952 resultados para N fertilizer addition
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This laboratory experiment systematically examines arsenic, iron, and phosphorus solubilities in soil suspensions as affected by addition of phosphorus fertilizer under different redox potential (Eh) and pH conditions. Under aerobic conditions, As solubility was low, however, under moderately reducing conditions (0, -150 mV), As solubility significantly increased due to dissolution of iron oxy-hydroxides. Upon reduction to -250 mV, As solubility was controlled by the formation of insoluble sulfides, and as a result soluble As contents significantly decreased. Soluble Fe concentration increased from moderate to highly anaerobic conditions; however, it decreased under aerobic conditions likely due to formation of insoluble oxy-hydroxides. A low pH, 5.5, led to increased soluble concentrations of As, Fe, and P. Finally, addition of P-fertilizers resulted in higher soluble P and As, even though the concentration of As did not increased after an addition rate of 600 mg P kg(-1) soil. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Australian climate, soils and agricultural management practices are significantly different from those of the northern hemisphere nations. Consequently, experimental data on greenhouse gas production from European and North American agricultural soils and its interpretation are unlikely to be directly applicable to Australian systems. A programme of studies of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture has been established that is designed to reduce uncertainty of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory and provide outputs that will enable better on-farm management practices for reducing non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions, particularly nitrous oxide. The systems being examined and their locations are irrigated pasture (Kyabram Victoria), irrigated cotton (Narrabri, NSW), irrigated maize (Griffith, NSW), rain-fed wheat (Rutherglen, Victoria) and rain-fed wheat (Cunderdin, WA). The field studies include treatments with and without fertilizer addition, stubble burning versus stubble retention, conventional cultivation versus direct drilling and crop rotation to determine emission factors and treatment possibilities for best management options. The data to date suggest that nitrous oxide emissions from nitrogen fertilizer, applied to irrigated dairy pastures and rain-fed winter wheat, appear much lower than the average of northern hemisphere grain and pasture studies. More variable emissions have been found in studies of irrigated cotton/vetch/wheat rotation and substantially higher emissions from irrigated maize.
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氮素作为陆地生态系统生产力主要的限制因子,对生态系统过程的调控有着重要的意义。净氮矿化是有机氮素到无机氮素的转变过程,该过程决定了土壤氮素的可利用性。准确估计土壤的供氮能力可以为确定最佳施肥量和施肥时间提供理论依据,并将影响着土地的可持续发展和管理政策。氮矿化潜力N0被定义为在最适温度和湿度下,土壤氮素在无限时间内所能矿化的最大量。由于氮矿化潜力是土壤供氮能力很好的指示值,所以对氮矿化潜力的研究能够使我们更好地了解土壤的氮素矿化动态和其供氮潜力。 为更好地了解天然草原氮素矿化对全球氮沉降背景以及草原施肥管理模式的响应,我们从2000年起在内蒙古羊草草原开展了长期的氮素添加实验,分别设置对照(N0)、添加5g N•m-2(N1.75)、30g N•m-2(N10.5)和80g N•m-2(N28)四个氮肥添加梯度以及对照(control)、添加100g有机肥•m-2(O100)、添加500g有机肥•m-2(O500)、添加1000g有机肥•m-2(O1000)四个有机肥添加梯度。氮肥添加在相邻并同时进行施肥的两个生态系统类型中展开,即成熟羊草草原(A区,1979年围封)和退化的羊草草原(B区,1999年围封),有机肥添加也同时在与之相邻的C区中展开(C区的土地利用历史与B区一致)。 2002年和2006年,从A、B区中进行氮肥处理后的土壤取样;有机肥处理的土壤样品从2002年C区中获得。土样在最佳温度(25℃)和湿度(60%田间持水量(WHC))下进行了5周室内培养,并用阶段淋溶方法来测定氮肥添加和有机肥添加对土壤氮矿化动态的影响。 氮肥添加显著降低了土壤的pH值,但累积氮矿化量与土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮均没有显著的相关性。在两个区内,氮素添加都显著改变了土壤的累积氮矿化量。最高氮素处理N28相对应于最低的累积氮矿化量,而低氮素处理N1.75却使得累积氮矿化量最高。同时,在N0和N1.75处理中硝态氮的含量高于铵态氮,但在N28处理中却表现出相反趋势。实验还表明大多数氮素添加强度处理在A区比B区有更高的土壤累积氮矿化量。 有机肥添加也显著改变了土壤5周内的累积氮矿化量,并且累积氮矿化量随有机肥添加强度的升高而显著增加。培养5周末时土壤的累积铵态氮的含量与有机肥施加强度之间并没有相关性,但是累积硝态氮的含量有随着有机肥施加强度的上升而增加的趋势。 基于前5周土壤培养所得到的结果,我们选择了氮肥添加的N0,N1.75, N28处理以及有机肥添加的control、O100、O1000处理继续进行了长达15周的培养。培养数据与描述土壤氮矿化动态的一级动力学模型--first-order kinetics: Nm=N0(1-exp(-kt))拟合良好( R2=0.893~0.97)。无论是氮肥添加还是有机肥添加都显著增加了土壤的氮矿化潜力N0,并且N0随着氮肥或者机肥添加强度的增加而增加。对于氮肥处理的土壤来说, N0与氮矿化速率常数k之间反向相关,但是在有机氮处理的土壤中N0与k之间却没有相关性。总的结果显示,经有机肥添加的土壤比经氮肥添加的土样有着更大的氮矿化潜力N0值以及氮矿化速率常数k值,较大的k值暗示着土壤氮素较快的周转速率。
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草地是我国陆地面积最大的生态系统类型,它在维持我国自然生态系统格 局、功能以及过程方面具有特殊的生态学意义。内蒙古草原是我国北方最重要的自然群落类型,对于维持当地的生态平衡和社会经济的可持续发展起着重要的作用。由于历史上人类的过度放牧以及开垦农田,加上气候的变化使得内蒙古草地大面积退化,并引发了许多生态、环境问题。研究土地利用历史对草地植物群落结构、组成和稳定性的影响对于退化草地的恢复和管理具有重要的意义。通过适当的水、肥管理措施加快退化草地的植被恢复,改善其生态服务功能是当前的紧迫任务,同时也将对理解未来气候变化对草地群落的影响具有重要作用。 本试验进行了内蒙古农牧交错区不同土地利用历史的草地(围封的天然草地和弃耕的草地)植物群落结构和稳定性的对比研究,并且讨论了模拟降水增加和氮、磷添加及其互作效应对群落结构、组成和稳定性的影响。结果表明: 1. 土地利用历史对草地植物群落的结构和稳定性产生了显著的影响。围封的天然草地比农田弃耕地具有更高的物种丰富度、均匀度和植被盖度。历史上草地的垦殖使群落结构发生极大的变化,造成物种多样性和均匀度的明显降低,同时,也降低了群落的稳定性,使弃耕地在环境的变化下更加脆弱。 2. 水分的添加显著地改善了群落的结构和功能。增水的处理增加了物种丰富度、密度、植被盖度和生产力。同时,添加水分也提高了群落的稳定性,对于加快内蒙古退化草地的恢复具有明显的作用。 3. 添加氮肥增加了植被盖度和群落的生产力,同时改变了群落的物种组成,增加了禾本科草的比例,尤其是增加了围封样地中克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii Roshev.)的盖度,在弃耕地主要增加了冰草(Agropyron cristatum (Linn.) Gaertn.)的盖度。不同的氮肥梯度之间只对植被盖度的影响存在差异,在功能群水平上,这种差异则存在于对禾本科草盖度的影响中。添加氮肥增大了物种丰富度在时间上的变异,在一定程度上降低了群落的稳定性。添加磷肥只增加了群落地上生物量,对群落结构和稳定性都没有显著影响。氮、磷肥同时添加增加了草地群落的生产力和植被盖度,在功能群水平上增加了禾草的盖度。二者的共同作用也增大了物种丰富度在时间上的变异,降低了群落的稳定性。 4. 同时添加水分和氮肥增加了植被盖度,在围封样地同时增加了禾草和杂类草的盖度,在弃耕地只增加了禾草的盖度;水分和氮肥结合也降低了群落盖度在时间上的变异。同时添加水分和磷肥改善了群落结构,增加了植被盖度、密度及地上生物量。在功能群水平上,增加了围封样地杂类草的盖度。同时添加水分和磷肥减小了植被盖度的时间变异,有利于群落的稳定。水分、氮肥和磷肥共同添加增加了植被盖度和群落的生产力,并且比其他处理组合效果更显著。在水、氮、磷共同作用下,禾草和杂类草盖度同时增加。同时添加水分、氮肥和磷肥也降低了群落盖度在时间上的变异。 由此可见,水分是决定内蒙古农牧交错区草地植物群落结构和生产力的最主要的环境因子,氮素对群落的结构和生产力起到调节的作用,而磷素只有在水分较为充足的条件下才能对群落产生显著影响。水分和养分的结合能够有效地改善群落的结构和功能,增加群落的稳定性,进而加快退化草地的恢复进程。
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Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de doses de húmus de minhoca e de esterco bovino no crescimento de rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.), cultivar Crimson Giant, de agosto a setembro de 2002. Fez-se semeadura direta do rabanete com desbaste nove dias após, para adequar ao espaçamento de 0,20 x 0,08 m. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos (15; 30 e 45 t ha-1 de húmus de minhoca e esterco bovino curtido, além do controle sem adição de fertilizante), em três repetições. Houve maior acúmulo de massa seca nas folhas em relação aos demais órgãos da planta, com acúmulo contínuo até os 13 dias após a semeadura, com posterior redução, quando ocorreu o desenvolvimento da raiz. As doses e fontes de adubos orgânicos aplicados pouco influenciaram no crescimento e nas produtividades total e comercial de raízes. O húmus de minhoca apresentou a menor porcentagem de raízes rachadas e isoporizadas nas doses de 9,2 e 20,4 t ha-1, respectivamente. A dose de esterco bovino, de 21,3 t ha-1 promoveu a maior porcentagem de raízes rachadas e a de 45 t ha-1 proporcionou redução em relação à de 15 t ha-1.
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The Dipteryx alata is a tree specie with possibility of use in human and animal nutrition, and in the pharmaceutical industry. For reclamation of degraded areas, the revegetation has been an alternative, however, requires fertilizer addition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the nutritional status and growth of Dipteryx alata seedlings, introduced in degraded soil under recovery process, with residues (organic and agroindustrial), compared to collected seedlings in preserved Cerrado, and evaluate the residues impact on soil chemical properties. In this work the degraded soil received the incorporation of residues, organic - RO (macrophytes) and agroindustrial - RA (ash derived from burning bagasse from sugarcane), with the following doses: 0, 16 and 32 t ha- 1 and 0, 15, 30 and 45 t ha-1 respectively. Within three months of incorporation of residues into the degraded soil, the D. alata seedlings were introduced in the experimental area, and 12 months later were evaluated for height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content and leaf contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. For purposes of comparison, the foliar concentration of those elements was determined in Dipteryx alata seedlings collected in preserved Cerrado area. Concomitant with the collect of leaves, at Cerrado and experimental area, soil was collected (0.0 - 0.20m deep) for evaluation of chemical parameters (P, OM, pH, K, Ca, Mg, H + Al, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn). Comparing the seedlings collected in the Cerrado with the seedlings from experimental area it is observed that the leaf concentration of N, P, K and Mg was higher in seedlings from preserved Cerrado in relation to those introduced in the experimental area. Fe, Mn and Zn, have lower foliar concentration in plants collected in the Cerrado, in the case of Mn the worst results occur in the absence of macrophytes indicating the importance of organic residue. The foliar concentration of Ca, S and Cu was similar in...
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Type and rate of fertilizers influence the level of soil organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (Nt) markedly, but the effect on C and N partitioning into different pools is open to question. The objectives of the present work were to: (i) quantify the impact of fertilizer type and rate on labile, intermediate and passive C and N pools by using a combination of biological, chemical and mathematical methods; (ii) explain previously reported differences in the soil organic matter (SOM) levels between soils receiving farmyard manure with or without biodynamic preparations by using Corg time series and information on SOM partitioning; and (iii) quantify the long-term and short-term dynamics of SOM in density fractions and microbial biomass as affected by fertilizer type and rate and determine the incorporation of crop residues into labile SOM fractions. Samples were taken from a sandy Cambisol from the long-term fertilization trial in Darmstadt, Germany, founded in 1980. The nine treatments (four field replicates) were: straw incorporation plus application of mineral fertilizer (MSI) and application of rotted farmyard manure with (DYN) or without (FYM) addition of biodynamic preparations, each at high (140 – 150 kg N ha-1 year-1; MSIH, DYNH, FYMH), medium (100 kg N ha-1 year-1; MSIM, DYNM, FYMM) and low (50 – 60 kg N ha-1 year-1; MSIL, DYNL, FYML) rates. The main findings were: (i) The stocks of Corg (t ha-1) were affected by fertilizer type and rate and increased in the order MSIL (23.6), MSIM (23.7), MSIH (24.2) < FYML (25.3) < FYMM (28.1), FYMH (28.1). Stocks of Nt were affected in the same way (C/N ratio: 11). Storage of C and N in the modelled labile pools (turnover times: 462 and 153 days for C and N, respectively) were not influenced by the type of fertilizer (FYM and MSI) but depended significantly (p ≤ 0.05) on the application rate and ranged from 1.8 to 3.2 t C ha 1 (7 – 13% of Corg) and from 90 to 140 kg N ha-1 (4-5% of Nt). In the calculated intermediate pool (C/N ratio 7), stocks of C were markedly higher in FYM treatments (15-18 t ha-1) compared to MSI treatments (12-14 t ha-1). This showed that differences in SOM stocks in the sandy Cambisol induced by fertilizer rate may be short-lived in case of changing management, but differences induced by fertilizer type may persist for decades. (ii) Crop yields, estimated C inputs (1.5 t ha-1 year-1) with crop residue, microbial bio¬mass C (Cmic, 118 – 150 mg kg-1), microbial biomass N (17 – 20 mg kg-1) and labile C and N pools did not differ significantly between FYM and DYN treatments. However, labile C increased linearly with application rate (R2 = 0.53) from 7 to 11% of Corg. This also applied for labile N (3.5 to 4.9% of Nt). The higher contents of Corg in DYN treatments existed since 1982, when the first sampling was conducted for all individual treatments. Contents of Corg between DYN and FYM treatments con-verged slightly since then. Furthermore, at least 30% of the difference in Corg was located in the passive pool where a treatment effect could be excluded. Therefore, the reported differences in Corg contents existed most likely since the beginning of the experiment and, as a single factor of biodynamic agriculture, application of bio-dynamic preparations had no effect on SOM stocks. (iii) Stocks of SOM, light fraction organic C (LFOC, ρ ≤ 2.0 g cm-3), light fraction organic N and Cmic decreased in the order FYMH > FYML > MSIH, MSIL for all sampling dates in 2008 (March, May, September, December). However, statistical significance of treatment effects differed between the dates, probably due to dif-ferences in the spatial variation throughout the year. The high proportion of LFOC on total Corg stocks (45 – 55%) highlighted the importance of selective preservation of OM as a stabilization mechanism in this sandy Cambisol. The apparent turnover time of LFOC was between 21 and 32 years, which agreed very well with studies with substantially longer vegetation change compared to our study. Overall, both approaches; (I) the combination of incubation, chemical fractionation and simple modelling and (II) the density fractionation; provided complementary information on the partitioning of SOM into pools of different stability. The density fractionation showed that differences in Corg stocks between FYM and MSI treatments were mainly located in the light fraction, i.e. induced by higher recalcitrance of the organic input in the FYM treatments. Moreover, the use of the combination of biological, chemical and mathematical methods indicated that effects of fertilizer rate on total Corg and Nt stocks may be short-lived, but that the effect of fertilizer type may persist for longer time spans in the sandy Cambisol.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N2O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N2O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N2O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha-1, reduced the amount of N lost as N2O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N2O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.
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The Orchidaceae is one of the most numerous and diversified families in the Plant Kingdom. Miltonia flavescens Lindl. is a native orchid to the southern region of Brazil. Studies related to the nutrition and fertilization of orchids are scarce, specific and existent only for few species. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different doses of a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote (R) 9/15/12 + micro) on the development of M. flavescens var. stellata Regel cultivated in pots with pine bark and coconut fiber (1:1, v:v) as the substrate. The treatments consisted of: no fertilizer application (control), application of 2.5 g, 5 g and 10 g of fertilizer per liter of substrate. The experimental design was set in randomized blocks, with five replications and three plants per plot. The experiment was carried out along 25 months and the fertilizer was applied every five months. The evaluated plant parameters were: length of the longest pseudobulb, number of pseudobulbs, diameter of pseudobulbs, number of shoots, number of leaves and flowering. There was a significant increment on all evaluated characteristics with the increase of the fertilizer dose. The highest dose provided a more profuse flowering, with a larger number of flower stems and flowers, in addition to bigger flower stems and flowers. These results show that the supply of nutrients in an appropriate amount is of a great importance for the development and flowering of M. flavescens.
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The effect of Bokashi (B, a fermented compost), slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) and their combined application on mycorrhizal colonization (MC), soil invertase, cellulase, acid (AcP) and alkaline (AlP) phosphatases activities and maize (Zea mays L.) yield was investigated in terrace (TS) and valley (VS) soils in Oaxaca, Mexico. A complete randomized design, seven fertilizer treatments and four replications were used: unamended control (C); conventional fertilization (90-46-00 NPK) (CF); B; SRF1 (Multigro 6®, 21-14-10 NPK); SRF2 (Multigro 3®, 24-05-14 NPK); B+SRF1; B+SRF2. Highest root colonization percentage: CF in VS, and SRF2 in TS. Highest extraradical mycelium length: B, B+SRF1, CF in VS, and B+SRF1 in TS. In both soils, B increased the spore number. Highest AcP activity: B, SRF2 in VS, and B+SRF1, B+SRF2 in TS. Highest AlP activity: B+SRF1, CF in VS, and C in TS. Highest invertase activity: B+SRF1, SRF2, CF in VS, and B in TS. Grain yield only increased with B in VS. The significant interaction soil type × fertilizer treatment for the majority of the biological soil properties analyzed suggests that MC and soil enzyme activity response to fertilization was influenced by soil type. Bokashi, alone or combined with SRFs improves biological soil fertility in maize fields.
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The market of flowers and ornamentals such as croton (Codiaeum variegatum) and petunia (Petunia×hybrida Vilm.-Andr) have been created new technologies to constantly development, as one of the most promising segments of horticulture. Fertilization providing adequate nutrition and less leaching to the environment is the objective of numerous studies around the world. Therefore, two studies were conducted to evaluate the use of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) on the growth of two ornamental species, and N loss by leaching. The first experiment aim to evaluate sources and rates of CRF and water soluble fertilizer (WSF) on croton growth and nitrogen concentration on drained solution. Results showed that treatments with WSF and low rates of CRF provided higher plants growth, and the amount of N leached was higher for WSF treatments. The second experiment objective to compare plant performance and cost for strategies that potentially provide adequate nutrition during both the production and consumer phases for container-grown Petunia plants. In addition, two experiments were conducted to evaluate nutrient release in sand containers inside of the greenhouse and under controlled temperature conditions without plants. Results showed that during production phase all fertilizer treatments produced high quality plants, and during consumer phase, plants grown with WSF only during the production phase were nutrient-deficient, while plants receiving CRFs were still growing vigorously, especially in a high rate. The release rates of all CRF products were temperature-dependent. In conclusion CRF provided plant growth at the same rate that WSF, with less N leaching and extra cost less than U$0.065 per plant with CRF during production.
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In addition to enhance agricultural productivity, synthetic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer application in croplands dramatically altered global nutrient budget, water quality, greenhouse gas balance, and their feedbacks to the climate system. However, due to the lack of geospatial fertilizer input data, current Earth system/land surface modeling studies have to ignore or use over-simplified data (e.g., static, spatially uniform fertilizer use) to characterize agricultural N and P input over decadal or century-long period. We therefore develop a global time-series gridded data of annual synthetic N and P fertilizer use rate in croplands, matched with HYDE 3,2 historical land use maps, at a resolution of 0.5º latitude by longitude during 1900-2013. Our data indicate N and P fertilizer use rates increased by approximately 8 times and 3 times, respectively, since the year 1961, when IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association) and FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) survey of country-level fertilizer input were available. Considering cropland expansion, increase of total fertilizer consumption amount is even larger. Hotspots of agricultural N fertilizer use shifted from the U.S. and Western Europe in the 1960s to East Asia in the early 21st century. P fertilizer input show the similar pattern with additional hotspot in Brazil. We find a global increase of fertilizer N/P ratio by 0.8 g N/g P per decade (p< 0.05) during 1961-2013, which may have important global implication of human impacts on agroecosystem functions in the long run. Our data can serve as one of critical input drivers for regional and global assessment on agricultural productivity, crop yield, agriculture-derived greenhouse gas balance, global nutrient budget, land-to-aquatic nutrient loss, and ecosystem feedback to the climate system.
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Kindergartens in China offer structured full-day programs for children aged 3-6. Although formal schooling does not commence until age 7, the mathematics program in kindergartens is specifically focused on developing young children’s facility with simple addition and subtraction. This study explored young Chinese children’s strategies for solving basic addition facts as well as their intuitive understanding of addition via interview methods. Results indicate a strong impact that teacher-directed teaching methods have on young children’s cognitions in relation to addition.