High frequency of inactivating mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene (NF2) in primary malignant mesotheliomas.

Malignant mesotheliomas (MMs) are aggressive tumors that develop most frequently in the pleura of patients exposed to asbestos. In contrast to many other cancers, relatively few molecular alterations have been described in MMs. The most frequent numerical cytogenetic abnormality in MMs is loss of chromosome 22. The neurofibromatosis type 2 gene (NF2) is a tumor suppressor gene assigned to chromosome 22q which plays an important role in the development of familial and spontaneous tumors of neuroectodermal origin. Although MMs have a different histogenic derivation, the frequent abnormalities of chromosome 22 warranted an investigation of the NF2 gene in these tumors. Both cDNAs from 15 MM cell lines and genomic DNAs from 7 matched primary tumors were analyzed for mutations within the NF2 coding region. NF2 mutations predicting either interstitial in-frame deletions or truncation of the NF2-encoded protein (merlin) were detected in eight cell lines (53%), six of which were confirmed in primary tumor DNAs. In two samples that showed NF2 gene transcript alterations, no genomic DNA mutations were detected, suggesting that aberrant splicing may constitute an additional mechanism for merlin inactivation. These findings implicate NF2 in the oncogenesis of primary MMs and provide evidence that this gene can be involved in the development of tumors other than nervous system neoplasms characteristic of the NF2 disorder. In addition, unlike NF2-related tumors, MM derives from the mesoderm; malignancies of this origin have not previously been associated with frequent alterations of the NF2 gene.

Chronic exposure to fine particulate matter emitted by traffic affects reproductive and fetal outcomes in mice

Air pollution is an important environmental health risk factor that can result in many different gestational and reproductive negative outcomes. In this study, we have investigated the effects of two different times of exposure (before conception and during pregnancy) to urban ambient particulate matter on reproductive and pregnancy outcomes in mice. Using exposure chambers receiving filtered (F) and non-filtered (NF) air, we observed that exposed females exhibited changes in the length of estrus cycle and extended estrus and, therefore, a reduction in the number of cycles during the studied period (F2.6 +/- 0.22 and NF 1.2 +/- 0.29, p = 0.03). The mean number of antral follicles declined by 36% (p = 0.04) in NF mice (75 +/- 35.2) compared to F mice (118.6 +/- 18.4). our results further indicate a significant increase in time necessary for mating and decreased fertility and pregnancy indices (p = 0.003) in NF couples. Mean post-implantation loss rates were increased by 70% (p <= 0.005) in the NF2 group (exposed before and during pregnancy to NF air) compared to the F1 group (exposed before and during pregnancy to F air) and were influenced by both pre-gestational (p < 0.004) and gestational (p < 0.01) period exposure. Fetal weight was significantly higher in the F1 group when compared with the other groups (p < 0.001), at a 20% higher weight in the F1 group (0.86 +/- 0.18 g) than in the NF2 group (0.68 +/- 0.10g). Furthermore, fetal weight was influenced by both pre-gestational and gestational period exposure, and a significant interaction between these two factors was found (p < 0.001). This study demonstrated that exposure to ambient levels of urban traffic-generated particulate matter negatively affects different functions and stages of the reproductive process. Our results also reinforce the idea that maternal exposure to air pollution is linked to negative pregnancy outcomes, even if the exposure occurs only before conception. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Genomic deletions at 1p and 14q are associated with an abnormal cDNA microarray gene expression pattern in meningiomas but not in schwannomas

The molecular pathology of meningiomas and shwannomas involve the inactivation of the NF2 gene to generate grade I tumors. Genomic losses at 1p and 14q are observed in both neoplasms, although more frequently in meningiomas. The inactivation of unidentified genes located in these regions appears associated with tumor progression in meningiomas, but no clues to its molecular/clinical meaning are available in schwannomas. Recent microarray gene expression studies have demonstrated the existence of molecular subgroups in both entities. In the present study, we correlated the presence of genomic deletions at 1p, 14q, and 22q with the expression patterns of 96 tumor-related genes obtained by cDNA low-density microarrays in a series of 65 tumors including 42 meningiomas and 23 schwannomas. Two expression pattern groups were identified by cDNA mycroarray analysis when compared to the expression pattern in normal control RNA in both meningiomas and schwannomas, each one with patterns similar and different from the normal control. Meningioma and schwannoma subgroups differed in the expression of 38 and 16 genes, respectively. Using MLPA and microsatellites, we identified genomic losses at 1p, 14q, and 22q at nonrandom frequencies (12.5-69%) in meningiomas and schwannomas. Losses at 22q were almost equally frequent in both molecular expression subgroups in both neoplasms. However, deletions at 1p and 14q accumulated in meningiomas with a gene expression pattern different from the normal pattern, whereas the inverse situation occurred in schwannomas. Those anomalies characterized the schwannomas with expression pattern similar to the normal control. These findings suggest that deletions at 1p and 14q enhance the development of an abnormal tumor-related gene expression pattern in meningiomas, but this fact is not corroborated in schwannomas. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Meningiomas and schwannomas: Molecular subgroup classification found by expression arrays

Microarray gene expression profiling is a high-throughput system used to identify differentially expressed genes and regulation patterns, and to discover new tumor markers. As the molecular pathogenesis of meningiomas and schwannomas, characterized by NF2 gene alterations, remains unclear and suitable molecular targets need to be identified, we used low density cDNA microarrays to establish expression patterns of 96 cancer-related genes on 23 schwannomas, 42 meningiomas and 3 normal cerebral meninges. We also performed a mutational analysis of the NF2 gene (PCR, dHPLC, Sequencing and MLPA), a search for 22q LOH and an analysis of gene silencing by promoter hypermethylation (MS-MLPA). Results showed a high frequency of NF2 gene mutations (40%), increased 22q LOH as aggressiveness increased, frequent losses and gains by MLPA in benign meningiomas, and gene expression silencing by hypermethylation. Array analysis showed decreased expression of 7 genes in meningiomas. Unsupervised analyses identified 2 molecular subgroups for both meningiomas and schwannomas showing 38 and 20 differentially expressed genes, respectively, and 19 genes differentially expressed between the two tumor types. These findings provide a molecular subgroup classification for meningiomas and schwannomas with possible implications for clinical practice.

As distribuições do acaso

1) Chamamos um desvio relativo simples o quociente de um desvio, isto é, de uma diferença entre uma variável e sua média ou outro valor ideal, e o seu erro standard. D= v-v/ δ ou D = v-v2/δ Num desvio composto nós reunimos vários desvios de acordo com a equação: D = + Σ (v - 2)²: o o = o1/ o o Todo desvio relativo é caracterizado por dois graus de liberdade (número de variáveis livres) que indicam de quantas observações foi calculado o numerador (grau de liberdade nf1 ou simplesmente n2) e o denominador (grau de liberdade nf2 ou simplesmente n2). 2) Explicamos em detalhe que a chamada distribuição normal ou de OAUSS é apenas um caso especial que nós encontramos quando o erro standard do dividendo do desvio relativo é calculado de um número bem grande de observações ou determinado por uma fórmula teórica. Para provar este ponto foi demonstrado que a distribuição de GAUSS pode ser derivada da distribuição binomial quando o expoente desta torna-se igual a infinito (Fig.1). 3) Assim torna-se evidente que um estudo detalhado da variação do erro standard é necessário. Mostramos rapidamente que, depois de tentativas preliminares de LEXIS e HELMERT, a solução foi achada pelos estatísticos da escola londrina: KARL PEARSON, o autor anônimo conhecido pelo nome de STUDENT e finalmente R. A. FISHER. 4) Devemos hoje distinguir quatro tipos diferentes de dis- tribuições de acaso dos desvios relativos, em dependência de combinação dos graus de liberdade n1 e n2. Distribuição de: fisher 1 < nf1 < infinito 1 < nf2 < infinito ( formula 9-1) Pearson 1 < nf1 < infinito nf 2= infinito ( formula 3-2) Student nf2 = 1 1 < nf2= infinito ( formula 3-3) Gauss nf1 = 1 nf2= infinito ( formula 3-4) As formas das curvas (Fig. 2) e as fórmulas matemáticas dos quatro tipos de distribuição são amplamente discutidas, bem como os valores das suas constantes e de ordenadas especiais. 5) As distribuições de GAUSS e de STUDENT (Figs. 2 e 5) que correspondem a variação de desvios simples são sempre simétricas e atingem o seu máximo para a abcissa D = O, sendo o valor da ordenada correspondente igual ao valor da constante da distribuição, k1 e k2 respectivamente. 6) As distribuições de PEARSON e FISHER (Fig. 2) correspondentes à variação de desvios compostos, são descontínuas para o valor D = O, existindo sempre duas curvas isoladas, uma à direita e outra à esquerda do valor zero da abcissa. As curvas são assimétricas (Figs. 6 a 9), tornando-se mais e mais simétricas para os valores elevados dos graus de liberdade. 7) A natureza dos limites de probabilidade é discutida. Explicámos porque usam-se em geral os limites bilaterais para as distribuições de STUDENT e GAUSS e os limites unilaterais superiores para as distribuições de PEARSON e FISHER (Figs. 3 e 4). Para o cálculo dos limites deve-se então lembrar que o desvio simples, D = (v - v) : o tem o sinal positivo ou negativo, de modo que é em geral necessário determinar os limites bilaterais em ambos os lados da curva (GAUSS e STUDENT). Os desvios relativos compostos da forma D = O1 : o2 não têm sinal determinado, devendo desprezar-se os sinais. Em geral consideramos apenas o caso o1 ser maior do que o2 e os limites se determinam apenas na extremidade da curva que corresponde a valores maiores do que 1. (Limites unilaterais superiores das distribuições de PEARSON e FISHER). Quando a natureza dos dados indica a possibilidade de aparecerem tanto valores de o(maiores como menores do que o2,devemos usar os limites bilaterais, correspondendo os limites unilaterais de 5%, 1% e 0,1% de probabilidade, correspondendo a limites bilaterais de 10%, 2% e 0,2%. 8) As relações matemáticas das fórmulas das quatro distribuições são amplamente discutidas, como também a sua transformação de uma para outra quando fazemos as necessárias alterações nos graus de liberdade. Estas transformações provam matematicamente que todas as quatro distribuições de acaso formam um conjunto. Foi demonstrado matematicamente que a fórmula das distribuições de FISHER representa o caso geral de variação de acaso de um desvio relativo, se nós extendermos a sua definição desde nfl = 1 até infinito e desde nf2 = 1 até infinito. 9) Existe apenas uma distribuição de GAUSS; podemos calcular uma curva para cada combinação imaginável de graus de liberdade para as outras três distribuições. Porém, é matematicamente evidente que nos aproximamos a distribuições limitantes quando os valores dos graus de liberdade se aproximam ao valor infinito. Partindo de fórmulas com área unidade e usando o erro standard como unidade da abcissa, chegamos às seguintes transformações: a) A distribuição de STUDENT (Fig. 5) passa a distribuição de GAUSS quando o grau de liberdade n2 se aproxima ao valor infinito. Como aproximação ao infinito, suficiente na prática, podemos aceitar valores maiores do que n2 = 30. b) A distribuição de PEARSON (Fig. 6) passa para uma de GAUSS com média zero e erro standard unidade quando nl é igual a 1. Quando de outro lado, nl torna-se muito grande, a distribuição de PEARSON podia ser substituída por uma distribuição modificada de GAUSS, com média igual ale unidade da abcissa igual a 1 : V2 n 1 . Para fins práticos, valores de nl maiores do que 30 são em geral uma aproximação suficiente ao infinito. c) Os limites da distribuição de FISHER são um pouco mais difíceis para definir. I) Em primeiro lugar foram estudadas as distribuições com n1 = n2 = n e verificamos (Figs. 7 e 8) que aproximamo-nos a uma distribuição, transformada de GAUSS com média 1 e erro standard l : Vn, quando o valor cresce até o infinito. Como aproximação satisfatória podemos considerar nl = n2 = 100, ou já nl =r n2 - 50 (Fig. 8) II) Quando n1 e n2 diferem (Fig. 9) podemos distinguir dois casos: Se n1 é pequeno e n2 maior do que 100 podemos substituir a distribuição de FISHER pela distribuição correspondente de PEARSON. (Fig. 9, parte superior). Se porém n1é maior do que 50 e n2 maior do que 100, ou vice-versa, atingimos uma distribuição modificada de GAUSS com média 1 e erro standard 1: 2n1 n3 n1 + n2 10) As definições matemáticas e os limites de probabilidade para as diferentes distribuições de acaso são dadas em geral na literatura em formas bem diversas, usando-se diferentes sistemas de abcissas. Com referência às distribuições de FISHER, foi usado por este autor, inicialmente, o logarítmo natural do desvio relativo, como abcissa. SNEDECOR (1937) emprega o quadrado dos desvios relativos e BRIEGER (1937) o desvio relativo próprio. As distribuições de PEARSON são empregadas para o X2 teste de PEARSON e FISHER, usando como abcissa os valores de x² = D². n1 Foi exposto o meu ponto de vista, que estas desigualdades trazem desvantagens na aplicação dos testes, pois atribui-se um peso diferente aos números analisados em cada teste, que são somas de desvios quadrados no X2 teste, somas des desvios quadrados divididos pelo grau de liberdade ou varianças no F-teste de SNEDECOR, desvios simples no t-teste de STUDENT, etc.. Uma tábua dos limites de probabilidade de desvios relativos foi publicada por mim (BRIEGER 1937) e uma tábua mais extensa será publicada em breve, contendo os limites unilaterais e bilaterais, tanto para as distribuições de STUDENT como de FISHER. 11) Num capítulo final são discutidas várias complicações que podem surgir na análise. Entre elas quero apenas citar alguns problemas. a) Quando comparamos o desvio de um valor e sua média, deveríamos corretamente empregar também os erros de ambos estes valores: D = u- u o2 +²5 Mas não podemos aqui imediatamente aplicar os limites de qualquer das distribuições do acaso discutidas acima. Em geral a variação de v, medida por o , segue uma distribuição de STUDENT e a variação da média V segue uma distribuição de GAUSS. O problema a ser solucionado é, como reunir os limites destas distribuições num só teste. A solução prática do caso é de considerar a média como uma constante, e aplicar diretamente os limites de probabilidade das dstribuições de STUDENT com o grau de liberdade do erro o. Mas este é apenas uma solução prática. O problema mesmo é, em parte, solucionado pelo teste de BEHRENDS. b) Um outro problema se apresenta no curso dos métodos chamados "analysis of variance" ou decomposição do erro. Supomos que nós queremos comparar uma média parcial va com a média geral v . Mas podemos calcular o erro desta média parcial, por dois processos, ou partindo do erro individual aa ou do erro "dentro" oD que é, como explicado acima, uma média balançada de todos os m erros individuais. O emprego deste último garante um teste mais satisfatório e severo, pois êle é baseado sempre num grau de liberdade bastante elevado. Teremos que aplicar dois testes em seguida: Em primeiro lugar devemos decidir se o erro ou difere do êrro dentro: D = δa/δ0 n1 = np/n2 m. n p Se este teste for significante, uma substituição de oa pelo oD não será admissível. Mas mesmo quando o resultado for insignificante, ainda não temos certeza sobre a identidade dos dois erros, pois pode ser que a diferença entre eles é pequena e os graus de liberdade não são suficientes para permitir o reconhecimento desta diferença como significante. Podemos então substituirmos oa por oD de modo que n2 = m : np: D = V a - v / δa Np n = 1 n2 = np passa para D = v = - v/ δ Np n = 1 n2 = m.n p as como podemos incluir neste último teste uma apreciação das nossas dúvidas sobre o teste anterior oa: oD ? A melhor solução prática me parece fazer uso da determinação de oD, que é provavelmente mais exata do que oa, mas usar os graus de liberdade do teste simples: np = 1 / n2 = np para deixar margem para as nossas dúvidas sobre a igualdade de oa a oD. Estes dois exemplos devem ser suficientes para demonstrar que apesar dos grandes progressos que nós podíamos registrar na teoria da variação do acaso, ainda existem problemas importantes a serem solucionados.

Clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of a choroidal pigmented schwannoma in the context of a PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome.

PURPOSE: To report the first case of choroidal schwannoma in a patient affected by PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) and investigate the molecular involvement of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and neurofibromin 2 (NF2) genes in this rare intraocular tumor. DESIGN: Observational case report. PARTICIPANT: A 10-year-old girl diagnosed with PHTS. METHODS: The enucleated specimen underwent histologic, immunohistochemical, and transmission electronic microscopy. The expression of PTEN and NF2 and their protein products were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Somatic mutations of PTEN and NF2, as well as allelic loss, were investigated by direct sequencing of DNA extracted from the tumor. PTEN epigenetic silencing was investigated by pyrosequencing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Histopathologic and molecular characterization of a choroidal pigmented schwannoma. RESULTS: Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic analysis demonstrated features consistent with a pigmented cellular schwannoma of the choroid. We found no loss of heterozygosity at the genomic level for the PTEN germline mutation and no promoter hypermethylation or other somatic intragenic mutations. However, we observed an approximate 40% reduction of PTEN expression at both the mRNA and the protein level, indicating that the tumor was nonetheless functionally deficient for PTEN. Although DNA sequencing of NF2 failed to identify any pathologic variants, its expression was abolished within the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: We report the first description of a pigmented choroidal schwannoma in the context of a PHTS. This rare tumor showed a unique combination of reduction of PTEN and absence of NF2 expression.

Merlin, a "Magic" Linker between Extracellular Cues and Intracellular Signaling Pathways that Regulate Cell Motility, Proliferation, and Survival.

Genetic alterations of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene lead to the development of schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas. Mutations of NF2 gene were also found in thyroid cancer, mesothelioma, and melanoma, suggesting that it functions as a tumor suppressor in a wide spectrum of cells. The product of NF2 gene is merlin (moesin-ezrin-radixin-like protein), a member of the Band 4.1 superfamily proteins. Merlin shares significant sequence homology with the ERM (Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin) family proteins and serves as a linker between transmembrane proteins and the actin-cytoskeleton. Merlin is a multifunctional protein and involved in integrating and regulating the extracellular cues and intracellular signaling pathways that control cell fate, shape, proliferation, survival, and motility. Recent studies showed that merlin regulates the cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions and functions of the cell surface adhesion/extracellular matrix receptors including CD44 and that merlin and CD44 antagonize each other's function and work upstream of the mammalian Hippo signaling pathway. Furthermore, merlin plays important roles in stabilizing the contact inhibition of proliferation and in regulating activities of several receptor tyrosine kinases. Accumulating data also suggested an emerging role of merlin as a negative regulator of growth and progression of several non-NF2 associated cancer types. Together, these recent advances have improved our basic understanding about merlin function, its regulation, and the major signaling pathways regulated by merlin and provided the foundation for future translation of these findings into the clinic for patients bearing the cancers in which merlin function and/or its downstream signaling pathways are impaired or altered.

Väkevän urealiuoksen puhdistaminen kalvotekniikalla

Kirjallisuusosassa käsiteltiin nanosuodatus-, käänteisosmoosi- ja elektrodialyysitekniikoita liuosten puhdistuksessa. Nanosuodatuksella ja käänteisosmoosilla voidaan liuottimesta erottaa pienen moolimassan omaavia liuenneita aineita ohuen kalvon avulla. Nanosuodatuksessa ja käänteisosmoosissa ajavana voimana on paine, jonka tulee ylittää liuoksen osmoottinen paine. Elektrodialyysissä ajavana voimana toimii sähköpotentiaaliero. Tekniikka käyttää hyväkseen ionien tai molekyylien kykyä johtaa sähköä. Elektrodialyysillä voidaan liuoksesta erottaa toisistaan varauksettomat ja varaukselliset komponentit sähköä johtavan membraanin avulla. Kokeellisessa osassa väkevää ureavesiliuosta suodatettiin nanosuodatus- ja käänteisosmoosikalvoilla tutkien paineen, lämpötilan ja konsentroitumisen vaikutusta vuohonja retentioon. Tarkoituksena oli saada urea tuotteena permeaattiin ja epäpuhtaudet erottumaan retentaattiin. Permeaattien epäpuhtauksien pitoisuuksia verrattiin tuotteen spesifikaation raja-arvoihin. Suodatukset tehtiin Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston tiloissa DSS Labstak M20 suotimella. Työssä käytettiin NF1-, NF2-, NF270-, NF-, NF90-, Desal-5 DK-, OPMN-P 70- ja TFC ULP-kalvoja. Nanosuodatuskalvot NF2- ja NF270 antoivat parhaan vuon ja erotuskyvyn suhteen puhdistettaessa urealiuosta. Paineen noustessa kalvojen retentiot paranivat. Lämpötilan noustessa vuo parani, joskin täytyy huomioida urean kiihtyvä hajoaminen lähestyttäessä 40 °C astetta. Kalvojen kestävyyttä ureasuodatuksissa ei voitu näiden kokeiden avulla varmentaa.

Characterization of the Sterile20 kinase Slik : A regulator of growth in Drosophila

La prolifération cellulaire et la croissance tissulaire sont étroitement contrôlées au cours du développement. Chez la Drosophila melanogaster, ces processus sont régulés en partie par la kinase stérile-20 Slik (SLK et LOK chez les mammifères) et le suppresseur de tumeur Hippo (Hpo, MST1/2 chez les mammifères) dans les cellules épithéliales. La surexpression de la kinase Slik augmente la taille des tissus chez les mouches adultes. Cependant, les mutants slik-/- meurent avant d'avoir terminé leur développement. Lorsqu’elle est surexprimée dans les cellules épithéliales des ailes en voie de développement, cette protéine favorise la prolifération cellulaire. En outre, l'expression de Slik dans une population de cellules conduit à une surprolifération des cellules voisines, même quand elles sont physiquement séparées. Ceci est probablement dû à la sécrétion de facteurs de croissance qui stimulent la prolifération de manière paracrine. En utilisant des méthodes génétiques et transcriptomiques, nous essayons de déterminer les molécules et les mécanismes impliqués. Contrairement à ce qui a été publié, nous avons constaté que Slik ne transmet pas de signal prolifératif en inhibant le suppresseur de tumeur Merlin (Mer, NF2 chez les mammifères), un composant en amont de la voie Hippo. Plutôt, elle favorise la prolifération non-autonome et la croissance des tissus en signalisation par la kinase dRaf (la seule kinase de la famille Raf chez la drosophile). Nous prouvons que dRaf est nécessaire chez les cellules voisines pour conduire la prolifération chez ces cellules. De plus, nous avons utilisé le séquençage du transcriptome pour identifier de nouveaux effecteurs en aval de Slik. Ce qui permettra de mieux comprendre les effets de SLK et LOK chez les humains.

Visuelle Transaktionen: Kontrolle der Nebenläufigkeit bei synchroner Gruppenarbeit

Vortragsfolien eines im Mai 1999 auf einem Datenbankseminar (intern) gehaltenen Vortrags. Zusammenfassung: Der Vortrag fasst anschaulich einige der Themen zusammen, an denen das FG Datenbanken/Interaktive Systeme um das Jahr 2000 (und einige Jahre davor und danach) gearbeitet hat: Navigieren und Editieren von NF2-Tabellen mit dem DB-Editor ESCHER, das Fingerkonzept, Focus/Nimbus-Fragen, erweiterte Transaktionskonzepte für datenbankgestützte synchrone Gruppenarbeit. Die im Ausblick aufgestellte These, wonach visuelle Transaktionen ein attraktives Forschungsthema bleiben, dürfte auch heute noch gelten, zumal die Herausforderungen mobiler Geräte und neuer Interaktionsformen in den letzten Jahren hinzugekommen sind.

Chromosome 22q a frequent site of allele loss in head and neck carcinoma

Background. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) correlates with inactivated tumor suppressor genes. LOH at chromosome arm 22q has been found in a variety of human neoplasms, suggesting that this region contains a tumor suppressor gene(s) other than NF2 important to tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of LOH on chromosome 22q11.2-13 and determine whether there was a relationship between loss in this genomic region and tumor histologic parameters, anatomic site, and survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC).Methods. Fifty matched blood and HNSCC tumor samples taken at the time of surgical treatment were evaluated for LOH by use of four microsatellite markers mapping to 22q11.2-q13. Clinical information was available for all patients. The frequency and distribution of LOH was correlated with clinical (age, sex, use of tobacco and alcohol, site of primary tumor, clinical stage, adjuvant therapy and overall survival) and histologic parameters (histopathologic stage, tumor differentiation).Results. LOH at 22q was found in 19 of 50 (38%) informative tumors. The respective incidence of allelic loss for the patients was as follows: 28% at D22S421, 10% at D22S277, 8% at D22S44S, and 4% at D22S280. No statistical differences were apparent with a mean follow-up of 30 months. Laryngeal tumors showed a higher incidence of LOH compared with oral tumors.Conclusions. These results suggest that the D22S277 locus may be closely linked to a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) and involved in upper aerodigestive tract carcinogenesis. In particular, laryngeal tumors may harbor another putative TSG on 22q11.2-q12.3 that may play a role in aggressive stage III/IV disease. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Role of the Transcription Factor Sox2 in the Osteogenic Lineage

The Sox2 transcription factor is modified by sumoylation at the K247 position although the addition of SUMO1 and Pias1 promotes the sumoylation of Sox2 at the additional K123 site. The role of sumoylation on Sox2 biological functions was analyzed by comparing the activity of WT and sumoylation mutants on the transcription of the FGF4 gene in HeLa cells and on the downregulation of the Wnt pathwayvin 293T cells. When SUMO1 and PIAS1 promote the sumoylation of WT Sox2, the transcriptional activity of the FGF4 promoter is inhibited showing that Sox2 sumoylation is necessary for the repression function. However, there is no effect of Sox2 sumoylation on β-Catenin activity. Since we were interested in osteoblast differentiation we set up an inducible system for Sox2 in primary osteoblasts. Following Sox2 doxycycline induction, 158 genes were differentially expressed: 120 up-regulated and 38 down-regulated. We annotated as direct Sox2 targets a number of genes involved in osteoblast biology and we further analyzed 3 of them involved in the BMP pathway. The results show that Sox2 regulates the BMP pathway without affecting SMAD phosphorylation, and that Sox2 sumoylation is not necessary for this function. We also found that genes involved in the Hippo pathway were direct Sox2 targets. As the Hippo pathway is activated by Sox2 and Sox2 interacts with the NF2 promoter, we checked the effect of Sox2 on the expression of NF2. We showed that Sox2 down-regulates the transcriptional activity of the NF2 promoter, allowing the transcription of the YAP/TEAD genes in osteoblasts, thus acting as an upstream regulator of the Hippo pathway. We conclude that Sox2 induction in osteoblasts triggers FGF dependent inhibition of the BMP, Wnt and Hippo pathways.

Longitudinal evaluation of quality of life in 288 patients with Neurofibromatosis 2

Advances in molecular biology have resulted in novel therapy for neurofibromatosis 2-related (NF2) tumours, highlighting the need for robust outcome measures. The disease-focused NF2 impact on quality of life (NFTI-QOL) patient questionnaire was assessed as an outcome measure for treatment in a multi-centre study. NFTI-QOL was related to clinician-rated severity (ClinSev) and genetic severity (GenSev) over repeated visits. Data were evaluated for 288 NF2 patients (n = 464 visits) attending the English national NF2 clinics from 2010 to 2012. The male-to-female ratio was equal and the mean age was 42.2 (SD 17.8) years. The analysis included NFTI-QOL eight-item score, ClinSev graded as mild, moderate, or severe, and GenSev as a rank order of the number of NF2 mutations (graded as mild, moderate, severe). The mean (SD) 8.7 (5.4) score for NFTI-QOL for either a first visit or all visits 9.2 (5.4) was similar to the published norm of 9.4 (5.5), with no significant relationships with age or gender. NFTI-QOL internal reliability was good, with a Cronbach’s alpha score of 0.85 and test re-test reliability r = 0.84. NFTI related to ClinSev (r = 0.41, p < 0.001; r = 0.46 for all visits), but weakly to GenSev (r = 0.16, p < 0.05; r = 0.15 for all visits). ClinSev related to GenSev (r = 0.41, p < 0.001; r = 0.42 for all visits). NFTI-QOL showed a good reliability and ability to detect significant longitudinal changes in the QOL of individuals. The moderate relationships of NFTI-QOL with clinician- and genetic-rated severity suggest that NFTI-QOL taps into NF2 patient experiences that are not encompassed by ClinSev rating or genotype.

Toxicity profile of bevacizumab in the UK Neurofibromatosis Type 2 cohort

Bevacizumab is considered an established part of the treatment strategies available for schwannomas in patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 2(NF2). In the UK, it is available through NHS National Specialized Commissioning to NF2 patients with a rapidly growing target schwannoma. Regrowth of the tumour on suspension of treatment is often observed resulting in prolonged periods of exposure to bevacizumab to control the disease. Hypertension and proteinuria are common events with bevacizumab use and there are concerns with regards to the long-term risks of prolonged treatment. Dosing, demographic and adverse event(CTCAE 4.03) data from the UK NF2 bevacizumab cohort are reviewed with particular consideration of renal and cardiovascular complications. Eighty patients (48 male:32female), median age 24.5 years (range 11-66years), were followed for a median of 32.7 months (range 12.0–60.2months). The most common adverse events were fatigue, hypertension and infection. A total of 19/80 patients (24%) had either a grade 2 or grade 3 hypertension event and 14/80 patients (17.5%) had proteinuria. Of 36 patients followed for 36 months, 78% were free from hypertension and 86% were free of proteinuria. Logistic regression modeling identified age and induction dosing regime to be predictors of development of hypertension with dose of 7.5mg/kg three weekly and age >30years having higher rates of hypertension. Proteinuria persisted in one of three patients after cessation of bevacizumab. One patient developed congestive heart failure and the details of this case are described. Further work is needed to determine optimal dosing regimes to limit toxicity without impacting on efficacy.