E-comparisons: A new approach to round robin tests for environmental noise assessment in transport infrastructures

The increasing importance of pollutant noise has led to the creation of many new noise testing laboratories in recent years. For this reason and due to the legal implications that noise reporting may have, it is necessary to create procedures intended to guarantee the quality of the testing and its results. For instance, the ISO/IEC standard 17025:2005 specifies general requirements for the competence of testing laboratories. In this standard, interlaboratory comparisons are one of the main measures that must be applied to guarantee the quality of laboratories when applying specific methodologies for testing. In the specific case of environmental noise, round robin tests are usually difficult to design, as it is difficult to find scenarios that can be available and controlled while the participants carry out the measurements. Monitoring and controlling the factors that can influence the measurements (source emissions, propagation, background noise…) is not usually affordable, so the most extended solution is to create very effortless scenarios, where most of the factors that can have an influence on the results are excluded (sampling, processing of results, background noise, source detection…) The new approach described in this paper only requires the organizer to make actual measurements (or prepare virtual ones). Applying and interpreting a common reference document (standard, regulation…), the participants must analyze these input data independently to provide the results, which will be compared among the participants. The measurement costs are severely reduced for the participants, there is no need to monitor the scenario conditions, and almost any relevant factor can be included in this methodology

Surface roughness noise prediction for silent aircraft experimental design SAX-40

Surface roughness noise is a potentially important contributor to airframe noise. In this paper, noise assessment due to surface roughness is performed for a conceptual Silent Aircraft design SAX-40 by means of a prediction model developed in previous theoretical work and validated experimentally. Estimates of three idealized test cases show that surface roughness could produce a significant noise level above that due to the trailing edge at high frequencies. Roughness height and roughness density are the two most significant parameters influencing surface roughness noise, with roughness height having the dominant effect. The ratio of roughness height to boundary-layer thickness is the relevant non-dimensional parameter and this decreases in the streamwise direction. The candidate surface roughness is selected for SAX-40 to meet an aggressive noise target and keep surface roughness noise at a negligible level. Copyright © 2008 by Yu Liu and Ann P. Dowling.

Sobre o impacto de infrasons e ruído de baixa frequência na saúde pública : dois casos de exposição residencial

Sabe-se que a exposição ao ruído pode causar surdez bem como uma pleiade de perturbações tais como incomodidade, hipertensão, e alterações do sono. Geralmente, considera-se que estas situações são causadas pelos fenómenos acústicos processados pelo ouvido. Existem no entanto processos acústicos não processados pelo ouvido mas, não obstante, nocivos. Os infrasons e o ruído de baixa frequência (IRBF,<500Hz) são fenómenos acústicos que podem afectar o organismo humano causando danos irreversíveis, mas que não provocam as perdas auditivas clássicas. Os ambientes acústicos são normalmente compostos por todos os tipos de fenómenos acústicos: tanto os processados pelo sistema auditivo, como aqueles que o não são. Considera-se que os fenómenos acústicos não percepcionados pelo ouvido humano não causam qualquer lesão. Isto reflecte-se nos procedimentos de avaliação de ruído utilizados, que apenas requerem a quantificação de fenómenos acústicos perceptíveis ao ouvido humano (saí a unidade dBA). Assim, os estudos que investigam os efeitos da exposição ao ruído em saúde pública, e que não consideram todo o espectro de energia acústica, são enganadores e podem, de facto, estar cientificamente incorrectos. Neste artigo serão descritos dois casos de exposição residencial a IRBF.

Caracterización de ambientes sonoros en recintos universitarios: influencia del ruido sobre procesos cognitivos básicos

El interés por el estudio de la problemática del ruido en las escuelas y sus efectos sobre los estudiantes a nivel universitarios, es un tema que no ha sido estudiado debidamente. Desgraciadamente, en el ámbito educativo universitario, no existen regulaciones específicas que permitan determinar parámetros preventivos, ni procedimientos de evaluación de ruido dentro de este tipo de instalaciones educativas. Debido a la importancia de los efectos que el ruido tiene sobre la salud y la calidad de vida de los estudiantes universitarios, y consecuentemente en el rendimiento académico; es de suma importancia desarrollar mecanismos que estudien y planteen soluciones que ayuden a garantizar la mejora de la calidad de vida de la población estudiantil. En este trabajo se ha presentado un extenso trabajo que incluye el estudio de los ambientes sonoros a los que los estudiantes universitarios se ven expuestos día a día y se proponen acciones que ayudan a mejorar la calidad acústica en instalaciones educativas. Así mismo se evidencian los efectos que tiene este contaminante sobre la salud psicológica y por consecuencia en el desarrollo intelectual de los estudiantes. Por un lado, se incluye una propuesta de metodología que ayuda a la correcta caracterización de los ambientes sonoros en los cuales se desarrollan los estudiantes a nivel universitario. Esta se realizó haciendo un completo registro de los niveles sonoros durante sus actividades diarias. Así mismo, una encuesta fue aplicada a estudiantes para conocer la percepción que se tiene sobre las condiciones sonoras en ambientes universitarios. Así mismo, se realizó un estudio de la calidad sonora en instalaciones universitarias, el cual deriva la valoración de la molestia al ruido. Se propone una escala de valoración de molestia al ruido, la cual deriva el diseño de una propuesta con acciones de bajo coste frente al ruido. Por otro lado, se evidencian los trastornos que ocasiona este contaminante sobre la salud psicológica de los estudiantes y que afectan el desarrollo académico de estos. Se realizó primeramente la valoración de la atención y la memoria por medio de test psicométricos estandarizados y otros diseñados para este estudio en particular. Por último, con la finalidad de obtener datos objetivos y confiables que permitieron relacionar la influencia negativa del ruido de fondo sobre procesos cognitivos básicos como la atención y la memoria, se llevó a cabo un estudio de la actividad cerebral. Para llevar a cabo esta evaluación se utilizó como principal herramienta el electroencefalograma (EEG), enfocándose en los cambios producidos con y sin exposición a ruido de fondo, específicamente en las bandas de frecuencia relacionadas con procesos cognitivos básicos como los son la atención y la memoria, en este caso la banda theta (4-7 Hz) y la banda beta (13-30 Hz). ABSTRACT The interest in the study of the problem of noise in schools and its impact on students at university level is a topic that has not been properly studied. Unfortunately, there are no specific regulations for determining preventive parameters or noise assessment procedures in university facilities. Due to the importance of the effects that noise has on health and on the quality of life of university students, and consequently on academic performance; is very important to develop mechanisms to evaluate and design solutions that help ensure an improvement in the quality of life of the student population. This thesis has presented an extensive work, which includes the study of the state of the art on the problem of noise in the sound environments to which university students are exposed every day, and the effects on students mainly on attention aspects. On one hand, a general study of the common noise environments of life of university students was carried out, where a methodological proposal is included and that helps in the correct characterization of the sound environments in which university students grow. This proposal includes the assessment of noise exposure, noise dose and a recording of the characteristic sound levels during their daily activities in and out spaces dedicated to their education. Also, a survey was conducted to know the perception that students have on noise conditions in university environments. Also, a method for evaluation of the noise annoyance is proposed, this is through the correlation of two known methods of evaluation. The first method is based on psychoacoustic parameters that allow the evaluation of the sound quality. These parameters were related, obtaining as a result the parameter known as psychoacoustics annoyance. The second method is based on a questionnaire in conjunction with listening tests in specific sound environments. Derived from the correlation of these two methods, a series of indicators of noise annoyance are proposed, which entails the design of a noise annoyance indicator. Furthermore, the effects of this pollutant on psychological health and therefore in the intellectual development of students has been shown. First, an evaluation of attention and memory using standardized psychometric tests were performed and others designed for this particular study. Because it has been evidenced that the use of these psychometric tests are not very reliable, we sought to obtain another objective and reliable data to show the relationship between the negative influence of background noise on basic cognitive processes such as attention and memory. This was achieved by carrying out a study of the brain activity. To carry out this evaluation the electroencephalogram (EEG) was used as the main tool, focusing on the changes produced with and without exposure to background noise, specifically in the frequency bands related to basic cognitive processes such as attention and are memory. In this case the band theta (4-7 Hz) and beta band (13-30 Hz) were studied. The purpose of this thesis is to establish the bases for future studies that allow go deep in the study of the sound conditions in school environments, and enable the design of strategies and measures against noise and the correct evaluation of the effects of noise on aspects for improving the psychological quality of life and academic performance of students.

Assessment of traffic noise level before and after freeway widening using traffic microsimulation and a refined classic noise prediction method

In this paper, a refined classic noise prediction method based on the VISSIM and FHWA noise prediction model is formulated to analyze the sound level contributed by traffic on the Nanjing Lukou airport connecting freeway before and after widening. The aim of this research is to (i) assess the traffic noise impact on the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA) campus before and after freeway widening, (ii) compare the prediction results with field data to test the accuracy of this method, (iii) analyze the relationship between traffic characteristics and sound level. The results indicate that the mean difference between model predictions and field measurements is acceptable. The traffic composition impact study indicates that buses (including mid-sizedtrucks) and heavy goods vehicles contribute a significant proportion of total noise power despite their low traffic volume. In addition, speed analysis offers an explanation for the minor differences in noise level across time periods. Future work will aim at reducing model error, by focusing on noise barrier analysis using the FEM/BEM method and modifying the vehicle noise emission equation by conducting field experimentation.

Real-time assessment of GNSS observation noise with single receivers

Stochastic modelling is critical in GNSS data processing. Currently, GNSS data processing commonly relies on the empirical stochastic model which may not reflect the actual data quality or noise characteristics. This paper examines the real-time GNSS observation noise estimation methods enabling to determine the observation variance from single receiver data stream. The methods involve three steps: forming linear combination, handling the ionosphere and ambiguity bias and variance estimation. Two distinguished ways are applied to overcome the ionosphere and ambiguity biases, known as the time differenced method and polynomial prediction method respectively. The real time variance estimation methods are compared with the zero-baseline and short-baseline methods. The proposed method only requires single receiver observation, thus applicable to both differenced and un-differenced data processing modes. However, the methods may be subject to the normal ionosphere conditions and low autocorrelation GNSS receivers. Experimental results also indicate the proposed method can result on more realistic parameter precision.

Assessment of SET Logic Robustness Through Noise Margin Modeling

A compact model for noise margin (NM) of single-electron transistor (SET) logic is developed, which is a function of device capacitances and background charge (zeta). Noise margin is, then, used as a metric to evaluate the robustness of SET logic against background charge, temperature, and variation of SET gate and tunnel junction capacitances (CG and CT). It is shown that choosing alpha=CT/CG=1/3 maximizes the NM. An estimate of the maximum tolerable zeta is shown to be equal to plusmn0.03 e. Finally, the effect of mismatch in device parameters on the NM is studied through exhaustive simulations, which indicates that a isin [0.3, 0.4] provides maximum robustness. It is also observed that mismatch can have a significant impact on static power dissipation.

Assessment of the contribution of surface roughness to airframe noise

The generation of sound by turbulent boundary-layer flow at low Mach number over a rough wall is investigated by applying a theoretical model that describes the scattering of the turbulence near field into sound by roughness elements. Attention is focused on the numerical method to approximately quantify the absolute level of far-field radiated roughness noise. Models for the source statistics are obtained by scaling smooth-wall data by the increased skin friction velocity and boundary-layer thickness for a rough surface. Numerical integration is performed to determine the roughness noise, and it reproduces the spectral characteristics of the available empirical formula and experimental data. Experiments are conducted to measure the radiated sound from two rough plates in an open jet The measured noise spectra of the rough plates are above that of a smooth plate in 1-2.5 kHz frequency and exhibit reasonable agreement with the predicted level. Estimates of the roughness noise for a Boeing 757 sized aircraft wing with idealized levels of surface roughness show that hi the high-frequency region the sound radiated from surface roughness may exceed that from the trailing edge, and higher overall sound pressure levels are observed for the roughness noise. The trailing edge noise is also enhanced by surface roughness somewhat A parametric study indicates that roughness height and roughness density significantly affect the roughness noise with roughness height having the dominant effect The roughness noise directivity varies with different levels of surface roughness. Copyright © 2007 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.

Noise exposure impact in a manufacturing environment: A hearing conservation program needs assessment

This paper examines a study conducted to evaluate the impact of occupational noise exposure and the role of a hearing conservation program in the occupational setting.

Geoprocessing applied to the assessment of environmental noise: a case study in the city of Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil

Noise mapping has been used as an instrument for assessment of environmental noise, helping to support decision making on urban planning. In Brazil, urban noise is not yet recognized as a major environmental problem by the government. Besides, cities that have databases to drive acoustic simulations, making use of advanced noise mapping systems, are rare. This study sought an alternative method of noise mapping through the use of geoprocessing, which is feasible for the Brazilian reality and for other developing countries. The area chosen for the study was the central zone of the city of Sorocaba, located in So Paulo State, Brazil. The proposed method was effective in the spatial evaluation of equivalent sound pressure level. The results showed an urban area with high noise levels that exceed the legal standard, posing a threat to the welfare of the population.

Signal to noise ratio maximization in quiet zone acquisitions for range assessment at sub-millimeter wavelengths

This paper proposes a quiet zone probing approach which deals with low dynamic range quiet zone acquisitions. Lack of dynamic range is a feature of millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelength technologies. It is consequence of the gradually smaller power generated by the instrumentation, that follows a f^α law with frequency, being α≥1 variable depending on the signal source’s technology. The proposed approach is based on an optimal data reduction scenario which redounds in a maximum signal to noise ratio increase for the signal pattern, with minimum information losses. After theoretical formulation, practical applications of the technique are proposed.

Assessment of the need for noise control research on electric power transformers and reactors /

"DOE/EV-0095."