Multiple nymphoid reproductives in the nests of the neotropical termite, Armitermes euamignathus (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

Armitermes euamignathus Silvestri (Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae) is a mound building termite that is common in Brazilian regions of the Cerrado vegetation. Multiple neotenic reproductives were found in three isolated nests of these species localized in other secondary habitats different from Cerrado vegetation. The number of second form queens was always higher than the number of secondary males. In two of these nests, the primary king was present along with the second form reproductives. Eggs and brood were found in the three nests but mature alates were present in only one. Multiple neotenic reproductives were never found in the studied Cerrado region where the nests contained only the primary pair. A study of oviposition rate between primary queens and nymphoid reproductives showed an increased number of eggs in the colony headed by neotenic reproductives.

Molting dynamics and juvenile hormone titer profiles in the nymphal stages of a lower termite, Cryptotermes secundus (Kalotermitidae) - signatures of developmental plasticity

Termites are social cockroaches and this sociality is founded on a high plasticity during development. Three molting types (progressive, stationary and regressive molts) are fundamental to achieve plasticity during alate/sexual development, and they make termites a major challenge to any model on endocrine regulation in insect development. As the endocrine signatures underpinning this plasticity are barely understood, we studied the developmental dynamics and their underlying juvenile hormone OH) titers in a wood-dwelling termite. Cryptotermes secundus, which is characterized by an ancestral life style of living in dead wood and individuals being totipotent in development. The following general pattern elements could be identified during winged sexual development (i) regressive molts were accompanied by longer intermolt periods than other molting types, (ii) JH titers decreased gradually during the developmental transition from larva (immatures without wing buds), to nymph (immatures with wing buds), to winged adult, (iii) in all nymphal stages, the JH titer rose before the next molt and dropped thereafter within the first week, (iv) considerable variation in JH titers occurred in the midphase of the molting cycle of the 2nd and 3rd nymphal instar, inferring that this variation may reflect the underlying endocrine signature of each of the three molting types, (v) the 4th nymphal instar, the shortest of all, seems to be a switch point in development, as nymphs in this stage mainly developed progressively. When comparing these patterns with endocrine signatures seen in cockroaches, the developmental program of Cryprotermes can be interpreted as a co-option and repetitive use of hormonal dynamics of the post dorsal-closure phase of cockroach embryonic development. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All tights reserved.

Neotenic formation in laboratory colonies of the termite Coptotermes gestroi after orphaning

The termite Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann 1896) ( Rhinotermitidae: Coptotermitinae) is an exotic species in Brazil and information concerning its reproductive developmental biology is scarce. We induced the formation of neotenics in laboratory colonies through orphaning experiments. Orphaning experiments were conducted in three-year old colonies of C. gestroi kept under laboratory conditions. After three months, eight nymphoid neotenics were observed in one colony after queen removal. Histological analysis showed that these neotenics were non-functional. The results suggest that these individuals may have arisen from the first nymphal instar (N1) or from an early N1 instar after one or two larval moults. Neotenics also were recorded on two incipient colonies of C. gestroi that lost the queen naturally.

Stratégies reproductives et sex-ratio chez le termite Cavitermes tuberosus (Emerson, 1925) -- Biologie des Organismes et Ecologie

Recently shown in some termites, Asexual Queen Succession (AQS) is a reproductive strategy in which the primary queen is replaced by numerous parthenogenetically-produced neotenic queens that mate with the primary king. In contrast, the workforce and alate dispersers are produced sexually. If the primary king is replaced by a sexually-produced neotenic son, the matings between neotenic male and females beget asymmetries in the reproductive value of alates, promoting a female-biased alate sex-ratio. Cavitermes tuberosus (Termitidae: Termitinae) is a soil-feeding tropical species, which shows parthenogenetically-produced neotenics and an AQS syndrome. Our work aims to characterize the reproductive strategies in this species by determining (i) the developmental scheme, (ii) the genetic origin of sexuals, (iii) the level of genetic structure (analysis of 65 nests distributed in 14 sites) and (iv) the alate sex-ratio.Our results show that (i) neotenic females develop from the third or fourth nymphal instar; (ii) the majority of neotenic females (82%) are parthenogenetically-produced while only 2% of female alates are so; (iii) nests are differentiated within sites, indicating that the foundation of new nests mainly occurs by nuptial flights; (iv) numerical sex-ratio of alate-destined sexuals is balanced (SRN=0.509, IC95%=0.497-0.522) while investment sex-ratio is slightly female-biased (SRE=0.529, IC95%=0.517-0.542). Altogether, our results demonstrate AQS and its implications in C. tuberosus, and reveal particularities compared to other species in which AQS has been demonstrated: neotenic-headed nests are less frequent than primary-headed ones and neotenic females never become physogastric. AQS is found in various ecological contexts and seems phylogenetically more widespread than previously thought. This strategy shows some evolutionary advantages but these seem to differ depending on species.

Mandibular glands in reproductives of asian termite coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Morphology of the nymphoid replacement reproductives in the neotropical termite Armitermes euamignathus (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

Numerous nymphoid reproductives were found in three field nests of Armitermes euamignathus collected in Brazil. We report here a morphological description and a biometric study of these individuals. Nymphoid replacements displayed narrow wing buds when compared with those present in nymphs from the three last instars. Thorax morphology of the nymphoids was similar to the penultimate nymphal instar (N4) or to the ultimate nymphal instar (N5), and their origin from these instars of nymphs is discussed. All the nymphoids had eyes, ocelli, and 15 antennal segments. The nymphoid females from nest 1 had different grades of physogastry and royal fat body. The nymphoid females from nests 2 and 3, the nymphoid males from all nests, and the primary king from nests 2 acid 3 had a common fat body, which is similar to that present in alates. The ovaries and the testes of nymphoids were fully mature and the corpora allata larger than those in imagoes. The mandibular glands were also enlarged in nymphoids but the tergal glands were absent. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Response to orphaning in two Neotropical termites: Armitermes euamignathus and Embiratermes festivellus

In this paper we examine the potential of the termites Armitermes euamignathus Silvestri: 1901 and Embiratermes festivellus (Silvestri, 1901) (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae) to produce neotenics experimentally. Three nests of the mound-building termite A. euamignathus, from the Brazilian cerrado, had their primary queens removed in August 1994. After 12 months, only one mound survived; it had a normal appearance. In this healthy, orphaned colony we found the primary king, six physogastric nymphoid female replacement reproductives, two ergatoid female replacement reproductives, 46 nymphs, several presoldiers, soldiers, workers, larvae and many eggs. These data show that neotenics in A. euamignathus may originate from both workers and nymphs, but nymphoids are produced in larger numbers. The biometric study of nymphs and nymphoids suggests that these brachypterous neotenics were derived from third instar nymphs after a single moult or from four instar nymphs after a reduction of wing bud length. A piece of an E. festivellus nest with some third instar nymphs, soldiers and workers was kept under laboratory conditions. After 12 months, the whole experimental subcolony was examined and appeared to contain two pigmented nymphoid females, two pigmented nymphoid males, only one larva, seven nymphs of the same instar, 148 workers, five soldiers and many eggs. These results also indicate the capacity of the termite E. festivellus to produce nymphoid neotenics. These neotenic females were laying eggs, but they were not physogastric after a year, unlike some nymphoids of the same species collected from natural colonies.

Morfologia e desenvolvimento do sistema reprodutor em três espécies de Isoptera

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Behavioural and morphological dimorphism of the sexes: an account of two primitively eusocial wasps

In social Hymenoptera, foraging, nest building, brood care and all other colony maintenance functions are carried out by the females while males function solely as reproductives. This asymmetry in social roles of the two sexes has led social insect researchers to focus almost exclusively on the females whereas males have remained relatively neglected. We studied two sympatric, primitively eusocial wasps, Ropalidia marginata and Ropalidia cyathiformis, and compared the morphological and behavioural profiles of males and females. Males of both species are smaller in size and weigh less compared to females. Males of the two species live in the nest for different durations. Borrowing from the ecological literature we use novel methods to compute and compare behavioural diversity and behavioural richness and show that females of both species are behaviourally richer and more diverse than the males.

Interspecies and intraspecies interactions in social amoebae

The stable co-existence of individuals of different genotypes and reproductive division of labour within heterogeneous groups are issues of fundamental interest from the viewpoint of evolution. Cellular slime moulds are convenient organisms in which to address both issues. Strains of a species co-occur, as do different species; social groups are often genetically heterogeneous. Intra- and interspecies 1:1 mixes of wild isolates of Dictyostelium giganteum and D.purpureum form chimaeric aggregates, following which they segregate to varying extents. Intraspecies aggregates develop in concert and give rise to chimaeric fruiting bodies that usually contain more spores (reproductives) of one component than the other. Reproductive skew and variance in the proportion of reproductives are positively correlated. Interspecies aggregates exhibit almost complete sorting; most spores in a fruiting body come from a single species. Between strains, somatic compatibility correlates weakly with sexual compatibility. It is highest within clones, lower between strains of a species and lowest between strains of different species. Trade-offs among fitness-related traits (between compatible strains), sorting out (between incompatible strains) and avoidance (between species) appear to lie behind coexistence.

Revisão do Ramo Gondwânico da família Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia: Coelacanthiformes)

Representados aualmente por apenas duas espécies: Latimeria chalumnae e L. menadoensis, os celacantos (Infraordem Actinistia) já foi muito mais numeroso, prolífico desde os tempos de seu surgimento no Devoniano Inferior. Dentro de Actinistia a família Mawsoniidae se destaca por abranger as maiores espécies do grupo, algumas atingindo até três metros de comprimento. A entrada de Mawsoniidae no continente Gondwana se deu durante o Jurássico superior, período o qual é atribuído a espécie Parnaibaia maranhoensis da bacia do Parnaíba (Maranhão). No cretáceo a família se ramificou em dois outros gêneros Mawsonia (com conhecidas ocorrências brasileiras e africanas) e Axelrodichthys (gênero brasileiro com alguns indícios de presença na África). Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar uma redescrição e comparação de seis espécies do ramo gondwânico da família Mawsoniidae: Parnaibaia maranhoensis, Axelrodichthys araripensis, Mawsonia gigas, M. minor, M. lavocati e M. brasiliensis. Os espécimes estão depositados em oito instituições: três nacionais e cinco internacionais. Após uma criteriosa descrição anatômica dos exemplares caracteres foram selecionados para a realização de uma análise filogenética restrita ao grupo. Os resultados das observações anatômicas revelaram diversas estruturas ainda não descritas na literatura, incluindo o primeiro elemento medial do esqueleto apendicular de Mawsoniidae a ser observado, além de diversas diferenças e afinidades entre as seis espécies. P. maranhoensis apresentou um conjunto de caracteres plesiomórfico que foram interpretados como sendo o resultado de um evento de neotenia, algo inédito na literatura de celacantos. Todas as espécies do gênero Mawsonia apresentaram características diagnósticas que validam sua separação em espécies distintas. A análise filogenética resultou em duas árvores igualmente parcimoniosas. Ambas concordam com a posição de Parnaibaia na base do grupo. Mas diferem com relação à posição de A. araripensis e as espécies do gênero Mawsonia. Conclui-se que Parnaibaia é o gênero mais plesiomórfico do grupo, estando na base do ramo gondwânico da família. Axelrodichthys representa a ligação deste com as demais espécies do gênero.

Changes in reproductive roles are associated with changes in gene expression in fire ant queens.

Abstract In species with social hierarchies, the death of dominant individuals typically upheaves the social hierarchy and provides an opportunity for subordinate individuals to become reproductives. Such a phenomenon occurs in the monogyne form of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, where colonies typically contain a single wingless reproductive queen, thousands of workers and hundreds of winged nonreproductive virgin queens. Upon the death of the mother queen, many virgin queens shed their wings and initiate reproductive development instead of departing on a mating flight. Workers progressively execute almost all of them over the following weeks. To identify the molecular changes that occur in virgin queens as they perceive the loss of their mother queen and begin to compete for reproductive dominance, we collected virgin queens before the loss of their mother queen, 6 h after orphaning and 24 h after orphaning. Their RNA was extracted and hybridized against microarrays to examine the expression levels of approximately 10 000 genes. We identified 297 genes that were consistently differentially expressed after orphaning. These include genes that are putatively involved in the signalling and onset of reproductive development, as well as genes underlying major physiological changes in the young queens.

Désir d'enfant, procréation médicalement assistée et adoption : réflexion sur la définition des liens de parenté

Le contexte social dans lequel s’inscrivent le désir d’enfant et la procréation en Occident s’est profondément transformé au cours des dernières décennies. Après l’introduction de la contraception et l’augmentation du nombre d’enfants nés hors mariage, le développement des nouvelles techniques reproductives et de l’adoption, notamment l’adoption internationale, ont à leur tour contribué à la transformation des cadres dans lesquels s’inscrivent les relations de parenté et la formation des familles. À partir de l’étude de témoignages de couples québécois dont les échecs successifs en procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) ont mené à la décision d’adopter, cette thèse interroge les multiples dimensions qu’implique un tel type de trajectoire. Sur le plan social, tant la procréation médicalement assistée que l’adoption nécessitent l’intervention d’une tierce partie pour concrétiser et faire reconnaître l’établissement du lien filiatif, soit la médecine dans le cas de la PMA et celle des autorités juridiques et gouvernementales dans le cas de l’adoption. Les deux phénomènes mettent également en scène des situations et des enjeux hautement révélateurs des valeurs et des représentations collectives en matière de parenté et de famille. D’un premier abord, le type de parcours étudié semble illustrer le passage entre deux sphères complètement distinctes: celle de la nature et du biologique incarnée par la PMA et celle de la culture et du lien social incarnée par l’adoption. Or, l’étude des trajectoires des participants donne à voir une situation beaucoup plus complexe où s’entremêlent un ensemble d’explications et de facteurs relatifs au désir d’enfant, à la famille, à la parentalité qui ne font sens qu’une fois replacés dans le contexte des grandes tendances sociales et idéologiques qui traversent notre société. Plus globalement, les analyses proposées dans cette thèse participent au développement d’une anthropologie de la parenté qui tienne compte des dynamiques et des tensions qui touchent la famille moderne.

Les politiques de stérilisation sexuelle au Canada et aux États-Unis : une pratique à l'intersection de rapports de genre, de race et de classe

Dans ce mémoire, l’objectif poursuivi sera d’éclairer les dynamiques de genre, de race, de classe, de nation et de handicap à travers le phénomène du contrôle des capacités reproductives des femmes. Dans un premier temps, j’essaierai de comprendre comment les passés coloniaux du Canada et des États-Unis ont structuré leur rapport à la reproduction et comment celle-ci est devenue un enjeu politique de premier plan au sein de l’idéologie eugéniste. Dans un deuxième temps, j’explorerai quel a été le rôle de la science dans la mise en place, en Occident, de systèmes experts capables de guider la société vers le Progrès. Ces réflexions me permettront de retracer quel a été le contexte d’émergence des lois sur la stérilisation sexuelle et quels discours de légitimation ont été mis de l’avant afin de justifier l’appropriation des capacités reproductives de certaines populations jugées « indésirables ». Ainsi, je poserai l’hypothèse que les valeurs et présupposés « scientifiques » racistes, sexistes et classistes sous-jacents à l’élaboration de ces lois ont mené à des stérilisations forcées de certains groupes minorisés, c’est-à-dire les femmes autochtones au Canada et les femmes noires aux États-Unis. Je tenterai alors d’évaluer si, effectivement, les politiques de stérilisation aux Canada et aux États-Unis ont été discriminatoires dans leur formulation et dans leur mise en application à l’égard de ces populations. Finalement, je mobiliserai les figures de la welfare queen et de la squaw afin de comprendre comment ces identités assignées ont permis de légitimer un traitement différencié à leur égard et comment elles structurent encore aujourd’hui leur rapport à la sexualité et à la reproduction.