Banana leaf disease diagnostics

Provide a leaf disease diagnostic service for samples received from throughout all banana growing areas of Queensland. This extends to both commercial and non-commercial situations.

Diversity of Mycosphaerella spp. and Teratosphaeria spp. in Eucalyptus globulus plantations in Brazil

Among the most important diseases affecting Eucalyptus is Mycosphaerella Leaf Disease (MLD) caused by Mycosphaerella spp. and Teratosphaeria spp. MLD has led to significant losses in eucalypt plantations in the South and Southeast Region of Brazil, as well as in several countries such as Portugal, Spain, South Africa and Australia. Symptoms of MLD include localized necrotic spots, early defoliation in juvenile plants, stem cankers, early death of branches, and in some cases, atrophy and death. In the present study, single spore isolations from leaves of E. globulus from five locations in Brazil allowed the differentiation of species of Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria based on ascospore germination and growth in culture. These isolates were also subjected to sequence analysis of the ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer regions, which allowed their identification to species level. The results of this study showed that six species of Mycosphaerella and four species of Teratosphaeria were associated with leaves showing symptoms of MLD in E. globulus plantations in various locations of Brazil. © 2013 KNPV.

Metabolic profiling by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and parallel factor analysis for the determination of disease biomarkers in Eucalyptus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Researches on the life-history of Hemileia vastatrix, the fungus of the "coffee-leaf disease".

Linn.soc. Jour.(Bot.) v.19, p.299-335, 1882.

Teratosphaeria nubilosa em plantações comerciais de Eucalyptus globulus nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil

Muitos patógenos, principalmente fungos, ocorrem em várias espécies de eucalipto, desde a fase de viveiro até os plantios adultos. Dentre as doenças fúngicas, destaca-se a mancha de micosferela, considerada uma das principais doenças, e o Eucalyptus globulus, uma das espécies mais suscetíveis. Esta doença é causada por várias espécies pertencentes aos gêneros Teratosphaeria e Mycosphaerella, sendo T. nubilosa de maior importância. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a presença do fungo T.nubilosa em materiais coletados nos seguintes locais: Bagé-RS, Pedras Altas-RS, Botucatu-SP, Jacareí- SP e Itapeva-SP. Por meio de isolamentos a partir de folhas de E. globulus apresentando mancha de micosferela, foi possível a obtenção de isolados do fungo. A observação quanto ao padrão de germinação dos ascósporos, o seu crescimento micelial, e também por meio de PCR com primers da região genômica ITS1 e ITS4 e sequenciamento, e submissão ao GenBank, foi possível a determinação do gênero e da espécie do patógeno como T. nubilosa. Nos cinco locais estudados foi confirmada a presença deste agente causal de mancha de micosferela em plantios de E. globulus nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil.

Escala diagramática para quantificação da severidade de manchas em folhas de Eucalyptus globulus Labill. causadas por Teratosphaeria nubilosa (Cooke) Crous & U. Braun

The leaf spot (Mycosphaerella leaf disease = MLD) caused by Teratosphaeria nubilosa has caused damage in eucalypt plantations in southern and southeastern Brazil. The need to assess the disease in the field to evaluate of this damage, efficiency control, evaluation of germplasm induces to the necessity of having a visual scale for evaluation of disease. The objective was to develop a diagrammatic scale for young leaves and one for adult leaves of Eucalyptus globules for MLD. To do so, the leaves collected in the field were scanned for image analysis. The damaged area, the healthy leaf area and the external area of the same scale RGB (Red, Green, Blue) were determined. Subsequently, it was determinate the levels of severity depending on the sample distribution with seven levels for young leaves and six for adult leaves. For the visual acuity test and validate the scale, the leaves were evaluated for severity, with and without scale. With this proposed scales, the assessors showed good accuracy both for young and adult leaves with R2=0,98 and R2=0,80, respectively. The importance of the development of diagrammatic scales for assessing MLD in eucalyptus must to the fact that allows quantification of the symptoms accurately and precisely.

Mancha de micosferela em Eucalyptus globulus: características e ascogênese do patógeno, estrutura e composição química foliar

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Severity of banana leaf spot in an intercropping system in two cycles of banana Prata Ana

Prata Ana is the most planted banana cultivar in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is however susceptible to several pathogens. This study was carried out to evaluate the disease severity of banana leaf spot in the Prata Ana cv. in the first and second cycle under six different planting systems. The randomized block experimental design was used with six treatments and four replications. lit an evaluation of the severity of banana leaf spot, no disease symptoms were found on Thap Maeo and Caipira. The evolution curve of the disease indicated seasonal effects in the first and second cycles. The severity, of banana leaf spot was highest soon after the regional rainy period from November to March. A comparison of the means of the evaluations indicated a reduction in disease severity from the first to the second cycle.

Planet of the cavendish - understanding the domination

Those seeking to bring change to cultivars sold in the banana markets of the world have encountered major difficulties over the years. Change has been sought because of production difficulties caused by banana diseases such as Fusarium wilt or a desire to invigorate a stagnant market and obtain a competitive advantage by the introduction of diversity of product. Currently the world banana scene is dominated by cultivars from the Cavendish subgroup with their production in excess of 40% of total world production of banana and plantain combined, and in most western countries Cavendish is synonymous with banana. But Cavendish production usually necessitates very regular applications of pesticides, particularly fungicides for Mycosphaerella leaf spots control. So genetic resistance to these and other diseases would be very beneficial to minimizing costs of production, as well as reducing health risks to banana workers and the general population and minimizing impacts on the environment. In recent years, the overall market sales of some crops, such as tomatoes, have increased by providing diversity of cultivars to consumers. Can the same be done for banana? Perhaps a better understanding of how we have arrived at our current situation and the forces that have shaped our preference for Cavendish will allow us to plan more strategic crop improvement research which has enhanced chances of adoption by the banana industries of the world. A scoping study was recently undertaken in Australia to determine the current market opportunity for alternative cultivars and provide a roadmap for the industry to successfully develop this market. A multidisciplinary team reviewed the literature, surveyed the supply chain, analyzed gross margins and conducted consumer and sensory evaluations of 'new' cultivars. This has provided insight on why Cavendish dominates the market, which is the focus of this paper, and we believe will provide a solid foundation for future progress.

Spezifität der quantitativen Resistenz von Blättern und Früchten der Tomate (Lycopersicon ssp. L.) gegenüber Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary.

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, einen Beitrag zur Resistenzforschung bei Tomaten gegenüber P. infestans zu leisten, um erste Grundlagen für eine mögliche Züchtungsstrategie auf Basis unterschiedlicher quantitativer Resistenzen zu erarbeiten. Hierzu wurde untersucht, inwieweit unterschiedliche qualitative und quantitative Resistenzen bei Tomatenblättern und -früchten vorliegen, und ob hierfür verantwortliche Mechanismen identifiziert werden können. Zudem wurde untersucht, ob isolatspezifische quantitative Resistenzen identifiziert werden können. Zu diesem Zweck wurde mit einer erweiterten Clusteranalyse, basierend auf einer modifizierten Sanghvi-T2 Distanz, ein statistisches Verfahren entwickelt, welches die Identifikation von quantitativen, isolatspezifischen Resistenzen unter der Berücksichtigung der Variabilität ermöglicht. Des weiteren wurde geprüft, inwieweit zwischen den Resistenzausprägungen auf dem Blatt und den Resistenzausprägungen auf der Frucht ein Zusammenhang besteht und inwieweit die im Labor beobachteten Resistenzen unter Freilandbedingungen eine Rolle spielen. Im Labortest wurde die qualitative und quantitative Blattresistenz von 109 Akzessionen aus elf Lycopersicon und Solanum Arten gegenüber zwölf unterschiedlich aggressiven und teilweise auch unterschiedlich virulenten P. infestans Isolaten untersucht (Kap. 3). Die Früchte von 38 Tomatensorten wurden auf ihre Resistenz gegenüber drei P. infestans Isolaten geprüft. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss der Fruchtnachreife auf die Resistenzeigenschaften der Tomatenfrüchte gegenüber P. infestans analysiert (Kap. 4). Insgesamt 40 Sorten wurden auch unter Feldbedingungen auf Blatt- und Fruchtbefall untersucht (Kap. 5). Die frühen Stadien der Infektion von Tomatenblättern mit P. infestans Sporangien wurden mikroskopisch bei acht Tomatensorten mit unterschiedlichen quantitativen Reaktionsprofilen und drei Isolaten untersucht (Kap. 6). Hierzu wurden die Entwicklungsstadien von P. infestans Sporangien nach 24h, 48h und 60h nach der Inokulation auf und im Blatt mit der Calcofluor und der KOH - Anilin Blau Färbung sichtbar gemacht. Das Auftreten und die Lokalisation von H2O2 im Blatt nach 48h und 60h nach der Inokulation in Reaktion auf die Infektion wurde mithilfe einer DAB (3,3′ - Diaminobenzidine) Färbung untersucht. Es wurden einige, z.T. auch wahrscheinlich neue, qualitative Blattresistenzen gegenüber P. infestans gefunden, jedoch war keine der 109 Akzessionen vollständig resistent gegenüber allen Isolaten. Für die quantitative Resistenz von Blättern lagen in vielen Fällen isolatspezifische Unterschiede vor. Die Sorte x Isolat Interaktionen konnten mit Hilfe der erweiterten Clusteranalyse erfolgreich analysiert werden und die Akzessionen in Gruppen mit unterschiedlichen quantitativen Resistenzprofilen bzgl. der Interaktion mit den Isolaten und des Resistenzniveaus eingeteilt werden. Für die Fruchtresistenz konnten keine qualitativen Resistenzen gegenüber den drei getesteten Isolaten gefunden werden. Im Gegensatz dazu unterschieden sich die Tomatensorten in ihrer quantitativen Resistenz und Sorten und Isolate interagierten signifikant. Auch für die Fruchtresistenz konnten Gruppen mit unterschiedlichen quantitativen Reaktionsprofilen gebildet werden. Insgesamt nimmt die Anfälligkeit von Tomatenfrüchten mit zunehmender Reife kontinuierlich und signifikant ab. Unter Laborbedingungen korrelierten nur die Sporulationskapazität der Früchte und der prozentuale Blattbefall. Im Feldversuch über zwei Jahre und mit bis zu 40 Tomatensorten war der Zusammenhang hoch signifikant, jedoch asymptotisch, d.h. bereits bei sehr geringem Blattbefall war der Fruchtbefall sehr hoch. Bei den Tomatenherkünften, die sowohl im Labor als auch im Feld auf ihre Anfälligkeit getestet wurden, erschienen die Blattanfälligkeiten ähnlich, während kein klarer Zusammenhang zwischen der Fruchtanfälligkeit im Feld und im Labor bestand. Die Entwicklung von P. infestans auf der Blattoberfläche war unabhängig von der Sorte. Sowohl beim Eindringen und der Etablierung von P. infestans ins Blatt als auch bei der damit verbunden H2O2 Aktivität im Wirt wurden deutliche isolat- und sortenspezifische Effekte gefunden, die aber nur zum Teil mit den quantitativen Unterschieden der Blattresistenz korrespondierten. Sorten, die bei hoher Resistenz unterschiedliche Reaktionsprofile aufweisen, sind grundsätzlich interessante Kreuzungspartner, um die quantitative Resistenz gegenüber P. infestans zu verbessern. Hier sind vor allem Sorten, die sich auch in ihrer H2O2 Aktivität unterscheiden von Interesse.

Highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in the rice- and maize-infecting fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 1 IA

Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the rice- and maize-infecting Basidiomycete fungus Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group AG-1 IA. All loci were polymorphic in two populations from Louisiana in USA and Venezuela. The total number of alleles per locus ranged from four to eight. All 10 loci were also useful for genotyping soybean-infecting R. solani AG-1 isolates from Brazil and USA. One locus, TC06, amplified across two other AG groups representing different species, showing species-specific repeat length polymorphism. This marker suite will be used to determine the global population structure of this important pathogenic fungus.

Fisiologia e manejo de Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei, causador da mancha alvo na cultura da acerola (Malpighia emarginata D. C.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Genetic variability in progenies of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden for resistance to Puccinia psidii

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Incidence of Stagonospora meliloti and Acrocalymma medicaginis in Lucerne crowns and roots in eastern Australia, and their comparative aggressiveness to Lucerne and inheritance of reaction to S. meliloti in lucerne

The research presented indicates that lucerne crown and root rot caused by Stagonospora meliloti is prevalent in southern New South Wales, whereas Acrocalymma medicaginis is the more commonly observed pathogen in Queensland. Although both pathogens cause reddening of internal root and crown tissue of lucerne, they can be distinguished by symptomatology. S. meliloti causes a diffuse red blotching of the internal tissue accompanied by the presence of an external lesion, whereas A. medicaginis causes red streaking at the extremity of wedge-shaped, dry-rotted tissue. Inoculation of propagules of a susceptible lucerne clone indicated that S. meliloti was the more aggressive pathogen. Although A. medicaginis does not cause leaf disease, there was a strong relationship between the leaf and root reaction of clones to S. meliloti. Inheritance of resistance to S. meliloti in lucerne appeared to be conditioned by a single dominant gene, based on segregations observed in S-1 and F-1 populations, but not in a backcross population from the same family where an excess of susceptible individuals (74% v. expected of 50%) was obtained in a cross of a resistant F-1 individual to the susceptible parent. Resistance appears to be highly heritable, however, and amenable to population improvement by breeding. A conclusion of the research is that breeding for resistance to S. meliloti for lucernes to be grown in southern Australia would appear to be a worthwhile objective. Presently, no highly resistant cultivars exist anywhere in the world.

Accounting for the economic risk, caused by variation in disease severity, in fungicide dose decisions: exemplified for Mycosphaerella graminicola on winter wheat

A method is presented to calculate economic optimum fungicide doses accounting for the risk-aversion of growers responding to variability in disease severity between crops. Simple dose-response and disease-yield loss functions are used to estimate net disease-related costs (fungicide cost, plus disease-induced yield loss) as a function of dose and untreated severity. With fairly general assumptions about the shapes of the probability distribution of disease severity and the other functions involved, we show that a choice of fungicide dose which minimises net costs on average across seasons results in occasional large net costs caused by inadequate control in high disease seasons. This may be unacceptable to a grower with limited capital. A risk-averse grower can choose to reduce the size and frequency of such losses by applying a higher dose as insurance. For example, a grower may decide to accept ‘high loss’ years one year in ten or one year in twenty (i.e. specifying a proportion of years in which disease severity and net costs will be above a specified level). Our analysis shows that taking into account disease severity variation and risk-aversion will usually increase the dose applied by an economically rational grower. The analysis is illustrated with data on septoria tritici leaf blotch of wheat caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola. Observations from untreated field plots at sites across England over three years were used to estimate the probability distribution of disease severities at mid-grain filling. In the absence of a fully reliable disease forecasting scheme, reducing the frequency of ‘high loss’ years requires substantially higher doses to be applied to all crops. Disease resistant cultivars reduce both the optimal dose at all levels of risk and the disease-related costs at all doses.