Oropouche Virus Infection And Pathogenesis Is Restricted By Mavs, Irf-3, Irf-7, And Type I Ifn Signaling Pathways In Non-myeloid Cells.

Oropouche virus (OROV) is a member of the Orthobunyavirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family and a prominent cause of insect-transmitted viral disease in Central and South America. Despite its clinical relevance, little is known about OROV pathogenesis. To define the host defense pathways that control OROV infection and disease, we evaluated OROV pathogenesis and immune responses in primary cells and mice that were deficient in the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway (MDA5, RIG-I, or MAVS), downstream regulatory transcription factors (IRF-3 or IRF-7), IFN-β, or the receptor for type I IFN signaling (IFNAR). OROV replicated to higher levels in primary fibroblasts and dendritic cells lacking MAVS signaling, the transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7, or IFNAR. In mice, deletion of IFNAR, MAVS, or IRF-3 and IRF-7 resulted in uncontrolled OROV replication, hypercytokinemia, extensive liver damage, and death whereas wild-type (WT) congenic animals failed to develop disease. Unexpectedly, mice with a selective deletion of IFNAR on myeloid cells (CD11c Cre(+) Ifnar(f/f) or LysM Cre(+) Ifnar(f/f)) did not sustain enhanced disease with OROV or La Crosse virus, a closely related encephalitic orthobunyavirus. In bone marrow chimera studies, recipient irradiated Ifnar(-/-) mice reconstituted with WT hematopoietic cells sustained high levels of OROV replication and liver damage, whereas WT mice reconstituted with Ifnar(-/-) bone marrow were resistant to disease. Collectively, these results establish a dominant protective role for MAVS, IRF-3 and IRF-7, and IFNAR in restricting OROV virus infection and tissue injury, and suggest that IFN signaling in non-myeloid cells contributes to the host defense against orthobunyaviruses. Oropouche virus (OROV) is an emerging arthropod-transmitted orthobunyavirus that causes episodic outbreaks of a debilitating febrile illness in humans in countries of South and Central America. The continued expansion of the range and number of its arthropod vectors increases the likelihood that OROV will spread into new regions. At present, the pathogenesis of OROV in humans or other vertebrate animals remains poorly understood. To define cellular mechanisms of control of OROV infection, we performed infection studies in a series of primary cells and mice that were deficient in key innate immune genes involved in pathogen recognition and control. Our results establish that a MAVS-dependent type I IFN signaling pathway has a dominant role in restricting OROV infection and pathogenesis in vivo.

Capacity of the extracellular matrix of the bone marrow to induce proliferation of myeloid cells in vitro in model of protein malnutrition in mice

The aim of this study was to verify the capacity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) obtained from bone marrow of malnourished mice to sustain survival and to induce the proliferation of myeloid cells. We also verified the capacity of the tests to interact with in vitro hematopoietic cytokines. Male ""Swiss"" mice were submitted to protein malnutrition with a diet contents of 4% casein until they lost 20% of the original weight, while the group-control was kept with a diet content of 14% of casein. The bone marrow was extracted with 1.0 mg of aprotinin/mL in PBS. The proliferation tests were carried out with myeloid cell line FDCP-1, by the colorimetric method of reduction of the MTT. The obtained ECM from nourished and undernourished mice induced cellular proliferation in vitro. Tests performed with Il-3 and GM-CSF cytokines in a concentration of 10 and 500 rho g/mL displayed synergic and regulatory effects respectively. The ECM obtained from the malnourished group submitted to the binding to GM-CSF demonstrated higher cellular proliferation than the ECM obtained from the control group (p<0.05). The results suggest that the alterations in the composition of ECM of bone marrow caused by malnutrition might lead to modification of the GM-CSF activity modulation.

Expression of constitutively activated human c-Kit in myb transformed early myeloid cells leads to factor independence, histiocytic differentiation, and tumorigenicity

The cDNAs encoding wild type (WT) human receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit and a constitutively activated mutant, V816Kit, were introduced into granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent early murine hemopoietic cells, which had been transformed with activated Myb, WTKit cells were able to grow in the presence of the human ligand for Kit, stem cell factor (SCF), but displayed reduced growth and clonogenic potential in either SCF or GM-CSF compared with the parental cells in GM-CSF. In contrast, V816Kit cells grew without factor at a higher rate than the parental cells in GM-CSF and displayed increased clonogenicity. Dissection of the growth characteristics in liquid culture showed that in the presence of appropriate factors, the different populations had similar proliferation rates, but that V816Kit profoundly increased cell survival compared with WTKit or parental cells, This suggests that the signals transduced by WTKit activated with SCF, and by V816Kit, were not identical. Also, WTKit and V816Kit-expressing cells both varied from the early myeloid progenitor phenotype of the parental cells and gave rise to a small number of large to giant adherent cells that expressed macrophage (alpha-naphthyl acetate) esterase and neutrophil (naphtol-AS-D-chloroacetate) esterase, were highly phagocytic and phenotypically resembled histiocytes. Thus, WTKit activated by SCF and V816Kit were able to induce differentiation in a proportion of Myb-transformed myeloid cells. The factor independent V816Kit cells, unlike the parental and WTKit expressing cells, were shown to produce tumors of highly mitotic, invasive cells at various stages of differentiation in syngeneic mice. These results imply that constitutively activated Kit can promote the development of differentiated myeloid tumors and that its oncogenic effects are not restricted to lineages (mast cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia), which have been reported previously. Furthermore, the mixed populations of cells in culture and in the tumors phenotypically resembled the leukemic cells from patients with monocytic leukemia with histiocytic differentiation (acute myeloid leukemia-M5c), a newly proposed subtype of myeloid leukemia. (C) 1997 by The American Society of Hematology.

Implicacions diagnòstiques del strem-1 (soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells) en malalts amb síndrom del distress respiratori agut (sdra) i patologia abdominal. estudi preliminar

Els pacients amb patologia abdominal aguda poden desenvolupar una insuficiència respiratòria secundària a la resposta inflamatòria generada o a una pneumònia nosocomial. El mesurament del “soluble *triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1” (sTREM-1) en líquid alveolar, pleural, sinovial o cefalorraquidi ha demostrat la seva utilitat en el diagnòstic d'infecció. Es va determinar el sTREM-1 alveolar i peritoneal en pacients amb quadre abdominal agut més síndrom de distress respiratori agut (SDRA). Es va concloure que el sTREM-1 és útil per diagnosticar infeccions abdominals i pulmonars en aquests pacients i que la relació sTREM-1 alveolar/peritoneal podria ser útil per determinar el focus infecciós.

No Evidence That Soluble TACI Induces Signalling via Membrane-Expressed BAFF and APRIL in Myeloid Cells.

Myeloid cells express the TNF family ligands BAFF/BLyS and APRIL, which exert their effects on B cells at different stages of differentiation via the receptors BAFFR, TACI (Transmembrane Activator and CAML-Interactor) and/or BCMA (B Cell Maturation Antigen). BAFF and APRIL are proteins expressed at the cell membrane, with both extracellular and intracellular domains. Therefore, receptor/ligand engagement may also result in signals in ligand-expressing cells via so-called "reverse signalling". In order to understand how TACI-Fc (atacicept) technically may mediate immune stimulation instead of suppression, we investigated its potential to activate reverse signalling through BAFF and APRIL. BAFFR-Fc and TACI-Fc, but not Fn14-Fc, reproducibly stimulated the ERK and other signalling pathways in bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages. However, these effects were independent of BAFF or APRIL since the same activation profile was observed with BAFF- or APRIL-deficient cells. Instead, cell activation correlated with the presence of high molecular mass forms of BAFFR-Fc and TACI-Fc and was strongly impaired in macrophages deficient for Fc receptor gamma chain. Moreover, a TACI-Fc defective for Fc receptor binding elicited no detectable signal. Although these results do not formally rule out the existence of BAFF or APRIL reverse signalling (via pathways not tested in this study), they provide no evidence in support of reverse signalling and point to the importance of using appropriate specificity controls when working with Fc receptor-expressing myeloid cells.

Myeloid cells contribute to tumor lymphangiogenesis.

The formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) promotes tumor outgrowth and metastasis. Previously, it has been demonstrated that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) can contribute to tumor angiogenesis. However, the role of BMDC in lymphangiogenesis has largely remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate by bone marrow transplantation/reconstitution and genetic lineage-tracing experiments that BMDC integrate into tumor-associated lymphatic vessels in the Rip1Tag2 mouse model of insulinoma and in the TRAMP-C1 prostate cancer transplantation model, and that the integrated BMDC originate from the myelomonocytic lineage. Conversely, pharmacological depletion of tumor-associated macrophages reduces lymphangiogenesis. No cell fusion events are detected by genetic tracing experiments. Rather, the phenotypical conversion of myeloid cells into lymphatic endothelial cells and their integration into lymphatic structures is recapitulated in two in vitro tube formation assays and is dependent on fibroblast growth factor-mediated signaling. Together, the results reveal that myeloid cells can contribute to tumor-associated lymphatic vessels, thus extending the findings on the previously reported role of hematopoietic cells in lymphatic vessel formation.

Reduction of ARNT in myeloid cells causes immune suppression and delayed wound healing.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) is a transcription factor that binds to partners to mediate responses to environmental signals. To investigate its role in the innate immune system, floxed ARNT mice were bred with lysozyme M-Cre recombinase animals to generate lysozyme M-ARNT (LAR) mice with reduced ARNT expression. Myeloid cells of LAR mice had altered mRNA expression and delayed wound healing. Interestingly, when the animals were rendered diabetic, the difference in wound healing between the LAR mice and their littermate controls was no longer present, suggesting that decreased myeloid cell ARNT function may be an important factor in impaired wound healing in diabetes. Deferoxamine (DFO) improves wound healing by increasing hypoxia-inducible factors, which require ARNT for function. DFO was not effective in wounds of LAR mice, again suggesting that myeloid cells are important for normal wound healing and for the full benefit of DFO. These findings suggest that myeloid ARNT is important for immune function and wound healing. Increasing ARNT and, more specifically, myeloid ARNT may be a therapeutic strategy to improve wound healing.

HIV-1 immune activation induces Siglec-1 expression and enhances viral trans-infection in blood and tissue myeloid cells.

BACKGROUND: Myeloid cells are key players in the recognition and response of the host against invading viruses. Paradoxically, upon HIV-1 infection, myeloid cells might also promote viral pathogenesis through trans-infection, a mechanism that promotes HIV-1 transmission to target cells via viral capture and storage. The receptor Siglec-1 (CD169) potently enhances HIV-1 trans-infection and is regulated by immune activating signals present throughout the course of HIV-1 infection, such as interferon α (IFNα). RESULTS: Here we show that IFNα-activated dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages have an enhanced ability to capture and trans-infect HIV-1 via Siglec-1 recognition of viral membrane gangliosides. Monocytes from untreated HIV-1-infected individuals trans-infect HIV-1 via Siglec-1, but this capacity diminishes after effective antiretroviral treatment. Furthermore, Siglec-1 is expressed on myeloid cells residing in lymphoid tissues, where it can mediate viral trans-infection. CONCLUSIONS: Siglec-1 on myeloid cells could fuel novel CD4(+) T-cell infections and contribute to HIV-1 dissemination in vivo.

HIV-1 immune activation induces siglec-1 expression and enhances viral trans-infection in blood and tissue myeloid cells

Background: Myeloid cells are key players in the recognition and response of the host against invading viruses. Paradoxically, upon HIV-1 infection, myeloid cells might also promote viral pathogenesis through trans-infection, a mechanism that promotes HIV-1 transmission to target cells via viral capture and storage. The receptor Siglec-1 (CD169) potently enhances HIV-1 trans-infection and is regulated by immune activating signals present throughout the course of HIV-1 infection, such as interferon α (IFNα). Results: Here we show that IFNα-activated dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages have an enhanced ability to capture and trans-infect HIV-1 via Siglec-1 recognition of viral membrane gangliosides. Monocytes from untreated HIV-1-infected individuals trans-infect HIV-1 via Siglec-1, but this capacity diminishes after effective antiretroviral treatment. Furthermore, Siglec-1 is expressed on myeloid cells residing in lymphoid tissues, where it can mediate viral trans-infection. Conclusions: Siglec-1 on myeloid cells could fuel novel CD4+ T-cell infections and contribute to HIV-1 dissemination in vivo.

Role of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 for diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia after cardiac surgery: an observational study

Abstract Background The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a challenge, particularly after cardiac surgery. The use of biological markers of infection has been suggested to improve the accuracy of VAP diagnosis. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM)-1 in the diagnosis of VAP following cardiac surgery. Methods This was a prospective observational cohort study of children with congenital heart disease admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) after surgery and who remained intubated and mechanically ventilated for at least 24 hours postoperatively. VAP was defined by the 2007 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Blood, modified bronchoalveolar lavage (mBAL) fluid and exhaled ventilator condensate (EVC) were collected daily, starting immediately after surgery until the fifth postoperative day or until extubation for measurement of sTREM-1. Results Thirty patients were included, 16 with VAP. Demographic variables, Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) and Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS)-1 scores, duration of surgery and length of cardiopulmonary bypass were not significantly diferent in patients with and without VAP. However, time on mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the PICU and in the hospital were significantly longer in the VAP group. Serum and mBAL fluid sTREM-1 concentrations were similar in both groups. In the VAP group, 12 of 16 patients had sTREM-1 detected in EVC, whereas it was undetectable in all but two patients in the non-VAP group over the study period (p = 0.0013) (sensitivity 0.75, specificity 0.86, positive predictive value 0.86, negative predictive value 0.75, positive likelihood ratio (LR) 5.25, negative LR 0.29). Conclusion Measurement of sTREM-1 in EVC may be useful for the diagnosis of VAP after cardiac surgery.

The interaction of Leishmania major parasites with human myeloid cells and its consequence for adaptive immunity

In der vorliegenden Arbeit fokussierten wir uns auf drei verschiedene Aspekte der Leishmanien-Infektion. Wir charakterisierten den Prozess des Zelltods „Apoptose“ bei Parasiten (1), untersuchten die Eignung von Makrophagen und dendritischen Zellen als Wirtszelle für die Entwicklung der Parasiten (2) und analysierten die Konsequenzen der Infektion für die Entstehung einer adaptiven Immunantwort im humanen System. Von zentraler Bedeutung für dieses Projekt war die Hypothese, dass apoptotische Leishmanien den Autophagie-Mechanismus ihrer Wirtszellen ausnutzen, um eine T-Zell-vermittelte Abtötung der Parasiten zu vermindern.rnWir definierten eine apoptotische Leishmanien-Population, welche durch eine rundliche Morphologie und die Expression von Phosphatidylserin auf der Parasitenoberfläche charakterisiert war. Die apoptotischen Parasiten befanden sich zudem in der SubG1-Phase und wiesen weniger und fragmentierte DNA auf, welche durch TUNEL-Assay nachgewiesen werden konnte. Bei der Interaktion der Parasiten mit humanen Makrophagen und dendritischen Zellen zeigte sich, dass die anti-inflammatorischen Makrophagen anfälliger für Infektionen waren als die pro-inflammatorischen Makrophagen oder die dendritischen Zellen. Interessanterweise wurde in den dendritischen Zellen jedoch die effektivste Umwandlung zur krankheitsauslösenden, amastigoten Lebensform beobachtet. Da sowohl Makrophagen als auch dendritische Zellen zu den antigenpräsentierenden Zellen gehören, könnte dies zur Aktivierung der T-Zellen des adaptiven Immunsystems führen. Tatsächlich konnte während der Leishmanien-Infektion die Proliferation von T-Zellen beobachtet werden. Dabei stellten wir fest, dass es sich bei den proliferierenden T-Zellen um CD3+CD4+ T-Zellen handelte, welche sich überraschenderweise als Leishmanien-spezifische CD45RO+ T-Gedächtniszellen herausstellten. Dies war unerwartet, da ein vorheriger Kontakt der Spender mit Leishmanien als unwahrscheinlich gilt. In Gegenwart von apoptotischen Parasiten konnte eine signifikant schwächere T-Zell-Proliferation in Makrophagen, jedoch nicht in dendritischen Zellen beobachtet werden. Da sich die T-Zell-Proliferation negativ auf das Überleben der Parasiten auswirkt, konnten die niedrigsten Überlebensraten in dendritischen Zellen vorgefunden werden. Innerhalb der Zellen befanden sich die Parasiten in beiden Zelltypen im Phagosom, welches allerdings nur in Makrophagen den Autophagie-Marker LC3 aufwies. Chemische Induktion von Autophagie führte, ebenso wie die Anwesenheit von apoptotischen Parasiten, zu einer stark reduzierten T-Zell-Proliferation und dementsprechend zu einem höheren Überleben der Parasiten.rnZusammenfassend lässt sich aus unseren Daten schließen, dass Apoptose in Einzellern vorkommt. Während der Infektion können sowohl Makrophagen, als auch dendritische Zellen mit Leishmanien infiziert und das adaptive Immunsystem aktivert werden. Die eingeleitete T-Zell-Proliferation nach Infektion von Makrophagen ist in Gegenwart von apoptotischen Parasiten reduziert, weshalb sie im Vergleich zu dendritischen Zellen die geeigneteren Wirtszellen für Leishmanien darstellen. Dafür missbrauchen die Parasiten den Autophagie-Mechanismus der Makrophagen als Fluchtstrategie um das adaptive Immunsystem zu umgehen und somit das Überleben der Gesamtpopulation zu sichern. Diese Ergebnisse erklären den Vorteil von Apoptose in Einzellern und verdeutlichen, dass der Autophagie-Mechanismus als potentielles therapeutisches Ziel für die Behandlung von Leishmaniose dienen kann.rn

A novel pair of immunoglobulin-like receptors expressed by B cells and myeloid cells

An Fcα receptor probe of human origin was used to identify novel members of the Ig gene superfamily in mice. Paired Ig-like receptors, named PIR-A and PIR-B, are predicted from sequence analysis of the cDNAs isolated from a mouse splenic library. Both type I transmembrane proteins possess similar ectodomains with six Ig-like loops, but have different transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions. The predicted PIR-A protein has a short cytoplasmic tail and a charged Arg residue in the transmembrane region that, by analogy with the FcαR relative, suggests the potential for association with an additional transmembrane protein to form a signal transducing unit. In contrast, the PIR-B protein has an uncharged transmembrane region and a long cytoplasmic tail containing four potential immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs. These features are shared by the related killer inhibitory receptors. PIR-A proteins appear to be highly variable, in that predicted peptide sequences differ for seven randomly selected PIR-A clones, whereas PIR-B cDNA clones are invariant. Southern blot analysis with PIR-B and PIR-A-specific probes suggests only one PIR-B gene and multiple PIR-A genes. The PIR-A and PIR-B genes are expressed in B lymphocytes and myeloid lineage cells, wherein both are expressed simultaneously. The characteristics of the highly-conserved PIR-A and PIR-B genes and their coordinate cellular expression suggest a potential regulatory role in humoral, inflammatory, and allergic responses.

Engagement of p75/AIRM1 or CD33 inhibits the proliferation of normal or leukemic myeloid cells

P75/AIRM1 is a recently identified surface molecule that belongs to the sialoadhesin family and displays homology with the myeloid cell antigen CD33. In lymphoid cells, p75/AIRM1 is confined to natural killer cells and mediates inhibition of their cytolytic activity. In this study, we show that p75/AIRM1 is also expressed by cells of the myelomonocytic cell lineage, in which it appears at a later stage as compared with CD33. In vitro proliferation and differentiation of cord blood-derived CD34+ cells (induced by stem cell factor and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor) were consistently inhibited by the addition of anti-p75/AIRM1 mAb. Engagement of CD33 led to inhibition in some experiments. A sharp decrease of cell proliferation/survival was detected in all three p75/AIRM1+ chronic myeloid leukemias analyzed when cultured in the presence of either anti-p75/AIRM1 or anti-CD33 mAbs. Thus, the present study suggests that p75/AIRM1 and CD33 may play a regulatory role in normal myelopoiesis and may be viewed as suitable target molecules to counteract the proliferation/survival of chronic myeloid leukemias.