Beta and gamma vibrational bands in deformed nuclei

Energies and relative intensities of gamma transitions in ¹⁵²Sm, ¹⁵²Gd, ¹⁵⁴Gd, ¹⁶⁶Er, and ²³²U following radioactive decay have been measured with a Ge(Li) spectrometer. A peak fitting program has been developed to determine gamma ray energies and relative intensities with precision sufficient to give a meaningful test of nuclear models. Several previously unobserved gamma rays were placed in the nuclear level schemes. Particular attention has been paid to transitions from the beta and gamma vibrational bands, since the gamma ray branching ratios are sensitive tests of configuration mixing in the nuclear levels. As the reduced branching ratios depend on the multipolarity of the gamma transitions, experiments were performed to measure multipole mixing ratios for transitions from the gamma vibrational band. In ¹⁵⁴Gd, angular correlation experiments showed that transitions from the gamma band to the ground state band were predominantly electric quadrupole, in agreement with the rotational model. In ²³²U, the internal conversion spectrum has been studied with a Si(Li) spectrometer constructed for electron spectroscopy. The strength of electric monopole transitions and the multipolarity of some gamma transitions have been determined from the measured relative electron intensities.

The results of the experiments have been compared with the rotational model and several microscopic models. Relative B(E2) strengths for transitions from the gamma band in ²³²U and ¹⁶⁶Er are in good agreement with a single parameter band mixing model, with values of z₂= 0.025(10) and 0.046(2), respectively. Neither the beta nor the gamma band transition strengths in ¹⁵²Sm and ¹⁵⁴Gd can be accounted for by a single parameter theory, nor can agreement be found by considering the large mixing found between the beta and gamma bands. The relative B(E2) strength for transitions from the gamma band to the beta band in ²³²U is found to be five times greater than the strength to the ground state band, indicating collective transitions with strength approximately 15 single particle units.

Continuidade e mudança. O sistema internacional no post‐Guerra Fria

O fim da Guerra Fria é um caso inédito de mudança pacífica da estrutura internacional, em que os Estados Unidos e a União Soviética transcendem a divisão bipolar para decidir os termos da paz no quadro das instituições que definem o modelo de ordenamento multilateral, consolidando a sua legitimidade. Nesse contexto, ao contrário dos casos precedentes de reconstrução internacional no fim de uma guerra hegemónica, o novo sistema do post-Guerra Fria, caracterizado pela unipolaridade, pela regionalização e pela homogeneização, forma-se num quadro de continuidade institucional. A ordem política do post-Guerra Fria é um sistema misto em que as tensões entre a hierarquia unipolar e a anarquia multipolar, a integração global e a fragmentação regional e a homogeneidade e a heterogeneidade política, ideológica e cultural condicionam as estratégias das potências. As crises internacionais vão pôr à prova a estabilidade da nova ordem e a sua capacidade para garantir mudanças pacíficas. A primeira década do post-Guerra Fria mostra a preponderância dos Estados Unidos e a sua confiança crescente, patente nas Guerras do Golfo Pérsico e dos Balcãs, bem como na crise dos Estreitos da Formosa. A reacção aos atentados do "11 de Setembro" revela uma tentação imperial da potência unipolar, nomeadamente com a invasão do Iraque, que provoca uma crise profunda da comunidade de segurança ocidental. A vulnerabilidade do centro da ordem internacional é confirmada pela crise constitucional europeia e pela crise financeira global. Essas crises não alteram a estrutura de poder mas aceleram a erosão da ordem multilateral e criam um novo quadro de possibilidades para a evolução internacional, que inclui uma escalada dos conflitos num quadro de multipolaridade regional, uma nova polarização entre as potências democráticas conservadoras e uma coligação revisionista autoritária, bem como a restauração de um concerto entre as principais potências internacionais.

Localisations métropolitaines et mobilité quotidienne : relation entre l’équilibre emploi-résidence et le navettage à Montréal

Au cours des dernières décennies, l’important mouvement de déconcentration territoriale évoluant au sein de nombreuses métropoles à travers le monde a indéniablement su bouleverser leurs dynamiques territoriales, notamment en termes d’organisation spatiale des fonctions urbaines et de mobilité. Ce phénomène n’a pas manqué de susciter l’intérêt de nombreux auteurs, toutefois, face à la variété des facteurs d’influence et aux nombreuses spécificités locales, ces études se sont régulièrement révélées divergentes, voire contradictoires. Ainsi, de nombreuses incertitudes demeurent. La déconcentration des activités serait-elle en mesure de favoriser une meilleure adéquation des lieux de résidence et de travail au sein des territoires métropolitains? Quels en sont les conséquences sur les migrations alternantes? À l’heure où la mobilité constitue à la fois un facteur clé du développement des villes et un enjeu majeur quant aux ’émissions de GES et, alors que le mouvement de déconcentration demeure très actuel et poursuit sa progression, ce mémoire vise à enrichir le débat en proposant une étude basée sur l’analyse des plus récentes formes de distribution des activités métropolitaines en lien avec les caractéristiques de navettage, le tout dans une optique d’évaluation de la durabilité des déplacements. Le cas de Montréal, une métropole dont l’organisation spatiale a été considérée atypique en Amérique du nord, a été observé. L’analyse réalisée comprend trois grandes étapes. L’espace métropolitain montréalais a d’abord fait l’objet d’une caractérisation basée sur une typologie développée en France et basée sur divers critères reliés à la localisation emploi-résidence. Cette typologie a ensuite servi de base à une analyse des déplacements pendulaires, entre 2003 et 2008. Le portrait obtenu a finalement été opposé à celui résultant d’une analyse basée sur un découpage plus traditionnel « centre-banlieue-périphérie » de l’espace métropolitain. Les résultats suggèrent, à l’instar d’autres études, que la seule proximité des lieux d’emploi et de résidence ne suffit pas à favoriser des pratiques de navettage plus durables. D’un point de vue méthodologique, l’étude révèle également la pertinence des deux types d’approches proposés, de même que leur complémentarité.

Structure and far-infrared edge modes of quantum antidots at zero magnetic field

We have investigated edge modes of different multipolarity sustained by quantum antidots at zero magnetic field. The ground state of the antidot is described within a local-density-functional formalism. Two sum rules, which are exact within this formalism, have been derived and used to evaluate the energy of edge collective modes as a function of the surface density and the size of the antidot.

Sharing power? Prospects for a U.S. concert-balance strategy

The Pax Americana and the grand strategy of hegemony (or “Primacy”) that underpins it may be becoming unsustainable. Particularly in the wake of exhausting wars, the Global Financial Crisis, and the shift of wealth from West to East, it may no longer be possible or prudent for the United States to act as the unipolar sheriff or guardian of a world order. But how viable are the alternatives, and what difficulties will these alternatives entail in their design and execution? This analysis offers a sympathetic but critical analysis of alternative U.S. National Security Strategies of “retrenchment” that critics of American diplomacy offer. In these strategies, the United States would anticipate the coming of a more multipolar world and organize its behavior around the dual principles of “concert” and “balance,” seeking a collaborative relationship with other great powers, while being prepared to counterbalance any hostile aggressor that threatens world order. The proponents of such strategies argue that by scaling back its global military presence and its commitments, the United States can trade prestige for security, shift burdens, and attain a more free hand. To support this theory, they often look to the 19th-century concert of Europe as a model of a successful security regime and to general theories about the natural balancing behavior of states. This monograph examines this precedent and measures its usefulness for contemporary statecraft to identify how great power concerts are sustained and how they break down. The project also applies competing theories to how states might behave if world politics are in transition: Will they balance, bandwagon, or hedge? This demonstrates the multiple possible futures that could shape and be shaped by a new strategy. viii A new strategy based on an acceptance of multipolarity and the limits of power is prudent. There is scope for such a shift. The convergence of several trends—including transnational problems needing collaborative efforts, the military advantages of defenders, the reluctance of states to engage in unbridled competition, and hegemony fatigue among the American people—means that an opportunity exists internationally and at home for a shift to a new strategy. But a Concert-Balance strategy will still need to deal with several potential dilemmas. These include the difficulty of reconciling competitive balancing with cooperative concerts, the limits of balancing without a forward-reaching onshore military capability, possible unanticipated consequences such as a rise in regional power competition or the emergence of blocs (such as a Chinese East Asia or an Iranian Gulf), and the challenge of sustaining domestic political support for a strategy that voluntarily abdicates world leadership. These difficulties can be mitigated, but they must be met with pragmatic and gradual implementation as well as elegant theorizing and the need to avoid swapping one ironclad, doctrinaire grand strategy for another.

Giant first-forbidden resonances

Recent experimental data on first-forbidden charge-exchange resonances are discussed in the framework of a schematic model. We also evaluate the screening of the weak coupling constants induced by both the giant resonances and the Δ-isobar. It is shown that the last effect does not depend on the multipolarity of the one-particle moment. Due to the same reason, the fraction of the reaction strength pushed up into the Δ-resonance region is always the same regardless of the quantum numbers carried by the excitation. Simple expressions are derived for the dependence of the excitation energies of the first-forbidden giant resonances on the mass number and isospin of the target. The model reproduces consistently both the Gamow-Teller and the first-forbidden resonances. © 1983.

Os BRICS na perspectiva geopolítica: uma análise cientométrica de 2001 a 2010

Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação - FFC

I sistemi multipolari. Analisi storica e teorica.

This research undertakes to provide a typology of multipolar systems. Multipolarity plays a key role in IR theory, for it is strictly associated with the history of European politics since the seventeenth century to the end of World War Two. Despite wide investigation, one can doubt the matter has received a definitive treatment. Trouble is that current studies often consider multipolarity as a one-dimensional concept. They obviously reckon that multipolarism is substantially different from other systems and deserves attention, but generally fail to distinguish between different types of multipolar systems (the few exceptions are listed in chapter one). The history of international politics tells us a different story. Multipolar power systems may share some general characteristics, but they also show a wide array of difference, and understanding this difference requires a preliminary work of classification. That is the purpose of the present study. The work is organized as follows. In chapter one, we provide a cursory review of the literature on multipolarity, with particular reference to the work of Duncan Snidal and Joseph Grieco. Then we propose a four-cell typology of multipolar systems to be tested via historical analysis. The first type, hegemony, is best represented by European international system to the time of Napoleonic France, and is discussed in chapter two. Type number two is the traditional concert of Europe, which history is detailed in chapter three. Type number three is the reversal of alliances, which closest example, the diplomatic revolution of 1756, is discussed in chapter four. Finally, chapter five is devoted to the chain-gang system, and the European politics from Bismarck’s late years to World War One represents a good illustration of how it works. In chapter six we proceed to draw a first evaluation of the main results achieved in the previous chapters, in order to see if, and to what extent, our typology serves the purpose of explaining the nature of multipolar systems.

Plasmonenresonanzen von sichelförmigen metallischen Nanoobjekten

Metallische Objekte in der Größenordnung der optischen Wellenlänge zeigen Resonanzen im optischen Spektralbereich. Mit einer Kombination aus Kolloidlithographie, Metallfilmbedampfung und reaktivem Ionenstrahl¨atzen wurden Nanosicheln aus Gold bzw. Silber mit identischer Form und Orientierung in Sichelform mit einer Größe von 60nm bis 400nm hergestellt. Der Öffnungswinkel der Nanosicheln lässt sich kontinuierlich einstellen. Durch die einheitliche Orientierung lassen sich Messungen am Ensemble direkt auf das Verhalten des Einzelobjektes übertragen, wie ein Vergleich der Extinktionsspektren einer Ensemblemessung am UV/Vis/NIR-Spektrometer mit einer Einzelpartikelmessung in einem konfokalen Mikroskop zeigt. Die optische Antwort der Nanosicheln wurde als zwei-dimensionales Modell mit einer Finite Elemente Methode berechnet. Das Ergebnis sind mehrere polarisationsabhängige Resonanzen im optischen Spektrum. Diese lassen sich durch Variation des Öffnungswinkels und der Gr¨oße der Nanosichel verschieben. Durch Beleuchten lassen sich plasmonische Schwingungen anregen, die ein stark lokalisiertes Nahfeld an den Spitzen und in der Öffnung der Nanosicheln erzeugen. Das Nahfeld der Partikelresonanz wurde mit einer Fotolackmethode nachgewiesen. Die Untersuchungen am UV/Vis/NIR-Spektrometer zeigen mehrere polarisationsabhängige Resonanzen im Spektralbereich von 300 nm bis 3200 nm. Die Resonanzen der Nanosicheln lassen sich durch den Öffnungswinkel und den Durchmesser in der Größenordnung der Halbwertbreite im optischen Spektrum verschieben. In der Anwendung als Chemo- bzw. Biosensor zeigen Gold-Nanosicheln eine ähnliche Empfindlichkeit wie vergleichbare Sensoren auf der Basis von dünnen Metallstrukturen. Das Nahfeld zeichnet sich durch eine starke Lokalisierung aus und dringt, je nach Multipolordnung, zwischen 14 nm und 70 nm in die Umgebung ein. Quantenpunkte wurden an das Nahfeld der Nanosicheln gekoppelt. Die Emission der Quantenpunkte bei einer Wellenlänge von 860nm wird durch die Resonanz der Nanosicheln verstärkt. Die Nanosicheln wurden als optische Pinzette eingesetzt. Bei einer Anregung mit einem Laser bei einer Wellenlänge von 1064 nm wurden Polystyrolkolloide mit einem Durchmesser von 40 nm von den resonanten Nanosicheln eingefangen. Die Nanosicheln zeigen außergewöhnliche optische Eigenschaften, die mithilfe der Geometrieparameter über einen großen Bereich verändert werden können. Die ersten Anwendungen haben Anknüpfungspunkte zur Verwendung in der Sensorik, Fluoreszenzspektroskopie und als optische Pinzette aufgezeigt.

(Table 1) Paleomagnetic of reoriented core pieces of IODP Hole 304-U1309D

Oceanic core complexes expose lower crustal and upper mantle rocks on the seafloor by tectonic unroofing in the footwalls of large-slip detachment faults. The common occurrence of these structures in slow and ultra-slow spread oceanic crust suggests that they accommodate a significant component of plate divergence. However, the subsurface geometry of detachment faults in oceanic core complexes remains unclear. Competing models involve either: (a) displacement on planar, low-angle faults with little tectonic rotation; or (b) progressive shallowing by rotation of initially steeply dipping faults as a result of flexural unloading (the "rolling-hinge" model). We address this debate using palaeomagnetic remanences as markers for tectonic rotation within a unique 1.4 km long footwall section of gabbroic rocks recovered by Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) sampling at Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). These rocks contain a complex record of multipolarity magnetizations that are unrelated to alteration and igneous stratigraphy in the sampled section and are inferred to result from progressive cooling of the footwall section over geomagnetic polarity chrons C1r.2r, C1r.1n (Jaramillo) and C1r.1r. For the first time we have independently reoriented drill-core samples of lower crustal gabbros, that were initially azimuthally unconstrained, to a true geographic reference frame by correlating structures in individual core pieces with those identified from oriented imagery of the borehole wall. This allows reorientation of the palaeomagnetic data, placing far more rigorous constraints on the tectonic history than those possible using only palaeomagnetic inclination data. Analysis of the reoriented high temperature reversed component of magnetization indicates a 46° ± 6° anticlockwise rotation of the footwall around a MAR-parallel horizontal axis trending 011° ± 6°. Reoriented lower temperature components of normal and reversed polarity suggest that much of this rotation occurred after the end of the Jaramillo chron (0.99 Ma). The data provide unequivocal confirmation of the key prediction of flexural, rolling-hinge models for oceanic core complexes, whereby oceanic detachment faults initiate at higher dips and rotate to their present day low-angle geometries as displacement increases.