Nationalization of the carbonaceous mortar for injection in the CNS's blast furnaces hearths

The consumption of the carbonaceous mortar for injection in the CSN's blast furnaces hearth has increased in the last years, as a function of the modern situation of the blast furnaces com paign. Allied to the growing consumption background, the devaluation of the Brazilian currency stroke hardly the importation costs of this product.

Campaign strategies at the Swiss National Elections 2015: Nationalization, Coordination, and Personalization

This research note examines parties’ campaign strategies in the 2015 Swiss elections. We base our analyses on a collection of more than 5000 party advertisements, which were published in the forefront of the national elections in more than 50 daily and weekly national and cantonal print media. By comparing the amount of party and candidate ads, as well as the content and nature of the political advertisements, we explore the degree of professionalization of electoral campaigns in the most recent federal elections in terms of nationalization, coordination and personalization. First results show that although national campaign coordination exists, Swiss elections are to a considerable extent still cantonal and personal affairs.

Toward nationalization of industry.

Contains much of the material in the author's The Federal Government and functional democracy, published in 1940.

Les juifs et l'idée de Bildung dans l'Allemagne de culture protestante : chronique d'un mésamour à travers le long XIXe siècle

Des années 1780, quand surgit la question de l'émancipation des juifs, à la Première Guerre mondiale, qui dément l'optimisme de la perfectibilité du genre humain cultivé par la Bildung, le « long » XIXe siècle est la scène sur laquelle se déploient les efforts d'intégration des juifs dans la société et la culture allemandes, où la Bildung, intimement liée à l'esprit du protestantisme allemand qui l'a profondément marquée de son empreinte, tient lieu de médiation. Fil conducteur de ma recherche, la Bildung me permet de montrer en quoi son idéal est devenu un élément constitutif de l'identité des juifs allemands, en même temps qu'il cesse, sous les effets de la nationalisation d'une culture allemande devenue un outil au service d'un peuple particulier, d'être le projet, certes d'une communauté donnée, mais porteur d'universalisme. De fait, tout en adhérant à sa définition originale, les juifs ont su réinterpréter l'idée de Bildung en désamorçant l'alliance entre culture, germanité et nationalisme, afin de construire une nouvelle identité judéo-allemande qui réponde aux enjeux et aux exigences de la modernité ainsi qu'aux évolutions du temps, tout en visant à la reconnaissance des valeurs et du statut du judaïsme. Dans la mesure où cet idéal de la Bildung, sous les coups du nationalisme allemand, a perdu sa portée universelle pour, dans un processus de germanisation, devenir un instrument au service du projet nationaliste, les juifs vont progressivement se voir exclus de la nation allemande, quand bien même ou précisément parce qu'ils se sont identifiés à tel point au projet initial de la Bildung qu'ils en sont devenus les garants. From the 1780s, when the question of the emancipation of the Jews emerged, until World War I-a disappointment for those who were optimistic about cultivating a perfected humanity through Bildung (education)-the "long" nineteenth century is the stage on which the efforts to integrate the Jews into German society and culture took place. In this context, Bildung, which was decidedly bound to and profoundly marked by the German Protestant spirit, served as mediation. The underlying theme of Bildung in my research enables me to show how its ideal became the constitutive element of German Jewish identity. Concurrently, under the effects of the nationalization of German culture that became a tool in the service of a specific folk, the ideal of Bildung ceased to be a project that conveyed universal meaning. In fact, although the Jewish people agreed with its original definition, they succeeded in reinterpreting the idea of Bildung by neutralizing the alliance between culture, being German, and nationalism in order to elaborate a new German-Jewish identity in reply to the challenges and requirements of modernity and the evolution of society while still recognizing the values and status of Judaism. Inasmuch as the ideal of Bildung lost its universal significance for serving the nationalist project under the influence of German nationalism, the Jews were gradually excluded from the German folk, which took place despite, or precisely because, they identified to such an extent with the original aims of Bildung that they became the guarantors for it. Das ,,lange" 19. Jahrhundert bildet die Kulisse der Integrationsbemühungen der Juden in die deutsche Gesellschaft und Kultur, von den 1780er Jahren, als die Frage nach der Judenemanzipation zutage kommt, bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg, der den Optimismus der menschlichen Verbesserungsfahigkeit durch die Bildung widerlegt. Die mit dem Geist des deutschen Protestantismus eng verbundene Bildung dient hier als Mediation. Der rote Faden der Bildung ermöglicht mir zu zeigen, inwiefern ihr Ideal wesentlich für die jüdische Identität geworden ist. Zur gleichen Zeit hat das Bildungsideal, unter der Wirkung der Nationalisierung der deutschen Kultur, die zum Werkzeug eines eigenartigen Volkes gemacht wurde, sein universales Wesen verloren. In der Tat, obwohl die Juden dem ursprünglichen Bildungsideal zustimmten, haben sie die Bildung neu interpretiert, indem sie die Verbindung zwischen Kultur, Germanentum und Nationalismus entschärft und eine neue deutsch-jüdische Identität gebildet haben, die den Herausforderungen und den Ansprüchen der Moderne sowie dem Gesellschaftswandel entsprach und gleichzeitig darauf abzielte, die Werte und den Status des Judentums zu anerkennen. Insoweit, als das Bildungsideal seine universale Geltung unter dem Einfluss des deutschen Nationalismus verloren hat, um den nationalistischen Absichten zu dienen, wurden die Juden nach und nach vom deutschen Volk ausgeschlossen, selbst wenn oder gerade weil sie sich dermassen mit dem ursprünglichen Zweck der Bildung identifiziert haben, dass sie ihre Garanten geworden sind.

Tintin, oui mais avec modération. Les tâtonnements de la bande dessinée en Suisse romande

L'arrivée des aventures de Tintin dans la presse illustrée helvétique ne se fera pas sans heurts. Au-delà de l'habituelle réappropriation nationale du héros belge, d'importants réaménagements sont pratiqués par l'hebdomadaire catholique genevois L'Écho Illustré, et ce surtout pendant les années 1930. En analysant cette réadaptation, cet article tente de questionner le rapport à l'image distrayante d'un magazine confessionnel qui souhaiterait y voir figurer une portée éducative et morale. D'autre part, le contexte de la presse suisse pendant cette période est encore relativement peu enclin à accueillir la publication de bandes dessinées. Il s'agit donc d'observer de quelle manière ce nouveau média s'intègre dans un support déjà bien établi comme la presse illustrée de la Suisse de l'Entre-deux-guerres. The way Tintin becomes part of the Swiss illustrated press is at least eventful. Beside the usual re-nationalization of the Belgian hero, the catholic weekly magazine from Geneva, L'Écho Illustré, realizes important changes in the comics layout, mostly through the Thirties. By analyzing these readjustments, we would like to explore the link between a confessional magazine and entertaining images, considering that this kind of press would like these images to achieve an additional educative and moral goal. Moreover, the Swiss press's context studied here is still relatively unresponsive to publish comics. The aim of this paper is finally to observe how a new media is integrated into an already well-established framework such as the illustrated press in Switzerland during the inter-war years.

La construcción del estado nacional italiano

The author takes the comment of the recent book of the French historian Gilles Pécout, Il lungo Risorgimento. La nascita dell'Italia contemporanea (1770-1922), as a pretext to make a revision of the historiography and the main arguments of the source of contemporary Italy. He analyses just the political and cultural process of the Risorgimento, as well as the nationalization of the Italian society after the country became independent.

La construcción del estado nacional italiano

The author takes the comment of the recent book of the French historian Gilles Pécout, Il lungo Risorgimento. La nascita dell'Italia contemporanea (1770-1922), as a pretext to make a revision of the historiography and the main arguments of the source of contemporary Italy. He analyses just the political and cultural process of the Risorgimento, as well as the nationalization of the Italian society after the country became independent.

Citizenship education in Switzerland before, during and after the First World War

Citizenship education was intensively discussed during the 1910s. Patriotic ideals and the love of the fatherland were described with diligence in teachers' journals. After the outbreak of the World War I, Swiss teachers reacted immediately to the new circumstances and published lessons in their weekly teacher journals for every day of school for different grade levels. These lessons comprised current events and civic education as well as didactical instructions for the teacher. In pupils' essays, citizens are often depicted as religious members of society who are industrious and hardworking, whereas in the journals, religious aspects are related to peace but not to citizenship education. As a multilingual and neutral country, Switzerland struggled with major domestic problems due to the cultural conflict between the French- and the German-speaking regions, especially during wartime. However, teachers promoted unity from the beginning. Therefore, changes and continuities during this decade concerning citizenship education are of crucial research interest. The practical sections of teachers' journals, including lessons and didactical instructions, and pupils' essays provide insight into what happened in the classrooms. Which forms of national identity and citizenship were taught in classrooms before, during and shortly after WW1 in public schools in Switzerland? How did pupils describe the current issues of war and citizenship?

O dólar e os desequilíbrios globais

The global expansion of capitalism under American hegemony in the second half of the 20th century has changed the international division of labor and center-periphery scheme proposed under British hegemony. Under the new international division of labor, the United States is forced to generate an ever growing deficit in their trade account in order to accommodate the "mercantilist' expansion of Asian countries, produced by the trans-nationalization of big capital, under American aegis. This form of global economic articulation is at the root of the rupture of the Bretton Woods system and the growing financial liberalization imposed by the hegemonic power over other countries since the 80s.

Kuluttajapalveluita tarjoavien yritysten turvallisuuskulttuurin kehittäminen

Tällä tutkimuksella oli tavoitteena selvittää kuluttajapalveluita tarjoavien yritysten turvallisuuskulttuurin taso sekä mahdollisuuksia tason kehittämiseksi. Turvallisuuskulttuuria ja miten se kytkeytyy kuluttajaturvallisuuteen, käsiteltiin teorian kautta. Samalla luotiin yleiskatsaus turvallisuusajattelun kehitykseen Suomessa. Turvallisuuskulttuurin taso selvitettiin kyselytutkimuksella kuluttajapalveluita valvoville viranomaisille. Samalla saatiin katsaus myös siihen, millaisia menetelmiä valvonnan käytössä on ollut ja kuinka aktiivisesti esimerkiksi jälkivalvontaa on tehty. Kyselyn perusteella turvallisuuskulttuuri on tasolla, jolla pyritään vain täyttämään lainsäädännön ja viranomaisten antamat vaatimukset. Tason korottamiseksi löytyi mahdollisuuksia niin viranomaisten valvontaa ajatellen kuin myös toiminnanharjoittajille. Tällaisia mahdollisuuksia ovat muun muassa toiminnanharjoittajille yhteisesti järjestettävät koulutustilaisuudet. Toiminnanharjoittajilla kokonaisturvallisuusjohtaminen ja laatuajattelu pitää sisällään usein työturvallisuus-, työterveys- ja ympäristöasioita. Mikäli tätä ajattelua laajentaa asiakasnäkökulmalla, lisäisi se kuluttajaturvallisuutta kokonaisuudessaan. Oman haasteen kuluttajaturvallisuuden kehittymiseen tuo mukanaan valvonnan valtiollistaminen ja etenkin sen käytännön toteuttaminen.

L'évolution de la réglementation internationale des investissements directs étrangers dans les Amériques : vers de nouvelles perspectives ?

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LL.M. Droit Dans le cadre du programme de Maîtrise en droit(LL.M.) 2-325-1-0 en option recherche et droit des affaires"