Reproductive ecology of the exotic tree Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae) in southeastern Brazil

The exotic tree Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae), a species native to Central America, is used as fish feed and fiber and cellulose production in Brazil. This study was carried out in urban areas and verified the reproductive biology of this plant species. Flower and fruit morphology, compatibility system, reproductive phenology, pollination and frugivore animals, and germination of disseminated seeds were recorded by standard field and laboratory procedures. This tree is self-compatible and autonomously self-pollinated, with its flowers being mainly visited by bees and its fruits consumed by birds and bats. Germination of its dispersed seeds is fast and occurs at a high rate. The results of this work suggest that M. calabura is very adaptable to cultivated areas,thus being an excellent choice for urban reforestation. However, its reproductive characteristics place this plant as an invasive species with significant potential in southeastern Brazil.

Germinação de sementes de calabura (Muntingia calabura L.)

O trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar a influência da luz, da temperatura do substrato e do pré-tratamento mais eficiente para a germinação de sementes de Muntingia calabura L. As sementes foram semeadas em diferentes substratos: sobre papel, entre papel, sobre areia, entre areia, sobre mistura de terra + areia + esterco, entre mistura terra + areia + esterco, sobre mistura terra + areia + vermiculita e sobre vermiculita, incubadas nas temperaturas constantes de 20, 25 e 30ºC e alternada de 20-30ºC. Como tratamentos pré-germinativos foram estudados o efeito da cal virgem (CaO) e do nitrato de potássio (KNO3) na germinação das sementes com mucilagem. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de 25 sementes e as análises estatísticas foram efetuadas em esquema fatorial. A protrusão da raiz primária e a emissão do primeiro par de folhas foram adotados como critério para considerar a semente germinada. A germinação foi avaliada diariamente, determinando-se a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação. Foi verificada interação significativa entre os fatores substrato e temperatura. Os melhores substratos foram sobre areia e entre papel, na temperatura alternada de 20-30ºC, com 99 e 100% de germinação, respectivamente. Os pré-tratamentos CaO e KNO3 melhoram a capacidade germinativa das sementes com mucilagem.

Phytochrome and temperature control of seed germination in Muntingia calabura L. (Elaeocarpaceae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Predation-risk effects of predator identity on the foraging behaviors of frugivorous bats

Predators directly and indirectly affect the density and the behavior of prey. These effects may potentially cascade down to lower trophic levels. In this study, we tested the effects of predator calls (playbacks of bird vocalizations: Tyto alba, Speotyto cunicularia, and Vanellus chilensis), predator visual stimuli (stuffed birds) and interactions of visual and auditory cues, on the behavior of frugivore phyllostomid bats in the field. In addition, we tested if the effects of predation risk cascade down to other trophic levels by measuring rates of seed dispersal of the tree Muntingia calabura. Using video recording, we found that bats significantly decreased the foraging frequency on trees when a visual cue of T. alba was present. However, no stimuli of potential predatory birds, including vocalization of T. alba, affected bat foraging frequency. There was a change in bat behavior during 7 min, but then their frequency of activity gradually increased. Consequently, the presence of T. alba decreased by up to ten times the rate of seed removal. These results indicate that risk sensitivity of frugivorous phyllostomid bats depends on predator identity and presence. Among the predators used in this study, only T. alba is an effective bat predator in the Neotropics. Sound stimuli of T. alba seem not to be a cue of predation risk, possibly because their vocalizations are used only for intraspecific communication. This study emphasizes the importance of evaluating different predator stimuli on the behavior of vertebrates, as well as the effects of these stimuli on trait-mediated trophic cascades. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.