The use of radon (Rn-222) and volatile organic compounds in monitoring soil gas to localize NAPL contamination at a gas station in Rio Claro, Sao Paulo State, Brazil

This study focuses on the presence of radon (Rn-222) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soil gases at a gas station located in the city of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil, where a fossil fuel leak occurred. The spatial distribution results show a correlation between Rn-222 and VOCs, consistent with the fact that radon gas has a greater chemical affinity with organic phases than with water. This finding demonstrates that the presence of a residual hydrocarbon phase in an aquifer can retain radon, leading to a reduced radon content in the soil gas. The data in this study confirm the results of previous investigations, in which the method used in this study provided a preliminary fingerprint of a contaminated area. Furthermore, the data analysis time is brief, and only simple equipment is required. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Napló.

"Hiteles kiadás."

Avaliação do desempenho de surfactantes para a solubilização de fases líquidas não aquosas em meio aquoso

The presence of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in the subsurface is a threat to public health as well as a serious environmental issue. NAPLs may remain adsorbed or form lenses floating on aquifers causing long-term contaminations. Surfactants may increase NAPLs solubility, enhancing the pump-and-treatment performance. Size, shape, hydration and ionization degree of the micelles define the affinity and the space available for the solubilization of a particular contaminating agent. The tests carried out at laboratory scale, taking into account the NAPL to be removed and the medium characteristics were useful to select surfactants and evaluate their efficiency as NAPLs solubilizers.

Aplicação da técnica de caminhamento elétrico em área contaminada por derivados de petróleo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Monitoramento da atenuação natural de pluma de contaminação pelo método de radar de penetração no solo (GPR)

O monitoramento da atenuação natural em áreas contaminadas tem se mostrado uma técnica alternativa e de baixo custo para a remediação de áreas contaminadas. A degradação por microorganismos é um dos processos mais importantes na atenuação natural de contaminantes, especialmente compostos de fase líquida não aquosa (NAPL). em muitos casos, a ação efetiva deste processo resulta na geração de ácidos orgânicos, que sob elevadas concentrações ocasionam a dissolução de minerais presentes em subsuperfície onde se encontra a contaminação, com conseqüente liberação de íons. O aumento na quantidade de íons colabora para o aumento da condutividade elétrica do meio. O princípio físico da técnica de Radar de Penetração no Solo (GPR) é a emissão de ondas eletromagnéticas de alta freqüência. A propagação da onda eletromagnética é condicionada à freqüência de sinal emitido e as propriedades elétricas do meio. O aumento da condutividade elétrica do meio resulta na atenuação do sinal e, por conseqüência, na diminuição da profundidade de penetração da onda eletromagnética. Este fator permite o monitoramento de áreas contaminadas sob atenuação natural a partir de análises temporais com o GPR. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo entre perfis de GPR adquiridos em 1998 e 2003 em uma área contaminada por compostos de fase líquida leve não aquosa (LNAPL), sob atenuação natural. Os resultados indicam um aumento da condutividade elétrica do meio, a partir da atenuação acentuada do sinal GPR observada nas seções de 2003. Este aumento pode estar associado à liberação de íons por dissolução de minerais, pelo ataque de ácidos orgânicos resultantes do processo de biodegradação.

Radon in groundwater contaminated by dissolved hydrocarbons in Santa Barbara d'Oeste, São Paulo State, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Aplicação do método eletromagnético indutivo (EM) no monitoramento de contaminantes em subsuperfície

O uso combinado de poços de amostragem e técnicas geofísicas constitui a maneira mais adequada para identificação e o monitoramento de áreas contaminadas. Este procedimento permite a locação de poços de amostragem e de monitoramento em pontos estratégicos, otimizando resultados e minimizando gastos. O método geofísico Eletromagnético Indutivo (EM) apresenta amplas possibilidades de aplicação em estudos ambientais devido à facilidade na aquisição de dados, versatilidade do equipamento em campo e a possibilidade de varredura de grandes áreas num curto espaço de tempo. Este trabalho realiza uma análise comparativa de dados em obtidos no ano de 1992 e em 2003. O local estudado é uma área industrial que apresenta contaminação do solo e água subterrânea por Benzeno, Tolueno, Xileno, 1,2 dicloroetano, Sódio e Cloreto, produto da infiltração de efluentes químicos diretamente do solo. Os resultados indicam uma acentuada atenuação da pluma contaminante, com provável redução no grau de contaminação. Os compostos de fase leve (LNAPLs) apresentaram maior tendência de migração horizontal, concomitante ao movimento da água subterrânea. Os compostos de fase densa (DNAPLs) apresentaram uma tendência mais acentuada de migração no sentido vertical, possivelmente devido à ausência de superfícies impermeáveis. Os compostos inorgânicos acompanharam o fluxo dos compostos de fase líquida não aquosa (NAPLs), o que por sua vez permitiu a caracterização da pluma de contaminação como um corpo condutivo em relação às áreas adjacentes.

Radônio como indicador de contaminação de solos por hidrocarbonetos

Previous studies show that in areas contaminated by fuel spill (NAPL- non-aqueous phase liquids), from operational activities, transport and storage, it was possible to observe a significant decrease of ²²²Rn (radon) gas concentration in the soil, even a non-uniform distribution of this gas in top soil, even with a geological situation was practically homogeneous. These anomalies may be associated with the preference partitioning of radon in NAPLs. This work consists of applying ²²²Rn as an indicator for locating subsurface contamination by NAPLs in an area of the city of Rio Claro (SP) where, according to the “Survey of Contaminated and Rehabilitated Areas in the State of São Paulo (Environmental Sanitation and Technology Company - CETESB), there was, in the year 2007, groundwater contamination from leaks of liquid fuels. The challenges of this research are: Promulgate the use of a new tool with greater efficiency in obtaining results, in addition to generate less impact in half and have less expenditure; disseminate scientific culture promoting greater integration of C&T (culture & technology) between universities and businesses. The emanometric technique to estimate the location, number and interfacial area of NAPL in saturated and non-saturated zone, has the advantage of locating and determining plumes of free phase even when the amount of VOC's (Volatile Organic Compounds) that reaches the surface is low or non-existent. In addition, the measurement techniques ²²²Rn are quite developed. The results obtained show that, similar to the other studies, the 222Rn soil gas presents an anomalous behavior in the area bounded by NAPL plume, being possible to note a significant deficit in the concentration of the gas in spots where the saturation by NAPLs is still critical. Therefore it is concluded that this tool is really promising, but we must be careful to evaluate the initial conditions of the area, as well as the type of...

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

Valutazione del rischio di incidente rilevante con contaminazione del suolo: il caso di un oleodotto.

Il presente lavoro di tesi si colloca nell’ambito della valutazione del rischio di incidente rilevante. Ai sensi della normativa europea (direttive Seveso) e del loro recepimento nella legislazione nazionale (D.Lgs. 334/99 e s.m.i.) un incidente rilevante è costituito da un evento incidentale connesso al rilascio di sostanze pericolose in grado di causare rilevanti danni all’uomo e/o all’ambiente. Ora, se da un lato esistono indici di rischio quantitativi per il bersaglio ”uomo” da tempo definiti e universalmente adottati nonché metodologie standardizzate e condivise per il loro calcolo, dall’altro non vi sono analoghi indici di rischio per il bersaglio “ambiente” comunemente accettati né, conseguentemente, procedure per il loro calcolo. Mancano pertanto anche definizioni e metodologie di calcolo di indici di rischio complessivo, che tengano conto di entrambi i bersagli citati dalla normativa. Al fine di colmare questa lacuna metodologica, che di fatto non consente di dare pieno adempimento alle stesse disposizioni legislative, è stata sviluppata all’interno del Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Mineraria e delle Tecnologie Ambientali dell’Università degli Studi di Bologna una ricerca che ha portato alla definizione di indici di rischio per il bersaglio “ambiente” e alla messa a punto di una procedura per la loro stima. L’attenzione è stata rivolta in modo specifico al comparto ambientale del suolo e delle acque sotterranee (falda freatica) ed ai rilasci accidentali da condotte di sostanze idrocarburiche immiscibili e più leggere dell’acqua, ovvero alle sostanze cosiddette NAPL – Non Acqueous Phase Liquid, con proprietà di infiammabilità e tossicità. Nello specifico si sono definiti per il bersaglio “ambiente” un indice di rischio ambientale locale rappresentato, punto per punto lungo il percorso della condotta, dai volumi di suolo e di acqua contaminata, nonché indici di rischio ambientale sociale rappresentati da curve F/Vsuolo e F/Sacque, essendo F la frequenza con cui si hanno incidenti in grado di provocare contaminazioni di volumi di suolo e di superfici di falda uguali o superiori a Vsuolo e Sacque. Tramite i costi unitari di decontaminazione del suolo e delle acque gli indici di rischio ambientale sociale possono essere trasformati in indici di rischio ambientale sociale monetizzato, ovvero in curve F/Msuolo e F/Macque, essendo F la frequenza con cui si hanno incidenti in grado di provocare inquinamento di suolo e di acque la cui decontaminazione ha costi uguali o superiori a Msuolo ed Macque. Dalla combinazione delle curve F/Msuolo e F/Macque è possibile ottenere la curva F/Mambiente, che esprime la frequenza degli eventi incidentali in grado di causare un danno ambientale di costo uguale o superiore a Mambiente. Dalla curva di rischio sociale per l’uomo ovvero dalla curva F/Nmorti, essendo F la frequenza con cui si verificano incidenti in grado di determinare un numero di morti maggiore o uguale ad Nmorti, tramite il costo unitario della vita umana VSL (Value of a Statistical Life), è possibile ottenete la curva F/Mmorti, essendo F la frequenza con cui si verificano incidenti in grado di determinare un danno monetizzato all’uomo uguale o superiore ad Mmorti. Dalla combinazione delle curve F/Mambiente ed F/Mmorti è possibile ottenere un indice di rischio sociale complessivo F/Mtotale, essendo F la frequenza con cui si verifica un danno economico complessivo uguale o superiore ad Mtotale. La procedura ora descritta è stata implementata in un apposito software ad interfaccia GIS denominato TRAT-GIS 4.1, al fine di facilitare gli onerosi calcoli richiesti nella fase di ricomposizione degli indici di rischio. La metodologia è stata fino ad ora applicata ad alcuni semplici casi di studio fittizi di modeste dimensioni e, limitatamente al calcolo del rischio per il bersaglio “ambiente”, ad un solo caso reale comunque descritto in modo semplificato. Il presente lavoro di tesi rappresenta la sua prima applicazione ad un caso di studio reale, per il quale sono stati calcolati gli indici di rischio per l’uomo, per l’ambiente e complessivi. Tale caso di studio è costituito dalla condotta che si estende, su un tracciato di 124 km, da Porto Marghera (VE) a Mantova e che trasporta greggi petroliferi. La prima parte del lavoro di tesi è consistita nella raccolta e sistematizzazione dei dati necessari alla stima delle frequenze di accadimento e delle conseguenze per l’uomo e per l’ambiente degli eventi dannosi che dalla condotta possono avere origine. In una seconda fase si è proceduto al calcolo di tali frequenze e conseguenze. I dati reperiti hanno riguardato innanzitutto il sistema “condotta”, del quale sono stati reperiti da un lato dati costruttivi (quali il diametro, la profondità di interramento, la posizione delle valvole sezionamento) e operativi (quali la portata, il profilo di pressione, le caratteristiche del greggio), dall’altro informazioni relative alle misure di emergenza automatiche e procedurali in caso di rilascio, al fine di stimare le frequenze di accadimento ed i termini “sorgente” (ovvero le portate di rilascio) in caso di rotture accidentali per ogni punto della condotta. In considerazione delle particolarità della condotta in esame è stata sviluppata una procedura specifica per il calcolo dei termini sorgente, fortemente dipendenti dai tempi degli interventi di emergenza in caso di rilascio. Una ulteriore fase di raccolta e sistematizzazione dei dati ha riguardato le informazioni relative all’ambiente nel quale è posta la condotta. Ai fini del calcolo del rischio per il bersaglio “uomo” si sono elaborati i dati di densità abitativa nei 41 comuni attraversati dall’oleodotto. Il calcolo dell’estensione degli scenari incidentali dannosi per l’uomo è stato poi effettuato tramite il software commerciale PHAST. Allo scopo della stima del rischio per il bersaglio “ambiente” è stata invece effettuata la caratterizzazione tessiturale dei suoli sui quali corre l’oleodotto (tramite l’individuazione di 5 categorie di terreno caratterizzate da diversi parametri podologici) e la determinazione della profondità della falda freatica, al fine di poter calcolare l’estensione della contaminazione punto per punto lungo la condotta, effettuando in tal modo l’analisi delle conseguenze per gli scenari incidentali dannosi per l’ambiente. Tale calcolo è stato effettuato con il software HSSM - Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model gratuitamente distribuito da US-EPA. La ricomposizione del rischio, basata sui risultati ottenuti con i software PHAST e HSSM, ha occupato la terza ed ultima fase del lavoro di tesi; essa è stata effettuata tramite il software TRAT-GIS 4.1, ottenendo in forma sia grafica che alfanumerica gli indici di rischio precedentemente definiti. L’applicazione della procedura di valutazione del rischio al caso dell’oleodotto ha dimostrato come sia possibile un’analisi quantificata del rischio per l’uomo, per l’ambiente e complessivo anche per complessi casi reali di grandi dimensioni. Gli indici rischio ottenuti consentono infatti di individuare i punti più critici della condotta e la procedura messa a punto per il loro calcolo permette di testare l’efficacia di misure preventive e protettive adottabili per la riduzione del rischio stesso, fornendo al tempo gli elementi per un’analisi costi/benefici connessa all’implementazione di tali misure. Lo studio effettuato per la condotta esaminata ha inoltre fornito suggerimenti per introdurre in alcuni punti della metodologia delle modifiche migliorative, nonché per facilitare l’analisi tramite il software TRAT-GIS 4.1 di casi di studio di grandi dimensioni.

Nouem F. Baptiste Ma[n]tuani Carmelitae ... Op[er]a praeter caetera moralia /

"F. Baptist Mantuani vita et opera."--preliminares h.[8] -- "In parthenicen Mariana[m] prefatio. Ad Lodouicum Fuscarium [et] Ioannem Baptistam Refrigerium Parthenices ..."--preliminares h.[10]

Dissolution of a spatially variable DNAPL (dense non aqueous phase liquid) source

Dissolution of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) or gases into groundwater is a key process, both for contamination problems originating from organic liquid sources, and for dissolution trapping in geological storage of CO2. Dissolution in natural systems typically will involve both high and low NAPL saturations and a wide range of pore water flow velocities within the same source zone for dissolution to groundwater. To correctly predict dissolution in such complex systems and as the NAPL saturations change over time, models must be capable of predicting dissolution under a range of saturations and flow conditions. To provide data to test and validate such models, an experiment was conducted in a two-dimensional sand tank, where the dissolution of a spatially variable, 5x5 cm**2 DNAPL tetrachloroethene source was carefully measured using x-ray attenuation techniques at a resolution of 0.2x0.2 cm**2. By continuously measuring the NAPL saturations, the temporal evolution of DNAPL mass loss by dissolution to groundwater could be measured at each pixel. Next, a general dissolution and solute transport code was written and several published rate-limited (RL) dissolution models and a local equilibrium (LE) approach were tested against the experimental data. It was found that none of the models could adequately predict the observed dissolution pattern, particularly in the zones of higher NAPL saturation. Combining these models with a model for NAPL pool dissolution produced qualitatively better agreement with experimental data, but the total matching error was not significantly improved. A sensitivity study of commonly used fitting parameters further showed that several combinations of these parameters could produce equally good fits to the experimental observations. The results indicate that common empirical model formulations for RL dissolution may be inadequate in complex, variable saturation NAPL source zones, and that further model developments and testing is desirable.

Laboratory Investigation of Diluted Bitumen Trapping and Dissolution in Gravel

The Canadian economy is largely dependent on the distribution of large volumes of oil to domestic and international markets by a long network of pipelines. Unfortunately, accidents occur, and oil can leak or spill from these pipelines before it reaches its destination. Of particular concern are the long-term consequences of oil spills in freshwater, which include sinking of oil in water and the contamination of sensitive areas, such as where fish (e.g., salmon) deposit their eggs in gravel-dominated river sediments. There is a knowledge gap regarding the fate and behaviour of oil in river sediment. To this end, this study aimed at finding the potential for diluted bitumen (dilbit) oil to become trapped in gravel and to transfer hydrocarbons into water by dissolution, which are harmful to aquatic life. Two sets of laboratory experiments were conducted to simulate conditions of an oil spill on an exposed bank or in shallow water. In the first set, by conducting capillary pressure-saturation (Pc-Sw) experiments it was found that dilbit can enter gravel pores without much resistance and approximately 14% of the pore volume can be occupied by discontinuous single or multipore blobs of dilbit following imbibition of water. Air-water Pc-Sw experiments done in laboratory 1-D columns required gravity correction and could be successfully scaled to predict dilbit-water Pc-Sw curves, except for the trapped amount of dilbit. Trapped dilbit constituents can be dissolved into the water flowing through gravel pores (hyporheic flow) at different velocities. In the second set, dissolution experiments suggested that for the duration of the test, hydrocarbons that cause acute toxicity dissolve rapidly, likely resulting in a decrease in their effective solubility. However, dilbit saturation changed only <2% within that time. Chronically toxic PAH compounds were also detected in the effluent water. The total concentration of all detected PAHs and alkylPAHs exceeded the threshold literature value to protect early-life stage fish. Observations of decreased concentrations with increased aqueous velocities as well as less than equilibrium concentrations indicated that the mass transfer was rate-limited. A correlation was developed for the mass transfer rate coefficient to understand the mass transfer behaviour beyond the conditions used in the experiments, which had a Reynolds number exponent similar to the studies of NAPL dissolution in groundwater.