Mejoramiento de la eficiencia de propagación in vitro de plátano (Musa AAB cv. Enano)

En el período comprendido de noviembre del año 2001 a julio del año 2002, en el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA) se realizó el estudio de la propagación in vitro en el cultivo de Plátano, (AAB) cv Enano. A las cuatro semanas del establecimiento se evalúo el porcentaje de fenolización de los ápices, en el medio de cultivo que contenía solamente las sales Murashige y Skoog el 100% de los tejidos produjo el más bajo nivel de fenoles. A las ocho semanas se evalúo el efecto de las variantes de medios de cultivo en la formación de plantas. Cuando se agregó al medio de cultivo 0.3 mg/l de Ácido indolacético y 1 mg/l de Bencil amino purina se registró 53.3% de plantas formadas y el 26% de estas emitieron brotes axilares. En la fase de multiplicación los experimentos se evaluaron a las tres semanas determinándose los mejores tratamientos a través del análisis de Varianza y separación de Medias de Tukey (a= 0.05). Los mejores coeficientes de brotación se presentaron en los medios suplidos con 4 y 5 mg/l de Bencil amino purina, con valores respectivos de 4.2 y 4.46 brotes por planta. La consistencia semisólida del medio de cultivo superó al medio líquido en las variables altura de planta y número de brotes. La mejor combinación tipo de frasco y número de planta, fue con la siembra de cinco brotes en frascos de 200 ml con resultados de brotación de 2.08 y 2.05 respectivamente. En el enraizamiento se comprobó que concentraciones de sacarosa entre 30 g/l y 60 g/l combinadas con 1 y 2 mg/l de Ácido Indol Acético favorecen el incremento de las variables evaluadas. La sobrevivencia de las vitroplantas en condiciones ambientales fue del 100% cuando estas provinieron de medios de cultivos con niveles de sacarosa de 50 y 60 g/l combinadas con 1 y 2 mg/l de Ácido Indol Acético.

Incidência de fungos em pós-colheita de banana 'Prata anã'(Musa AAB)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a ocorrência e a freqüência de fungos em banana 'Prata anã' e elucidar o agente causal das podridões em pós-colheita de frutos provenientes do norte de Minas Gerais. Dois métodos de isolamento foram adotados: diluição em placas, a partir da lavagem de frutos verdes, e direto de frutos maduros. Os fungos Colletotrichum musae, Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium equisetii, Penicillium sp. Aspergillus parasiticus, Trichothecium roseum, Colletotrichum acutatum, Alternaria sp., Cladosporium musae e Curvularia lunata foram os mais freqüentemente associados aos frutos. A patogenicidade desses fungos foi testada pela substituição de discos da casca de frutos verdes por discos de micélio. Colletotrichum musae apresentou área média lesionada em torno do ponto de inoculação igual a 5,8 cm², enquanto para os demais fungos testados não passou de 1,50 cm². Os resultados mostraram que C. musae é o agente primário das podridões dos frutos examinados com 100 % de incidência e os demais fungos limitaram-se a necrosar os ferimentos em torno do ponto de inoculação. O modo de infecção latente, causada por C. musae, parece favorecer, primeiramente, a colonização interna dos tecidos e, posteriormente, a ação dos fungos oportunistas, que aceleram as podridões nos frutos e na coroa.

Efeitos da adubação com composto orgânico na fertilidade do solo, desenvolvimento, produção e qualidade de frutos de bananeira 'prata-anã' (Musa AAB)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Incidência de fungos em pós-colheita de banana 'Prata anã'(Musa AAB)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a ocorrência e a freqüência de fungos em banana 'Prata anã' e elucidar o agente causal das podridões em pós-colheita de frutos provenientes do norte de Minas Gerais. Dois métodos de isolamento foram adotados: diluição em placas, a partir da lavagem de frutos verdes, e direto de frutos maduros. Os fungos Colletotrichum musae, Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium equisetii, Penicillium sp. Aspergillus parasiticus, Trichothecium roseum, Colletotrichum acutatum, Alternaria sp., Cladosporium musae e Curvularia lunata foram os mais freqüentemente associados aos frutos. A patogenicidade desses fungos foi testada pela substituição de discos da casca de frutos verdes por discos de micélio. Colletotrichum musae apresentou área média lesionada em torno do ponto de inoculação igual a 5,8 cm², enquanto para os demais fungos testados não passou de 1,50 cm². Os resultados mostraram que C. musae é o agente primário das podridões dos frutos examinados com 100 % de incidência e os demais fungos limitaram-se a necrosar os ferimentos em torno do ponto de inoculação. O modo de infecção latente, causada por C. musae, parece favorecer, primeiramente, a colonização interna dos tecidos e, posteriormente, a ação dos fungos oportunistas, que aceleram as podridões nos frutos e na coroa.

Alterações em propriedades de solo adubado com doses de composto orgânico sob cultivo de bananeira

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Technical and economic study of plantain food products

Plantain (Banana-Musa AAB) is a widely growing but commercially underexploited tropical fruit. This study demonstrates the processing of plantain to flour and extends its use and convenience as a constituent of bread, cake and biscuit. Plantain was peeled, dried and milled to produce flour. Proximate analysis was carried out on the flour to determine the food composition. Drying at temperatures below 70ºC produced light coloured plantain flour. Experiments were carried out to determine the mechanism of drying, the heat and mass transfer coefficients, effect of air velocity, temperature and cube size on the rate of drying of plantain cubes. The drying was diffusion controlled. Pilot scale drying of plantain cubes in a cabinet dryer showed no significant increase of drying rate above 70ºC. In the temperature range found most suitable for plantain drying (ie 60 to 70ºC) the total drying time was adequately predicted using a modified equation based on Fick's Law provided the cube temperature was taken to be about 5ºC below the actual drying air temperature. Studies of baking properties of plantain flour revealed that plantain flour can be substituted for strong wheat flour up to 15% for bread making and up to 50% for madeira cake. A shortcake biscuit was produced using 100% plantain flour and test-marketed. Detailed economic studies showed that the production of plantain fruit and its processing into flour would be economically viable in Nigeria when the flour is sold at the wholesale price of NO.65 per kilogram provided a minimum sale of 25% plantain suckers. There is need for government subsidy if plantain flour is to compete with imported wheat flour. The broader economic benefits accruing from the processing of plantain fruit into flour and its use in bakery products include employment opportunity, savings in foreign exchange and stimulus to home agriculture.

Comportamiento agronómico y fenológico del cultivar plátano cuerno (Musa spp. AAB) propagado a través de la técnica de reproducción acelerada de semilla en dos localidades del departamento de Chinandega

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento agronómico y fenológico del cultivar plátano cuerno (AAB), propagado a través de la técnica de reproducción acelerada de semilla (TRAS) en dos localidades del departamento de Chinandega. Considerando que el cultivo del plátano en Nicaragua, presenta serios problemas que afectan el rendimiento de las plantaciones, principalmente por el uso de material de propagación de mala calidad genética, fitosanitaria. El estudio se realizo en el departamento de Chinandega en dos localidades, la primera en la finca Los Panchos ubicada entre los kilómetros 124 y 125 carretera León-Chinandega y la segunda en el Centro de Desarrollo Agrícola Santa Ana ubicada en el municipio de El Viejo. Se hizo uso de un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (B.C.A) con arreglo unifactorial, conformado por tres bloques en cada una de las localidades, constituyéndose cada una un tratamiento. Cada bloque estará conformado de 5 surcos de 10m de longitud que contendrán 35 plantas de plátano, en los dos ensayos son 210 plantas, separadas por 2 m entre planta y planta a una distancia de 2 x 2 m entre surco y surco, se evaluaron 10 plantas del área de parcela útil, no incluyendo las que se encuentran en el borde. Las variables que se evaluaron fueron las de morfología altura de la planta (m), diámetro del tallo (cm), número de hojas por planta ,largo de la hoja (cm), ancho de la hoja (cm), área foliar total (cm2), número de hijos por planta. Las variables de rendimiento, número de manos por racimo, numero de dedos por racimo, largo de los dedos (cm), diámetro de los dedos (cm), largo del racimo (cm), diámetro del raquis (cm), peso del racimo (kg). Las conclusiones de este presente estudio son las plantas del cultivar Plátano Cuerno desarrolladas en la finca Santa Ana en comparación de las plantas establecidas en Los Panchos registraron valores estadísticamente superiores en la mayoría de las variables morfológicas y de rendimiento debido a un adecuado manejo agronómico (agua, suelo, fertilización). Los rendimientos estimados obtenidos en la localidad Santa Ana (23,100 kg. ha-1, de 24,454 Kg. ha-1) puede ser consideradas aceptables según rendimientos óptimos reportados por (BCN, 2002). No así las plantas de Los Panchos que obtuvieron rendimientos inferiores (20,400 kg. ha-1).

Comportamiento agronómico con las prácticas de deshije y sin deshije en vitroplantas de plátano (Musa spp) cultivar cuerno, genotipo (AAB) y el estudio de correlaciones lineales entre caracteres para facilitar la selección temprana de plantas con buen rendimiento

En vista que el cultivo del plátano en Nicaragua presenta serios problemas que afectan el rendimiento, principalmente el uso de material de propagación de mala calidad genética y fitosanitaria y el mal manejo agronómico, se realizó el presente estudio con los objetivos de evaluar la dinámica del crecimiento vegetativo de vitroplantas de plátano (Musa spp.) cultivar Cuerno (AAB) en condiciones de campo; determinar el efecto de el deshije sobre el rendimiento e identificar caracteres precoses relacionados con el rendimiento para facilitar así la selección de plantas madres fuentes de semilla mediante correlaciones lineales. El estudio fue establecido en el Centro Experimental El Plantel ubicado en el km 42 carretera Masaya-Tipitapa municipio de Sambrano, se establecieron seis bloques, a tres se les aplicó a los siete meses la práctica de deshije que consistió en la elimación total de hijos presentes extrayéndolos completamente. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (BCA) con arreglo unifactorial conformado por tres bloques por tratamiento. Cada bloque estaba conformado por 4 surcos de 12 m de longitud, conteniendo 28 plantas de plátano a distancias de 2 m entre plantas y 2 m entre surcos. Se evaluaron 10 plantas del área de la parcela útil. Se evaluaron las variables altura de planta (cm), diámetro del grosor del pseudotallo (cm), número de hojas, largo de la hoja y ancho de la hoja (cm); y las variables de rendimiento número de manos por racimo, número de dedos por racimo, longitud de los dedos de la primera mano (cm), longitud de los dedos de la penúltima mano (cm), diámetro del dedo central de la primera mano (cm), diámetro del dedo central de la penúltima mano (cm), peso del racimo (kg), longitud del ráquis (cm) y diámetro del ráquis (cm). Únicamente se encontró diferencia estadística en el número de dedos obteniendo valores máximos de 30.57 dedos por racimo, para una estimación del rendimiento por hectárea de 76,425 dedos en rangos aceptables. Los valores inferiores se presentaron en plantas con hijos con rendimiento de 25.10 dedos para un rendimiento por hectárea de 62,150 dedos.

Micropropagación de apices caulinares en platano (Musa spp. AAB) cultivar Cuerno Gigante

El estudio se realizó en el laboratorio de cultivo de tejidos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria de diciembre 2008 a enero 2010. En el centro experimental de FAGRO se seleccionaron hijos de plátano (Musa spp AAB) cultivar Cuerno Gigante para el estudio de los diferentes factores en las cuatro fases de la micropropagación. En el establecimiento se evaluó el efecto del Bencil amino purina y Ácido indolacético. En multiplicación se estudió la respuesta de los tejidos a los medios de cultivo, volumen del frasco, número de plantas por frasco y número de subcultivos. En la fase de enraizamiento se evaluó el efecto del AIA y sacarosa en la producción de raíces, y en la fase de aclimatación las correlaciones entre variables morfológicas. Los datos de establecimiento se analizaron en Cuadros porcentuales, en las fases de multiplicación y enraizamiento con el diseño bloques completos al azar, se determinaron los mejores tratamientos mediante el análisis de Duncan y Waller. Todos los ápices establecidos segregaron fenoles y en el medio con 1 mg l-1 BAP la formación de plantas fue del 20%. A partir del segundo subcultivo los medios que contenían 2 mgl-1 de BAP incrementaron los porcentajes de brotación. Con 5 y 7 plantas por frasco de 220 y 430 ml se obtuvieron los mejores promedios de brotación axilar, longitud del pseudotallo y de número de hojas. Con 7 plantas por frasco se disminuyó en 28.93% la cantidad de frascos y de medios de cultivo en comparación con 5 plantas por frasco. La mejor producción de raíces se consiguió en las sales MS con 30 gl-1 de sacarosa consistencia semi-sólida. En fase de aclimatación el número de raíces tuvo correlación significativa y positiva con longitud del pseudotallo y volumen de raíces, también hubo correlación positiva y significativa entre número de hojas y longitud del pseudotallo, resultando de gran importancia en la determinación del crecimiento y comportamiento futuro de las plantas.

The influence of planting density on the production of 'Goldfinger' (Musa spp., AAAB) in the subtropics

'Goldfinger', a tetraploid banana produced from the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA) breeding program, was released to the Australian industry in 1995. It was promoted as an apple-flavoured dessert banana with resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 and subtropical race 4, as well as resistance to black and yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis and M. musicola, respectively). This study was initiated to provide agronomic information to the banana industry, which was under threat from Fusarium wilt, on a new cultivar which could replace 'Williams' (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) or 'Lady Finger' (AAB, Pome subgroup) in those areas affected by Fusarium wilt. Also few studies had reported on the production characteristics of the new tetraploid hybrids, especially from subtropical areas, and therefore two field sites, one a steep-land farm and the other a level, more productive site, were selected for planting density and spatial arrangement treatments. The optimum density in terms of commercial production, taking into account bunch weight, finger size, length of the production cycle, plant height and ease of management, was 1680 plants/ha on the steep-land site where plants were planted in single rows with 2.5 m × 2.5 m spacings. However on the level site a double-row triangular layout with inter-row distances of 4.5 m to allow vehicular access (1724 plants/ha) gave the best results. With this arrangement plants were in an alternate, triangular arrangement along a row and a spacing of 1.5 m between plants at the points of each triangle and between each block of triangles.

Growth, yield and Fusarium wilt resistance of six FHIA tetraploid bananas (Musa spp.) grown in the Australian subtropics

Six tetraploid hybrids from Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA) were evaluated in Australia over a five year period. They included three AAAA hybrids (FHIA-02, FHIA-17 and FHIA-23) and three AAAB hybrids (FHIA-01, FHIA-18 and SH-3640.10) and they were compared with industry standards, ‘Williams’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) and ‘Lady Finger’ (AAB, Pome subgroup). They were screened for their resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 and subtropical race 4 caused by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense and they were also grown for several cycles on farms not infested with Fusarium wilt to record their agronomic characteristics. The AAAB hybrids, all derived from female parent ‘Prata Anã’ (AAB, Pome subgroup) were the most resistant to both races of Fusarium wilt and were very productive in the subtropics. They were significantly more productive than ‘Lady Finger’, which was susceptible to both races of Fusarium wilt. The AAAA hybrids, with the exception of FHIA-02 which was very susceptible to Fusarium wilt and displayed the poorest agronomic traits of the six hybrids, produced bunch weights as good as Cavendish but were significantly slower to cycle. FHIA-17 and FHIA-23, both derived from the female parent ‘Highgate’ (AAA, Gros Michel subgroup), were also significantly more resistant to Fusarium wilt than ‘Gros Michel’, while FHIA-17 demonstrated a level of resistance similar to ‘Williams’ and FHIA-23 was intermediate between ‘Lady Finger’ and ‘Williams’

Avaliação de genótipos de bananeira (Musa sp.) em Botucatu -SP

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Market access of Papua New Guinea bananas (Musa spp.) with particular respect to banana fly (Bactrocera musae (Tryon)) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

International market access for fresh commodities is regulated by international accepted phytosanitary guidelines, the objectives of which are to reduce the biosecurity risk of plant pest and disease movement. Papua New Guinea (PNG) has identified banana as a potential export crop and to help meet international market access requirements, this thesis provides information for the development of a pest risk analysis (PRA) for PNG banana fruit. The PRA is a three step process which first identifies the pests associated with a particular commodity or pathway, then assesses the risk associated with those pests, and finally identifies risk management options for those pests if required. As the first step of the PRA process, I collated a definitive list on the organisms associated with the banana plant in PNG using formal literature, structured interviews with local experts, grey literature and unpublished file material held in PNG field research stations. I identified 112 organisms (invertebrates, vertebrate, pathogens and weeds) associated with banana in PNG, but only 14 of these were reported as commonly requiring management. For these 14 I present detailed information summaries on their known biology and pest impact. A major finding of the review was that of the 14 identified key pests, some research information occurs for 13. The single exception for which information was found to be lacking was Bactrocera musae (Tryon), the banana fly. The lack of information for this widely reported ‘major pest on PNG bananas’ would hinder the development of a PNG banana fruit PRA. For this reason the remainder of the thesis focused on this organism, particularly with respect to generation of information required by the PRA process. Utilising an existing, but previously unanalysed fruit fly trapping database for PNG, I carried out a Geographic Information System analysis of the distribution and abundance of banana in four major regions of PNG. This information is required for a PRA to determine if banana fruit grown in different parts of the country are at different risks from the fly. Results showed that the fly was widespread in all cropping regions and that temperature and rainfall were not significantly correlated with banana fly abundance. Abundance of the fly was significantly correlated (albeit weakly) with host availability. The same analysis was done with four other PNG pest fruit flies and their responses to the environmental factors differed to banana fly and each other. This implies that subsequent PRA analyses for other PNG fresh commodities will need to investigate the risk of each of these flies independently. To quantify the damage to banana fruit caused by banana fly in PNG, local surveys and one national survey of banana fruit infestation were carried out. Contrary to expectations, infestation was found to be very low, particularly in the widely grown commercial cultivar, Cavendish. Infestation of Cavendish fingers was only 0.41% in a structured, national survey of over 2 700 banana fingers. Follow up laboratory studies showed that fingers of Cavendish, and another commercial variety Lady-finger, are very poor hosts for B. musae, with very low host selection rates by female flies and very poor immature survival. An analysis of a recent (within last decade) incursion of B. musae into the Gazelle Peninsula of East New Britain Province, PNG, provided the final set of B. musae data. Surveys of the fly on the peninsular showed that establishment and spread of the fly in the novel environment was very rapid and thus the fly should be regarded as being of high biosecurity concern, at least in tropical areas. Supporting the earlier impact studies, however, banana fly has not become a significant banana fruit problem on the Gazelle, despite bananas being the primary starch staple of the region. The results of the research chapters are combined in the final Discussion in the form of a B. musae focused PRA for PNG banana fruit. Putting the thesis in a broader context, the Discussion also deals with the apparent discrepancy between high local abundance of banana fly and very low infestation rates. This discussion focuses on host utilisation patterns of specialist herbivores and suggests that local pest abundance, as determined by trapping or monitoring, need not be good surrogate for crop damage, despite this linkage being implicit in a number of international phytosanitary protocols.

Time variation effects of weather conditions in rural MUSA-MIMO-OFDM channels

This paper presents channel measurements and weather data collection experiments conducted in a rural environment for an innovative Multi-User-Single-Antenna (MUSA) MIMO-OFDM technology, proposed for rural areas. MUSA MIMO-OFDM uplink channels are established by placing six user terminals (UT) around one access point (AP). Generated terrain profiles and relative received power plots are presented based on the experimental data. According to the relative received signal, MUSA-MIMO-OFDM uplink channels experience temporal fading. Moreover, the correlation between the relative received power and weather variables are presented. Results show that all weather variables exhibit a negative average correlation with received power. Wind speed records the highest average negative correlation coefficient of -0.35. Local maxima of negative correlation, ranging from 0.49 to 0.78, between the weather variables and relative received signals were registered between 5-6 a.m. The highest measured correlation (-0.78) of this time of the day was exhibited by wind speed. These results show the extend of time variation effects experienced by MUSA-MIMO-OFDM channels deployed in rural environments.