed for catalysts containing CeO2 or CeO2-ZrO2 relative to their non-ceria containing analog. This was attributed to (i) the ability of ceria to participate in NOx storage/reduction as a supplement to the main Ba NOx storage component; (ii) the fact that Pt and CeO2(-ZrO2) are not subject to phase segregation; and (iii) the ability of ceria to trap sulfur, resulting in decreased sulfur accumulation on the Ba component.

Sulfur-tolerant NOx storage traps: an infrared and thermodynamic study of the reactions of alkali and alkaline-earth metal sulfates

The sulfur tolerance of a barium-containing NOx storage/reduction trap was investigated using infrared analysis. It was confirmed that barium carbonate could be replaced by barium sulfate by reaction with low concentrations of sulfur dioxide (50 ppm) in the presence of large concentrations of carbon dioxide (10%) at temperatures up to 700 degreesC. These sulfates could at least be partially removed by switching to hydrogen-rich conditions at elevated temperatures. Thermodynamic calculations were used to evaluate the effects of gas composition and temperature on the various reactions of barium sulfate and carbonate under oxidizing and reducing conditions. These calculations clearly showed that if, under a hydrogen-rich atmosphere, carbon dioxide is included as a reactant and barium carbonate as a product then barium sulfate can be removed by reaction with carbon dioxide at a much lower temperature than is possible by decomposition to barium oxide. It was also found that if hydrogen sulfide was included as a product of decomposition of barium sulfate instead of sulfur dioxide then the temperature of reaction could be significantly lowered. Similar calculations were conducted using a selection of other alkaline-earth and alkali metals. In this case calculations were simulated in a gas mixture containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide with partial pressures similar to those encountered in real exhausts during switches to rich conditions. The results indicated that there are metals such as lithium and strontium with less stable sulfates than barium, which may also possess sufficient NOx storage capacity to give sulfur-tolerant NOx traps.

NOx storage and reduction over copper-based catalysts. Part 2: Ce0.8M0.2Oδ supports (M = Zr, La, Ce, Pr or Nd)

5% copper catalysts with Ce0.8M0.2Oδ supports (M = Zr, La, Ce, Pr or Nd) have been studied by rapid-scan operando DRIFTS for NOx Storage and Reduction (NSR) with high frequency (30 s) CO, H2 and 50%CO + 50%H2 micropulses. In the absence of reductant pulses, below 200–250 °C NOx was stored on the catalysts as nitrite and nitro groups, and above this temperature nitrates were the main species identified. The thermal stability of the NOx species stored on the catalysts depended on the acid/basic character of the dopant (M more acidic = NOx stored less stable ⇒ Zr4+ < none < Nd3+ < Pr3+ < La3+ ⇐ M more basic = NOx stored more stable). Catalysts regeneration was more efficient with H2 than with CO, and the CO + H2 mixture presented an intermediate behavior, but with smaller differences among the series of catalyst than observed using CO alone. N2 is the main NOx reduction product upon H2 regeneration. The highest NOx removal in NSR experiments performed at 400 °C with CO + H2 pulses was achieved with the catalyst with the most basic dopant (CuO/Ce0.8La0.2Oδ) while the poorest performing catalyst was that with the most acidic dopant (CuO/Ce0.8Zr0.2Oδ). The poor performance of CuO/Ce0.8Zr0.2Oδ in NSR experiments with CO pulses was attributed to its lower oxidation capacity compared to the other catalysts.

Simultaneous reduction of particulate matter and NOx emissions using 4-way catalyzed filtration systems

The next generation of diesel emission control devices includes 4-way catalyzed filtration systems (4WCFS) consisting of both NOx and diesel particulate matter (DPM) control. A methodology was developed to simultaneously evaluate the NOx and DPM control performance of miniature 4WCFS made from acicular mullite, an advanced ceramic material (ACM), that were challenged with diesel exhaust. The impact of catalyst loading and substrate porosity on catalytic performance of the NOx trap was evaluated. Simultaneously with NOx measurements, the real-time solid particle filtration performance of catalyst-coated standard and high porosity filters was determined for steady-state and regenerative conditions. The use of high porosity ACM 4-way catalyzed filtration systems reduced NOx by 99% and solid and total particulate matter by 95% when averaged over 10 regeneration cycles. A "regeneration cycle" refers to an oxidizing ("lean") exhaust condition followed by a reducing ("rich") exhaust condition resulting in NOx storage and NOx reduction (i.e., trap "regeneration"), respectively. Standard porosity ACM 4-way catalyzed filtration systems reduced NOx by 60-75% and exhibited 99.9% filtration efficiency. The rich/lean cycling used to regenerate the filter had almost no impact on solid particle filtration efficiency but impacted NOx control. Cycling resulted in the formation of very low concentrations of semivolatile nucleation mode particles for some 4WCFS formulations. Overall, 4WCFS show promise for significantly reducing diesel emissions into the atmosphere in a single control device. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

An investigation of catalysts for the on board synthesis of NH3. A possible route to low temperature NOx reduction for lean-burn engines

Platinum group metal catalysts have been investigated for the formation of NH3 from NO + H-2 at low temperatures in the absence and presence of CO. Although CO inhibits the formation of NH3, substantial amounts are still observed with a Pt catalyst. By combining Pt with a support (ceria-zirconia) that has low temperature NOx storage characteristics it has been shown in transient experiments that NH3 can be formed and stored in situ under rich conditions, and may then be used to reduce NOx under lean burn conditions.

Sviluppi di catalizzatori per l'abbattimento di NOx in presenza di ossigeno

Il traffico veicolare è la principale fonte antropogenica di NOx, idrocarburi (HC) e CO e, dato che la sostituzione dei motori a combustione interna con sistemi alternativi appare ancora lontana nel tempo, lo sviluppo di sistemi in grado di limitare al massimo le emissioni di questi mezzi di trasporto riveste un’importanza fondamentale. Sfortunatamente non esiste un rapporto ottimale aria/combustibile che permetta di avere basse emissioni, mentre la massima potenza ottenibile dal motore corrisponde alle condizioni di elevata formazione di CO e HC. Gli attuali sistemi di abbattimento permettono il controllo delle emissioni da sorgenti mobili tramite una centralina che collega il sistema di iniezione del motore e la concentrazione di ossigeno del sistema catalitico (posto nella marmitta) in modo da controllare il rapporto aria/combustibile (Fig. 1). Le marmitte catalitiche per motori a benzina utilizzano catalizzatori “three way” a base di Pt/Rh supportati su ossidi (allumina, zirconia e ceria), che, dovendo operare con un rapporto quasi stechiometrico combustibile/comburente, comportano una minore efficienza del motore e consumi maggiori del 20-30% rispetto alla combustione in eccesso di ossigeno. Inoltre, questa tecnologia non può essere utilizzata nei motori diesel, che lavorano in eccesso di ossigeno ed utilizzano carburanti con un tenore di zolfo relativamente elevato. In questi ultimi anni è cresciuto l’interesse per il controllo delle emissioni di NOx da fonti veicolari, con particolare attenzione alla riduzione catalitica in presenza di un eccesso di ossigeno, cioè in condizioni di combustione magra. Uno sviluppo recente è rappresentato dai catalizzatori tipo “Toyota” che sono basati sul concetto di accumulo e riduzione (storage/reduction), nei quali l’NO viene ossidato ed accumulato sul catalizzatore come nitrato in condizioni di eccesso di ossigeno. Modificando poi per brevi periodi di tempo le condizioni di alimentazione da ossidanti (aria/combustibile > 14,7 p/p) a riducenti (aria/combustibile < 14,7 p/p) il nitrato immagazzinato viene ridotto a N2 e H2O. Questi catalizzatori sono però molto sensibili alla presenza di zolfo e non possono essere utilizzati con i carburanti diesel attualmente in commercio. Obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di ottimizzare e migliorare la comprensione del meccanismo di reazione dei catalizzatori “storage-reduction” per l’abbattimento degli NOx nelle emissioni di autoveicoli in presenza di un eccesso di ossigeno. In particolare lo studio è stato focalizzato dapprima sulle proprietà del Pt, fase attiva nei processi di storage-reduction, in funzione del tipo di precursore e sulle proprietà e composizione della fase di accumulo (Ba, Mg ed una loro miscela equimolare) e del supporto (γ-Al2O3 o Mg(Al)O). Lo studio è stato inizialmente focalizzato sulle proprietà dei precursori del Pt, fase attiva nei processi di storage-reduction, sulla composizione della fase di accumulo (Ba, Mg ed una loro miscela equimolare) e del supporto (γ-Al2O3 o Mg(Al)O). E’ stata effettuata una dettagliata caratterizzazione chimico-fisica dei materiali preparati tramite analisi a raggi X (XRD), area superficiale, porosimetria, analisi di dispersione metallica, analisi in riduzione e/o ossidazione in programmata di temperatura (TPR-O), che ha permesso una migliore comprensione delle proprietà dei catalizzatori. Vista la complessità delle miscele gassose reali, sono state utilizzate, nelle prove catalitiche di laboratorio, alcune miscele più semplici, che tuttavia potessero rappresentare in maniera significativa le condizioni reali di esercizio. Il comportamento dei catalizzatori è stato studiato utilizzando differenti miscele sintetiche, con composizioni che permettessero di comprendere meglio il meccanismo. L’intervallo di temperatura in cui si è operato è compreso tra 200-450°C. Al fine di migliorare i catalizzatori, per aumentarne la resistenza alla disattivazione da zolfo, sono state effettuate prove alimentando in continuo SO2 per verificare la resistenza alla disattivazione in funzione della composizione del catalizzatore. I principali risultati conseguiti possono essere così riassunti: A. Caratteristiche Fisiche. Dall’analisi XRD si osserva che l’impregnazione con Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 o con la sospensione nanoparticellare in DEG, non modifica le proprietà chimico-fisiche del supporto, con l’eccezione del campione con sospensione nanoparticellare impregnata su ossido misto per il quale si è osservata sia la segregazione del Pt, sia la presenza di composti carboniosi sulla superficie. Viceversa l’impregnazione con Ba porta ad una significativa diminuzione dell’area superficiale e della porosità. B. Caratteristiche Chimiche. L’analisi di dispersione metallica, tramite il chemiassorbimento di H2, mostra per i catalizzatori impregnati con Pt nanoparticellare, una bassa dispersione metallica e di conseguenza elevate dimensioni delle particelle di Pt. I campioni impregnati con Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 presentano una migliore dispersione. Infine dalle analisi TPR-O si è osservato che: Maggiore è la dispersione del metallo nobile maggiore è la sua interazione con il supporto, L’aumento della temperatura di riduzione del PtOx è proporzionale alla quantità dei metalli alcalino terrosi, C. Precursore Metallo Nobile. Nelle prove di attività catalitica, con cicli ossidanti e riducenti continui in presenza ed in assenza di CO2, i catalizzatori con Pt nanoparticellare mostrano una minore attività catalitica, specie in presenza di un competitore come la CO2. Al contrario i catalizzatori ottenuti per impregnazione con la soluzione acquosa di Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 presentano un’ottima attività catalitica, stabile nel tempo, e sono meno influenzabili dalla presenza di CO2. D. Resistenza all’avvelenamento da SO2. Il catalizzatore di riferimento, 17Ba1Pt/γAl2O3, mostra un effetto di avvelenamento con formazione di solfati più stabili che sul sistema Ba-Mg; difatti il campione non recupera i valori iniziali di attività se non dopo molti cicli di rigenerazione e temperature superiori ai 300°C. Per questi catalizzatori l’avvelenamento da SO2 sembra essere di tipo reversibile, anche se a temperature e condizioni più favorevoli per il 1.5Mg8.5Ba-1Pt/γAl2O3. E. Capacità di Accumulo e Rigenerabilità. Tramite questo tipo di prova è stato possibile ipotizzare e verificare il meccanismo della riduzione. I catalizzatori ottenuti per impregnazione con la soluzione acquosa di Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 hanno mostrato un’elevata capacità di accumulo. Questa è maggiore per il campione bimetallico (Ba-Mg) a T < 300°C, mentre per il riferimento è maggiore per T > 300°C. Per ambedue i catalizzatori è evidente la formazione di ammoniaca, che potrebbe essere utilizzata come un indice che la riduzione dei nitrati accumulati è arrivata al termine e che il tempo ottimale per la riduzione è stato raggiunto o superato. Per evitare la formazione di NH3, sul catalizzatore di riferimento, è stata variata la concentrazione del riducente e la temperatura in modo da permettere alle specie adsorbite sulla superficie e nel bulk di poter raggiungere il Pt prima che l’ambiente diventi troppo riducente e quindi meno selettivo. La presenza di CO2 riduce fortemente la formazione di NH3; probabilmente perché la CO2, occupando i siti degli elementi alcalino-terrosi lontani dal Pt, impedisce ai nitriti/nitrati o all’H2 attivato di percorrere “elevate” distanze prima di reagire, aumentando così le possibilità di una riduzione più breve e più selettiva. F. Tempo di Riduzione. Si è migliorata la comprensione del ruolo svolto dalla concentrazione dell’agente riducente e dell’effetto della durata della fase riducente. Una durata troppo breve porta, nel lungo periodo, alla saturazione dei siti attivi, un eccesso alla formazione di NH3 Attraverso queste ultime prove è stato possibile formulare un meccanismo di reazione, in particolare della fase riducente. G. Meccanismo di Riduzione. La mobilità dei reagenti, nitriti/nitrati o H2 attivato è un elemento fondamentale nel meccanismo della riduzione. La vicinanza tra i siti di accumulo e quelli redox è determinante per il tipo di prodotti che si possono ottenere. La diminuzione della concentrazione del riducente o l’aumento della temperatura concede maggiore tempo o energia alle specie adsorbite sulla superficie o nel bulk per migrare e reagire prima che l’ambiente diventi troppo riducente e quindi meno selettivo.

Evaluation of an in situ spatial resolution instrument for fixed beds through the assessment of the invasiveness of probes and a comparison with a micro-kinetic model

This paper reports the detailed description and validation of a fully automated, computer controlled analytical method to spatially probe the gas composition and thermal characteristics in packed bed systems. This method has been designed to limit the invasiveness of the probe, a characteristic assessed using CFD. The thermocouple is aligned with the sampling holes to enable simultaneous recording of the gas composition and temperature profiles. This analysis technique has been validated by studying CO oxidation over a 1% Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. The resultant profiles have been compared with a micro-kinetic model, to further assess the strength of the technique. 

Adaptación de una central térmica de carbón a la Directiva de Emisiones Industriales

El proyecto que se presenta a continuación recoge la adaptación de una Central Térmica de carbón al cumplimiento de la DIRECTIVA 2010/75/UE DEL PARLAMENTO EUROPEO Y DEL CONSEJO de 24 de noviembre de 2010 sobre las emisiones industriales. La Central sobre la que se realiza el proyecto tiene un grupo térmico de carbón suscritico refrigerado por agua, con una potencia a plena carga de 350 MWe y de 190 MWe a mínimo técnico. Genera 1 090 t/h de vapor a 540 °C y 168 kg/cm2 funcionando a plena carga. Actualmente las emisiones de NOx son de 650 mg/m3, (condiciones normales, seco, 6 % O2). El objeto del proyecto es reducir estas emisiones a un valor máximo de 200 mg/m3 en las mismas condiciones. El proyecto analiza detalladamente las condiciones actuales de operación de la instalación en cuanto a combustible utilizado, horas de funcionamiento, condiciones climáticas y producción. Se analiza así mismo, todas las técnicas disponibles en mercado para la reducción del NOx, diferenciando entre medidas primarias (actúan sobre los efectos de formación) y secundarias (limpieza de gases). Las medidas primarias ya están implementadas en la central, por tanto, el proyecto plantea la reducción con medidas secundarias. De las medidas secundarias analizadas se ha seleccionado la instalación de un Reactor de Reducción Selectiva Catalítica (Reactor SCR). Tras un análisis de los diferentes reactores y catalizadores disponibles se ha seleccionado un reactor de configuración High-dust, una disposición de catalizador en 3 capas más 1, cuyos componentes están basados en óxidos metálicos (TiO2, V2O5, WO3) y estructura laminar. Se ha buscado la instalación del reactor para operar a una temperatura inferior a 450 °C. Como agente reductor se ha seleccionado NH3 a una dilución del 24,5 %. El proyecto recoge también el diseño de todo el sistema de almacenamiento, evaporación, dilución e inyección de amoniaco. El resultado del proyecto garantiza una concentración en los gases de salida por la chimenea inferior 180 mg/m3(n) de NOx. La reducción del NOx a los límites establecidos, tienen un coste por MWh neto generado para la central, trabajando 60 % a plena carga y 40 % a mínimo técnico y una amortización de 10 años, de 4,10 €/MWh. ABSTRACT The following project shows the compliance adjustment of a coal-fired power station to the 2010/75/EU Directive of the European Parliament and Council 24th November 2010 on industrial emissions. The project is based on a power station with a subcritical thermal coal unit, cooled with water, with a maximum power of 350 MWe and a technical minimum of 190 MWe. It produces 1 090 t/h of steam at 540 ° C and 168 kg/cm2 operating under full load. Currently, NOx emissions are 650 mg / m3 (normal conditions, dry, 6% O2). The project aims to reduce these emissions to a maximum value of 200 mg / m3 under the same conditions. The project analyses in detail the current operating conditions of the system in terms of fuel used, hours of operation, climatic conditions and production. In addition, it also analyses every available technique of NOx reduction on the market, distinguishing between primary (acting on the effects of formation) and secondary measures (gas cleaning). Primary measures are already implemented in the plant, thus proposing reduction with secondary measures. Among the secondary measures analyzed, it has been selected to install a Selective Catalytic Reduction Reactor (SCR Reactor). Having researched the different reactors and catalysts available, for the reactor has been selected High-dust configuration, an arrangement of catalyst in 3 layers plus 1, whose components are based on metal oxides (TiO2, V2O5, WO3) and laminar structure. The reactor has been sought facility to operate at a temperature below 450 ° C. NH3 diluted to 24,5 % has been selected as reducing agent. The project also includes the design of the entire storage system, evaporation, dilution and ammonia injection. The results of the project ensure a gas concentration in the lower chimney exit below 180 mg / m3(n) NOx. The reduction of NOx to the established limits has a cost per net MWh generated in the plant, working at 60% of full load and at 40% of technical minimum, with an amortization of 10 years, 4,10 € / MWh.

The Effect of Nutrient-Rich Effluents from Shrimp Farming on Mangrove Soil Carbon Storage and Geochemistry Under Semi-Arid Climate Conditions in Northern Brazil

A semi-arid mangrove estuary system in the northeast Brazilian coast (Ceará state) was selected for this study to (i) evaluate the impact of shrimp farm nutrient-rich wastewater effluents on the soil geochemistry and organic carbon (OC) storage and (ii) estimate the total amount of OC stored in mangrove soils (0–40 cm). Wastewater-affected mangrove forests were referred to as WAM and undisturbed areas as Non-WAM. Redox conditions and OC content were statistically correlated (P < 0.05) with seasonality and type of land use (WAM vs. Non-WAM). Eh values were from anoxic to oxic conditions in the wet season (from − 5 to 68 mV in WAM and from < 40 to > 400 mV in Non-WAM soils) and significantly higher (from 66 to 411 mV) in the dry season (P < 0.01). OC contents (0–40 cm soil depth) were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the wet season than the dry season, and higher in Non-WAM soils than in WAM soils (values of 8.1 and 6.7 kg m− 2 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively, for Non-WAM, and values of 3.8 and 2.9 kg m− 2 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively, for WAM soils; P < 0.01). Iron partitioning was significantly dependent (P < 0.05) on type of land use, with a smaller degree of pyritization and lower Fe-pyrite presence in WAM soils compared to Non-WAM soils. Basal respiration of soil sediments was significantly influenced (P < 0.01) by type of land use with highest CO2 flux rates measured in the WAM soils (mean values of 0.20 mg CO2 h− 1–g− 1 C vs. 0.04 mg CO2 h− 1–g− 1 C). The OC storage reduction in WAM soils was potentially caused (i) by an increase in microbial activity induced by loading of nutrient-rich effluents and (ii) by an increase of strong electron acceptors [e.g., NO3−] that promote a decrease in pyrite concentration and hence a reduction in soil OC burial. The current estimated OC stored in mangrove soils (0–40 cm) in the state of Ceará is approximately 1 million t.

NO Oxidation on Platinum Group Metals Oxides:First Principles Calculations Combined with Microkinetic Analysis

By combining density functional theory calculation and microkinetic analysis, NO oxidation on the platinum group metal oxides (PtO(2), IrO(2), OsO(2)) is investigated, aiming at shedding light on the activities of metal oxides and exploring the activity variations of metal oxides compared to their corresponding metals. A microkinetic model, taking into account the possible low diffusion of surface species on metal oxide surfaces, is proposed for NO oxidation. The resultant turnover frequencies of NO oxidation show that under the typical experimental condition, T = 600 K, p(O2) = 0.1 atm, p(NO) = 3 x 10(-4) atm, p(NO2) = 1.7 x 10(-4) atm; (i) IrO(2)(110) exhibits higher activity than PtO(2)(110) and OsO(2)(110), and (ii) compared to the corresponding metallic Pt, Ir, and Os, the activity of PtO(2) to catalyze NO oxidation is lower, but interestingly IrO(2) and OsO(2) exhibit higher activities. The reasons for the activity differences between the metals and oxides are addressed. Moreover, other possible reaction pathways of NO oxidation on PtO(2)(110), involving O(2) molecule (NO + O(2) -> OONO) and lattice bridge-O(2c), are also found to give low activities. The origin of the Pt catalyst deactivation is also discussed.

Using biomass-based fuels including pyrolysis liquids for power and CHP production

The use of biomass-derived liquids (in short: bioliquids) instead of solid biomass can help overcome some of the barriers hindering a wider use of biomass in smaller-scale CHP systems. Relevant bioliquids included biodiesel, vegetable oils as well straight and upgraded pyrolysis oil. In this joint EU-Russian research project Bioliquids-CHP prime movers (engines and turbines) will be developed and modified so that these can run efficiently on bioliquids. At the same time, bioliquids will be upgraded and blended in order to facilitate their use in prime movers. Preliminary results with regard to bioliquid selection, production, and characterisation; the selection and modification of a micro gas turbine; and the development of engines and components are discussed. The research also covers NOx emission reduction and control and an assessment of the benefits and economics of bioliquids-based CHP systems in EU and Russian markets.