The Olive Tree, Vol. 8 Number 1, 2000

The Summer 2000 issue of The Olive Tree features articles about library projects, collections, technological innovations, and events at Fogler Library, University of Maine.

The Deleuze Spray, New York 1977 : an Interview with Sanford Kwinter, Professor of Architectural Theory and Criticism at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, on the Architectural Reception of Gilles Deleuze in America

So what do you want to know? I was in Paris between ‘75 and ‘78. But about half way through, Sylvère published the Anti-Oedipus issue of Semiotext(e) and, actually, that was for me one of the deciding events that made me decide to come to the United States, to come study at Columbia University. There appeared to be this little group working at Columbia working around these issues. In 1970, in Paris even, Deleuze was a cult – there was an incredibly small number of people following Deleuze... A transcript of my Interview with Kwinter about the Architectural Reception of Deleuze in America, which took place at Jerry’s,' Soho, New York, 15 January 2003. The transcript appeared as an Appendix at the back of my Masters Thesis undertaken at Yale School of Architecture, printed May 2003.

Muriel Rukeyser, America, and the “Melville Revival”

Whilst Muriel Rukeyser's poetic affinity with Walt Whitman is generally acknowledged, the close relation of her work and poetic sensibility to the thought and writing of Herman Melville has somehow gone relatively unnoticed, and almost wholly unexamined. In 1918, Van Wyck Brooks called for the creation of a usable past that would energize America by recasting its cultural tradition. His plea addressed the need to rebuild a national heritage via the rediscovery of culturally “great” figures. By the late 1930s, many scholars and writers had answered the call, and the new discipline of American studies was beginning to take shape, aided by a reclamation of one of the country's greatest, most neglected, writers – Herman Melville. This was also the period in which Rukeyser “came of age”; a time when political and international conflicts and economic crises generated both the stark, documentary representation of present social realities and the drive to retrieve or reconstruct a more golden age that might mobilize a dislocated nation. The following article examines the importance of Melville to Rukeyser's work, and situates her within the “Melville revival” as an important figure in the movement throughout the first half of the twentieth century to reconstruct an American cultural character.

The Senses of Muriel Rukeyser’s The Book of the Dead

When Muriel Rukeyser travelled to Gauley Bridge in 1936 to report on the industrial disaster that had led to the deaths of over 700 miners, her findings led her to write what is arguably her masterpiece – the 1938 poem series The Book of the Dead. Of all Rukeyser's writings, this hybrid work of documentary techniques and metaphors, of testimony and elegy, has attracted the most critical attention. However, analyses of the series have tended to focus on the ways in which the poet adopted and adapted documentary methods in order to offer a leftist ideological critique on capitalist-born social injustice. The purpose of this article is not to negate such readings, but to offer alongside them insight into a more ethical-philosophical approach that I believe guided Rukeyser's entire career. Via an examination of the ways in which Rukeyser employs the human senses to articulate the complexities of human political, metaphysical and social relations, this article explores the influence of the Zionist Martin Buber on the poet. Rukeyser acknowledged Buber's writings in her later work, but I contend here that they played a large part in the formation of her poetics, especially in connection with her documentary aesthetic. Whilst several critics have noted, albeit often superficially, the Marxist flavour of Rukeyser's poetry in The Book of the Dead, I argue for the influence of Buber over Marx in terms or responsibility, community and dialogue. Both Rukeyser's and Buber's methods of expressing and promoting these ethical necessities rely on a synaesthetic response to the world. Where Buber advances a dialogue between the self and alterity through transcendent personal encounter, Rukeyser locates such encounter in the poem, arguing for an exchange that leads to creation, and to personal and interpersonal growth.

‘Facing the Fact: Word and Image in Muriel Rukeyser’s “Worlds Alongside”’

This essay explores an example of a little-known, yet highly significant part of Rukeyser’s early oeuvre: the magazine photo-narrative. Profoundly engaged with the documentary expression of the 1930s, Rukeyser utilised the genre’s methods, aesthetics and images to create a hybrid text reporting the realities of the Depression in lyrical, imaginative terms. The result is a conflation of what Rukeyser understood to constitute poetry, and therefore life: the document and the unverifiable fact, presented in an innovative format that is shaped by Rukeyser’s ethical poetics of connection to construct lessons in creative exchange and being in the world.

La boda de Muriel.

Resumen basado parcialmente en el de la autora

Comprensión de textos : una constatación crucial entre el modelo proposicional de Kintsch y colaboradores y el modelo de memoria de Sanford y Garrod.

Dentro de un marco psicolingüístico, se plantea una contrastación empírica que permita determinar si en la comprensión de textos el factor decisivo es la estructura proposicional del texto o la estructura de memoria del sujeto. N = 108 estudiantes de Psicología de todos los niveles, curso de adaptación y licenciados (18 y 30 años). Asignación aleatoria a los grupos experimentales. Dos diseños: a) Experimental: intrasujeto 2x3 (presencia-ausencia de argumentos comunes en dos segmentos consecutivos de un texto y presencia-ausencia de indicadores de que liciten un escenario); tres valores: ausencia de indicadores, indicadores de escenario facilitador e indicadores de escenario obstaculizador. Variables dependientes: tiempo de lectura. b) Correlacional: intersujeto. Variables predictoras: representación proposicional, recuperación MLP, representación sobre contenidos mnésicos y recuperación de escenarios de la MLP. Variable criterio: tiempo de lectura. Distribución en 6 grupos (n=18) y aplicación de la prueba (lectura de 30 textos, 12 textos intergrupo constantes (correlacional), 12 intergrupo variables (experimental) y 6 intergrupo constantes (mixto) que actúan como control). Pruebas experimentales ad hoc: selección de 30 textos diseñados según cruce de variables utilizadas. Diseño experimental: ANOVA de dos factores. Correlacional: correlación múltiple. Verificación de los textos de control: línea base. W de Kendall. Correlación de Pearson. Diferencias de medias. Ecuaciones de transformación de puntuaciones. Normalidad: Lilliefords. Homogeneidad de varianzas: Bartlett. Intercomparaciones: Scheffe. En el ANOVA resulta un efecto significativo del factor de coherencia postulado por Sanford y Garrod. Por otro lado, ambos modelos obtienen valores predictivos muy similares. Aunque otros resultados indican una superioridad del segundo modelo. Se observa que el efecto obstaculizador de un escenario es cuatro veces superior a su efecto facilitador (relación asimétrica). Se observan diferencias entre sujetos lentos y rápidos debidas a la facilidad para recuperar información de la memoria. Se destaca la adecuada validez convergente de los experimentos, aunque ciertos defectos metodológicos limitan la generalización de resultados y la variabilidad de éstos sea grande. Cabe concluir que los procesos cognitivos implicados en la comprensión de textos operan sobre contenidos de la memoria (modelo de Stanford y Garrod) y no sobre la representación proposicional de los textos (modelo de Kintsch).

Muriel Rukeyser: poetry and the body

The human body occupies a central place in Rukeyser’s poetry. Her characters’ physical experiences inspire their search for an artistic form and a holistic vision that reconciles the corporeal and conceptual aspects of their life. My thesis deals with Rukeyser’s reconciliation of disparate aspects of existence through the image of the human body and the practical experiences she underwent in her personal life and incorporated in her poetry. I discuss her poetry of the 1940s, where a tension is observed between the artist’s personal life and her art, which she attempts to resolve by adopting an artistic form that accommodates her quotidian experiences. I study, mainly through her poetry of the 1950s, Rukeyser’s poetic technique in the light of her organicist poetics and the combination of tendencies to coercion and suggestiveness distinguishing her style. I examine her portrayal of the suffering body in her poetry of the 1960s and 1970s. By means of their physical experiences, the ill, her despised and the imprisoned protagonists undergo a process of development whereby they perceive the different aspects of their identity and attempt to broaden perspectives on their situation by reconciling them. I argue that Rukeyser’s engagement with physical encounters and with the poem as an inclusive, organic body enables her to reconcile disparate elements in her poetry, such as her personal life and her art, her individual existence and the public world, as well as the distinct aspects of her characters’ identity. Her vatic outlook, which integrates distinct aspects of experience, is consistent with Merleau-Ponty’s idea of human perception as characterised by the two interdependent positions of immanence and transcendence. Rukeyser’s poetry depicts her physical engagement with quotidian events of her life as a factor of artistic inspiration. These situations constitute shared human experiences that enable her to imagine the links binding her to other people and the world at large. The poet’s personal experiences inspire her search for an artistic form that accommodates them. Her perception of the concrete aspect of her individual existence gains significance when it is linked to social and political issues. Both the private and public are thus seen as interconnected, and they affect the existence of each other while retaining their distinctness.

Conduzir o banquete da vida: a presença feminina na obra de Muriel Spark

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

Sparkianas texto adentro: narrativa e relações humanas nos contos de Muriel Spark (1918-2006)

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS