Rolle des Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) in amygdalo-hippokampaler Interaktion und der Salienzkodierung des kontextuellen Furchtgedächtnisses

Magdeburg, Univ., Medizin. Fakultät, Diss., 2010

Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation du développement des circuits d’interneurones GABAergiques dans le néocortex : rôle de la molécule d’adhésion cellulaire neurale (NCAM)

Les interneurones GABAergiques constituent une population mineure de cellules par rapport aux neurones glutamatergiques dans le néocortex. Cependant ils contrôlent fortement l'excitabilité neuronale, la dynamique des réseaux neuronaux et la plasticité synaptique. L'importance des circuits GABAergiques dans le processus fonctionnel et la plasticité des réseaux corticaux est soulignée par des résultats récents qui montrent que des modifications très précises et fiables des circuits GABAergiques sont associées à divers troubles du développement neurologique et à des défauts dans les fonctions cérébrales. De ce fait, la compréhension des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliquant le développement des circuits GABAergiques est la première étape vers une meilleure compréhension de la façon dont les anomalies de ces processus peuvent se produire. La molécule d’adhésion cellulaire neurale (NCAM) appartient à la super-famille des immunoglobulines de reconnaissance cellulaire et est impliquée dans des interactions homophiliques et hétérophiliques avec d’autres molécules. Même si plusieurs rôles de NCAM ont été démontrés dans la croissance neuronale, la fasciculation axonale, la formation et la maturation de synapses, de même que dans la plasticité cellulaire de plusieurs systèmes, le rôle de NCAM dans la formation des synapses GABAergiques reste inconnu. Ce projet visait donc à déterminer le rôle précis de NCAM dans le processus de maturation des synapses GABAergiques dans le néocortex, en modulant son expression à différentes étapes du développement. L’approche choisie a été de supprimer NCAM dans des cellules GABAergiques à paniers avant la maturation des synapses (EP12-18), pendant la maturation (EP16-24), ou durant le maintien de celles-ci (EP24-32). Les méthodes utilisées ont été le clonage moléculaire, l’imagerie confocale, la culture de coupes organotypiques et des techniques morphométriques de quantification de l’innervation GABAergique. Nos résultats montrent que l’inactivation de NCAM durant la phase de maturation des synapses périsomatiques (EP16-24) cause une réduction du nombre de synapses GABAergiques périsomatiques et du branchement de ces axones. En revanche, durant la phase de maintien (EP26-32), l’inactivation de NCAM n’a pas affecté ces paramètres des synapses GABAergiques. Or, il existe trois isoformes de NCAM (NCAM120, 140 et 180) qui pourraient jouer des rôles différents dans les divers types cellulaires ou à des stades développementaux différents. Nos données montrent que NCAM120 et 140 sont nécessaires à la maturation des synapses périsomatiques GABAergiques. Cependant, NCAM180, qui est l’isoforme la plus étudiée et caractérisée, ne semble pas être impliquée dans ce processus. De plus, l’inactivation de NCAM n’a pas affecté la densité des épines dendritiques ou leur longueur. Elle est donc spécifique aux synapses périsomatiques GABAeriques. Finalement, nos résultats suggèrent que le domaine conservé C-terminal KENESKA est essentiel à la maturation des synapses périsomatiques GABAergiques. Des expériences futures nous aiderons à mieux comprendre la mécanistique et les différentes voies de signalisation impliquées.

La plasticité du système nerveux entérique au cours de l'inflammation : réexpression de PSA-NCAM dans un modèle de colite expérimentale chez le rat adulte

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

A role for hippocampal PSA-NCAM and NMDA-NR2B receptor function in flavonoid-induced spatial memory improvements in young rats

The increase in incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases highlights the need for a more comprehensive understanding of how food components may affect neural systems. In particular, flavonoids have been recognized as promising agents capable of influencing different aspects of synaptic plasticity resulting in improvements in memory and learning in both animals and humans. Our previous studies highlight the efficacy of flavonoids in reversing memory impairments in aged rats, yet little is known about the effects of these compounds in healthy animals, particularly with respect to the molecular mechanisms by which flavonoids might alter the underlying synaptic modifications responsible for behavioral changes. We demonstrate that a 3-week intervention with two dietary doses of flavonoids (Dose I: 8.7 mg/day and Dose II: 17.4 mg/day) facilitates spatial memory acquisition and consolidation (24 recall) (p < 0.05) in young healthy rats. We show for the first time that these behavioral improvements are linked to increased levels in the polysialylated form of the neural adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, which is known to be required for the establishment of durable memories. We observed parallel increases in hippocampal NMDA receptors containing the NR2B subunit for both 8.7 mg/day (p < 0.05) and 17.4 mg/day (p < 0.001) doses, suggesting an enhancement of glutamate signaling following flavonoid intervention. This is further strengthened by the simultaneous modulation of hippocampal ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling and the activation of the Akt/mTOR/Arc pathway, which are crucial in inducing changes in the strength of hippocampal synaptic connections that underlie learning. Collectively, the present data supports a new role for PSA-NCAM and NMDA-NR2B receptor on flavonoid-induced improvements in learning and memory, contributing further to the growing body of evidence suggesting beneficial effects of flavonoids in cognition and brain health.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) induces neuritogenesis in the cochlear spiral ganglion via neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) increases survival and neurite extension of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), the primary neurons of the auditory system, via yet unknown signaling mechanisms. In other cell types, signaling is achieved by the GPI-linked GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1) via recruitment of transmembrane receptors: Ret (re-arranged during transformation) and/or NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule). Here we show that GDNF enhances neuritogenesis in organotypic cultures of spiral ganglia from 5-day-old rats and mice. Addition of GFRα1-Fc increases this effect. GDNF/GFRα1-Fc stimulation activates intracellular PI3K/Akt and MEK/Erk signaling cascades as detected by Western blot analysis of cultures prepared from rats at postnatal days 5 (P5, before the onset of hearing) and 20 (P20, after the onset of hearing). Both cascades mediate GDNF stimulation of neuritogenesis, since application of the Akt inhibitor Wortmannin or the Erk inhibitor U0126 abolished GDNF/GFRα1-Fc stimulated neuritogenesis in P5 rats. Since cultures of P5 NCAM-deficient mice failed to respond by neuritogenesis to GDNF/GFRα1-Fc, we conclude that NCAM serves as a receptor for GDNF signaling responsible for neuritogenesis in early postnatal spiral ganglion.

Targeted mutation of Ncam to produce a secreted molecule results in a dominant embryonic lethality.

The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is a membrane-associated member of the immunoglobulin superfamily capable of both homophilic and heterophilic binding. To investigate the significance of this binding, a gene targeting strategy in embryonic stem (ES) cells was used to replace the membrane-associated forms of NCAM with a soluble, secreted form of its extracellular domain. Although the heterozygous mutant ES cells were able to generate low coat color chimeric mice, only the wild-type allele was transmitted, suggesting the possibility of dominant lethality. Analysis of chimeric embryos with high level of ES cell contribution revealed severe growth retardation and morphological defects by E8.5-E9.5. The second allele was also targeted, and embryos derived almost entirely from the homozygous mutant ES cells exhibited the same lethal phenotype as observed with heterozygous chimeras. Together, these results indicate that dominant lethality associated with the secreted NCAM does not require the presence of membrane-associated NCAM. Furthermore, the data indicate that potent bioactive cues or signals can be generated by NCAM.

Expression and putative role of lactoseries carbohydrates present on NCAM in the rat primary olfactory pathway

Primary olfactory neurons project axons from the olfactory neuroepithelium lining the nasal cavity to,the olfactory bulb in the brain. These axons grow within large mixed bundles in the olfactory nerve and then sort out into homotypic fascicles in the nerve fiber layer of the olfactory bulb before terminating in topographically fixed glomeruli. Carbohydrates expressed on the cell surface have been implicated in axon sorting within the nerve fiber layer. We have identified two novel subpopulations of primary olfactory neurons that express distinct alpha-extended lactoseries carbohydrates recognised by monoclonal antibodies LA4 and KH10. Both carbohydrate epitopes are present on novel glycoforms of the neural cell adhesion molecule, which we have named NOC-7 and NOC-8. Primary axon fasciculation is disrupted in vitro when interactions between these cell surface lactoseries carbohydrates and their endogenous binding molecules are inhibited by the LA4 and KH10 antibodies or lactosamine sugars. We report the expression of multiple members of the lactoseries binding galectin family in the primary olfactory system. In particular, galectin-3 is expressed by ensheathing cells surrounding nerve fascicles in the submucosa and nerve fiber layer, where it may mediate cross-linking of axons. Galectin-4, -7, and -8 are expressed by the primary olfactory axons as they grow from the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb. A putative role for NOC-7 and NOC-8 in axon fasciculation and the expression of multiple galectins in the developing olfactory nerve suggest that these molecules may be involved in the formation of this pathway, particularly in the sorting of axons as they converge towards their target. (C) 2004Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Expression de PSA-NCAM dans le système nerveux entérique chez le rat au cours du développement et au cours de la réponse inflammatoire

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Expression de PSA-NCAM dans le système nerveux entérique chez le rat au cours du développement et au cours de la réponse inflammatoire

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Micromorphology Of The Dental Pulp Is Highly Preserved In Cancer Patients Who Underwent Head And Neck Radiotherapy.

Teeth are often included in the radiation field during head and neck radiotherapy, and recent clinical evidence suggests that dental pulp is negatively affected by the direct effects of radiation, leading to impaired sensitivity of the dental pulp. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the direct effects of radiation on the microvasculature, innervation, and extracellular matrix of the dental pulp of patients who have undergone head and neck radiotherapy. Twenty-three samples of dental pulp from patients who finished head and neck radiotherapy were analyzed. Samples were histologically processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for morphologic evaluation of the microvasculature, innervation, and extracellular matrix. Subsequently, immunohistochemical analysis of proteins related to vascularization (CD34 and smooth muscle actin), innervation (S-100, NCAM/CD56, and neurofilament), and extracellular matrix (vimentin) of the dental pulp was performed. The morphologic study identified preservation of the microvasculature, nerve bundles, and components of the extracellular matrix in all studied samples. The immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the morphologic findings and showed a normal pattern of expression for the studied proteins in all samples. Direct effects of radiotherapy are not able to generate morphologic changes in the microvasculature, innervation, and extracellular matrix components of the dental pulp in head and neck cancer patients.

Radicicol improves regeneration of skeletal muscle previously damaged by crotoxin in mice

This work investigates the influence of heat shock proteins (HSPs) on necrosis and subsequent skeletal muscle regeneration induced by crotoxin (CTX), the major component of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Mice were treated with radicicol, a HSP inductor, followed by an intramuscular injection of CTX into the gastrocnemius muscle. Treated groups were sacrificed 1, 10 and 21 days after CTX injection. Muscle histological sections were stained with toluidine blue and assayed for acid phosphatase or immunostained with either neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) or neonatal myosin heavy chain (MHCn). Muscle samples were also submitted to Western blotting analysis. The results show that CTX alone and CTX combined with radicicol induced a similar degree of myofiber necrosis. CTX-injured muscles treated with radicicol had increased cross-sectional areas at 10 and 21 days post-lesion compared with untreated CTX-injured muscles. Additionally, radicicol significantly increased the number of NCAM-positive satellite cells in the gastrocnemius at one day post-CTX injury. CTX-injured Muscles treated with radicicol contained more MHCn-positive regenerating myofibers compared with untreated CTX-injured muscles. These results suggest that HSPs contribute to the regeneration of myofibers damaged by CTX. Additionally, further studies should investigate the potential therapeutic effects of radicicol in skeletal muscles affected by Crotalus venom. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Expression of glycoproteins in the vomeronasal organ reveals a novel spatiotemporal pattern of sensory neurone maturation

The main olfactory and the accessory olfactory systems are both anatomically and functionally distinct chemosensory systems. The primary sensory neurones of the accessory olfactory system are sequestered in the vomeronasal organ (VNO), where they express pheromone receptors, which are unrelated to the odorant receptors expressed in the principal nasal cavity. We have identified a 240 kDa glycoprotein (VNO240) that is selectively expressed by sensory neurones in the VNO but not in the main olfactory neuroepithelium of mouse. VNO240 is first expressed at embryonic day 20.5 by a small subpopulation of sensory neurones residing within the central region of the crescent-shaped VNO, Although VNO240 was detected in neuronal perikarya at this age, it was not observed in the axons in the accessory olfactory bulb until postnatal day 3.5, This delayed appearance in the accessory olfactory bulb suggests that VNO240 is involved in the functional maturation of VNO neurones rather than in axon growth and targeting to the bulb, During the first 2 postnatal weeks, the population of neurones expressing VNO240 spread peripherally, and by adulthood all primary sensory neurones in the VNO appeared to be expressing this molecule. Similar patterns of expression were also observed for NOC-1, a previously characterized glycoform of the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM, To date, differential expression of VNO-specific molecules has only been reported along the rostrocaudal axis or at different apical-basal levels in the neuroepithelium. This is the first demonstration of a centroperipheral wave of expression of molecules in the VNO, These results indicate that mechanisms controlling the molecular differentiation of VNO neurones must involve spatial cues organised, not only about orthogonal axes, but also about a centroperipheral axis, Moreover, expression about this centroperipheral axis also involves a temporal component because the subpopulation of neurones expressing VNO240 and NOC-1 increases during postnatal maturation. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A relação entre o estatuto económico e os conhecimentos e comportamentos acerca da malária, na região de Gaza, Moçambique

RESUMO A malária é o principal problema de saúde em Moçambique, a região do Chowé é uma zona hiperendémica da malária, contribuindo os factores geográficos, a pobreza e o difícil acesso aos cuidados de saúde, para as altas taxas de mortalidade e morbilidade devidas à malária. A malária é uma doença relacionada com a pobreza e os factores económicos determinam os conhecimentos e comportamentos acerca da malária. O projecto Tisuna Muzototo – Programa de Controlo da Malária na Região de Chokwé, na província de Gaza, Moçambique e o acesso ao estudo dos Conhecimentos, Práticas e Cobertura (“KPC Study”), integrado no programa, permitiu desenvolver o estudo da relação entre o estatuto económico e os conhecimentos e comportamentos relacionados com a malária, na região do Chokwé. Este estudo é pertinente, no âmbito dos programas de controlo da malária na região, uma vez que identifica as diferenças nos conhecimentos e comportamentos relacionados com a malária mediante o estatuto económico, permitindo a integração das estratégias e recursos para as populações mais vulneráveis. O estudo é de natureza observacional, descritivo, inferencial de carácter exploratório, transversal e com uma abordagem quantitativa. A amostra, decidida pela equipa do estudo dos Conhecimentos, Práticas e Cobertura, é constituída por 887 mulheres, grávidas, mães ou cuidadoras de crianças dos 0 aos 59 meses de idade, que representam os seus agregados familiares, na Província de Gaza, nas aldeias dos distritos de Chokwè, Guijá, Massingir e Mabalane. O estatuto económico foi estudado, através do Índice de Riqueza (IR), construído segundo as recomendações de Rutstein e Jhonson (2004), a partir de variáveis que captem os padrões de vida dos agregados familiares. À semelhança do que tem sido descrito por alguns autores, construiu-se o Nível de Conhecimentos Acerca da Malária (NCAM). Através da aplicação de testes paramétricos (Teste T de Student e ANOVA) e não paramétricos (Teste Mann-Witney-Wilcoxon e Kruskall Wallis), para um nível de significância de 5%, conclui-se que: • Existe uma relação bivariada, estatisticamente significativa entre IR e: a escolaridade da mulher, a religião da mulher, a principal ocupação da mulher, a principal ocupação do marido e o meio onde habita (rural, urbano). • A um IR médio/mediano é significativamente mais elevado nas mulheres/domicílios com NCAM Alto; que utilizam métodos de prevenção da malária (independentemente da sua eficácia); que utilizam um maior número de métodos de prevenção da malária eficazes; que possuem redes mosquiteiras em geral; que possuem redes mosquiteiras permanentes e que as mantêm as redes mosquiteiras em boas condições. • Não existe uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre o IR e os comportamentos preventivos da malária na mulher durante a gravidez; os comportamentos relacionados com a gestão de casos de febre, das crianças com menos de 5 anos, pelas mulheres. Na região do Chokwé, considera-se que é importante, para a gestão dos programas de controlo da malária, a compreensão global da influência de factores socioeconómicos, demográficos e dos conhecimentos nos comportamentos protectores da malária. Pelo que se sugere o desenvolvimento de estudos multivariados com a aplicação de metodologias qualitativas e quantitativas. Palavras-chave: Malária; Índice de Riqueza; Conhecimentos; Comportamentos.

Podocalyxin is a novel polysialylated neural adhesion protein with multiple roles in neural development and synapse formation

Neural development and plasticity are regulated by neural adhesion proteins, including the polysialylated form of NCAM (PSA-NCAM). Podocalyxin (PC) is a renal PSA-containing protein that has been reported to function as an anti-adhesin in kidney podocytes. Here we show that PC is widely expressed in neurons during neural development. Neural PC interacts with the ERM protein family, and with NHERF1/2 and RhoA/G. Experiments in vitro and phenotypic analyses of podxl-deficient mice indicate that PC is involved in neurite growth, branching and axonal fasciculation, and that PC loss-of-function reduces the number of synapses in the CNS and in the neuromuscular system. We also show that whereas some of the brain PC functions require PSA, others depend on PC per se. Our results show that PC, the second highly sialylated neural adhesion protein, plays multiple roles in neural development.

Podocalyxin is a novel polysialylated neural adhesion protein with multiple roles in neural development and synapse formation

Neural development and plasticity are regulated by neural adhesion proteins, including the polysialylated form of NCAM (PSA-NCAM). Podocalyxin (PC) is a renal PSA-containing protein that has been reported to function as an anti-adhesin in kidney podocytes. Here we show that PC is widely expressed in neurons during neural development. Neural PC interacts with the ERM protein family, and with NHERF1/2 and RhoA/G. Experiments in vitro and phenotypic analyses of podxl-deficient mice indicate that PC is involved in neurite growth, branching and axonal fasciculation, and that PC loss-of-function reduces the number of synapses in the CNS and in the neuromuscular system. We also show that whereas some of the brain PC functions require PSA, others depend on PC per se. Our results show that PC, the second highly sialylated neural adhesion protein, plays multiple roles in neural development.