103 resultados para Multicamadas magnônicas e multicamadas fotônicas
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In this thesis, we investigated the magnonic and photonic structures that exhibit the so-called deterministic disorder. Speci cally, we studied the effects of the quasiperiodicity, associated with an internal structural symmetry, called mirror symmetry, on the spectra of photonics and magnonics multilayer. The quasiperiodicity is introduced when stacked layers following the so-called substitutional sequences. The three sequences used here were the Fibonacci sequence, Thue-Morse and double-period, all with mirror symmetry. Aiming to study the propagation of light waves in multilayer photonic, and spin waves propagation in multilayer magnonic, we use a theoretical model based on transfer matrix treatment. For the propagation of light waves, we present numerical results that show that the quasiperiodicity associated with a mirror symmetry greatly increases the intensity of transmission and the transmission spectra exhibit a pro le self-similar. The return map plotted for this system show that the presence of internal symmetry does not alter the pattern of Fibonacci maps when compared with the case without symmetry. But when comparing the maps of Thue-Morse and double-time sequences with their case without the symmetry mirror, is evident the change in the pro le of the maps. For magnetic multilayers, we work with two di erent systems, multilayer composed of a metamagnetic material and a non-magnetic material, and multilayers composed of two cubic Heisenberg ferromagnets. In the rst case, our calculations are carried out in the magnetostatic regime and calculate the dispersion relation of spin waves for the metamgnetic material considered FeBr2. We show the e ect of mirror symmetry in the spectra of spin waves, and made the analysis of the location of bulk bands and the scaling laws between the full width of the bands allowed and the number of layers of unit cell. Finally, we calculate the transmission spectra of spin waves in quasiperiodic multilayers consisting of Heisenberg ferromagnets. The transmission spectra exhibit self-similar patterns, with regions of scaling well-de ned in frequency and the return maps indicates only dependence of the particular sequence used in the construction of the multilayer
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Filmes finos de Fe-Zr na geometria de multicamadas foram tratados termicamente variando-se a temperatura (350ºC e 500ºC) e o tempo de tratamento (10min a 72h). As fases formadas por Reação de Estado Sólido (RES) em multicamadas com três composições totais diferentes (Fe0.67Zr0.33, Fe0.50Zr0.50, Fe0.33Zr0.67) foram analisadas por espectroscopia de retroespalhamento de Rutherford, difratometria de raios-X e espectroscopia Mössbauer. Verificou-se que a primeira fase formada é sempre uma fase amorfa de composição aproximada 50%at Fe. A fração Mössbauer desta fase, em função do tempo de tratamento térmico a 350ºC, foi traçada para as três composições. Também foram identificadas as fases cristalinas Fe2Zr e FeZr3. A seqüência de fases formadas revelou depender da composição da multicamada como-depositada e também da temperatura de tratamento. O diagrama esquemático de Energia Livre de Gibbs foi proposto de forma a comportar os resultados experimentais. Um modelo de crescimento planar de fases reagidas na interface de pares de reação foi aplicado às condições do crescimento multifásico observadas no presente trabalho.
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Neste trabalho, relata-se o comportamento estrutural de multicamadas de Fe30Co70/Cu, quando submetidas a irradiações com íons de He+ e Kr+ e tratamentos térmicos. As multicamadas foram confeccionadas à temperatura ambiente, numa câmara de ultra-alto vácuo por evaporação alternada de uma liga Fe30Co70 e Cu. As energias das irradiações foram escolhidas de tal forma que os íons atravessassem a multicamada, ficando alojados no substrato de Si. As doses foram calculadas para que os dois tipos de íons depositassem a mesma energia total na multicamada. Após a confecção dos filmes, os mesmos foram submetidos a tratamentos térmicos de 10 minutos em temperaturas variando de 350 a 450 oC. Este processo quebra a estrutura de camadas e forma uma liga heterogênea de grãos magnéticos embebidos numa matriz metálica de Cu. Para investigar a evolução das propriedades estruturais das amostras utilizou-se difração, refletividade e espectroscopia de absorção de raios-X. Os resultados da refletividade de raios-X mostraram claramente que uma estrutura de multicamadas é formada após a evaporação, fato que é comprovado pelo pico de Bragg observado nas curvas de refletividade. As irradiações com He+ e Kr+ não destroem a estrutura de multicamadas, ao contrário, elas provocam um alisamento de todas as interfaces. Pelas medidas de difração de raios-X verificou-se que as irradiações resultam no aumento de cristalinidade e no crescimento de tamanho dos cristalitos do sistema. A irradiação com He+ não provoca mudanças significativas na multicamada, mas a irradiação com Kr+ induz uma transformação de fase de bcc para fcc/hcp nas camadas de Fe30Co70. Esta nova fase induzida pela irradiação com Kr+ é metaestável, pois um simples tratamento térmico de 450 oC durante 10 minutos destrói a nova estrutura fcc/hcp, fazendo com que a liga retorne a estrutura bcc. As medidas de absorção de raios-X estão em perfeito acordo com as medidas de difração e refletividade, mostrando que as irradiações promovem uma melhora na ordem cristalográfica. De acordo com o que foi observado das medidas, a irradiação com He+ não provoca nenhum efeito significativo na estrutura da liga de FeCo. Contudo, a irradiação com Kr+ induz uma transformação de fase nesta liga de bcc para uma estrutura fcc e/ou hcp. Tal transformação é induzida pela irradiação com Kr+ porque estes íons transferem mais energia, em colisões nucleares, do que os íons de He+. Além disso, estes íons provocam um grande número de cascatas de colisões, fazendo com que os átomos contidos dentro do volume destas cascatas tornem-se móveis. Desta forma, os átomos de Fe e Co se rearranjam em uma estrutura fcc, que é imposta pelas camadas de Cu adjacentes. Embora a estrutura fcc seja muito mais provável, também é possivel que a estrutura induzida seja hcp.
Obtenção e caracterização de filmes finos de (Ti,Al) do tipo multicamadas para aplicação em matrizes
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Existe, por parte da comunidade industrial e científica, uma incessante procura por revestimentos protetores mais resistentes a ambientes cada vez mais agressivos, como aquele encontrado pelas ferramentas de injeção de alumínio. Uma das tendências que surge para aumentar a vida útil destas ferramentas é a de produzir filmes finos compostos por diversas camadas, cada qual tendo sua função especifica; um exemplo deste tipo de revestimento é aquele composto por camada de adesão, camada intermediária e camada de trabalho. Neste trabalho, foi proposto estudar a utilização do nitreto de titânio e alumínio (Ti,Al)N, tanto como camada intermediária quanto de trabalho, uma vez que este apresenta alta dureza, grande resistência ao desgaste e superior resistência à oxidação. Para a camada intermediária, foram depositados filmes finos tipo multicamadas (TixAl1-x)N/(TiyAly-1)N, (Ti,Al)N/TiN e (Ti,Al)N/AlN, com variação na estrutura cristalina e na espessura das camadas individuais, pois dependendo da quantidade de alumínio adicionado ao sistema, o (Ti,Al)N apresenta mudanças em algumas de suas propriedades, como estrutura cristalina, dureza e resistência mecânica. Os filmes finos monolíticos de (Ti,Al)N e suas multicamadas foram depositadas por magnetron sputtering reativo e caracterizados quanto ao crescimento cristalino, estequiometria, espessura das camadas individuais, dureza e módulo de elasticidade. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, a fim de avaliar a camada de trabalho, é apresentada uma nova técnica de caracterização in-situ, que avalia as reações químicas que ocorrem entre o alumínio e os materiais selecionados. Foram comparados entre si o aço AISI H13, os revestimentos nitreto de titânio, nitreto de cromo, e três diferentes composições de (Ti,Al)N, a fim de verificar qual material apresenta o comportamento mais inerte em contato ao alumínio a altas temperaturas. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as técnicas de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e difração de raios X (XRD).
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O acoplamento de radiação óptica em sistemas multicamadas tem sido objeto de diversas pesquisas, não somente acadêmicas, mas também para aplicações industriais, tanto na área de sensores ópticos, como na de processadores ópticos e na de comunicações ópticas. Existe uma variedade de técnicas que são exploradas nestes estudos. Nesta tese, focalizamos nossa atenção no acoplamento de radiação laser ou mesmo de luz branca incoerente a um filme tipo multicamadas e estudamos os mecanismos físicos que governam as reflexões e as perdas por absorção nas multicamadas, efeitos que normalmente não parecem quando a incidência ocorre diretamente do ar para o filme. A técnica que exploramos é conhecida como reflexão interna total atenuada, ATR. A presença de um filme fino metálico permite o estudo experimental de plasmons de superfície e do acoplamento a modos guiados do sistema multicamadas. Além dos estudos experimentais, apresentamos um cálculo teórico iterativo para a refletividade dos filmes do tipo multicamadas para um número qualquer de camadas, que apresenta vantagens computacionais no ajuste dos dados experimentais ou em simulações. Esta contribuição não necessita as aproximações encontradas em um grande número de trabalhos que envolvem sistemas mais simples. Apresentamos também o cálculo do fluxo de energia dentro de cada camada individual do sistema, o que nos permite determinar o tipo de modo acoplado e a sua localização. O método foi aplicado a diversos sistemas, quando uma das camadas foi modificada. Estes estudos foram realizados como função do ângulo de incidência e do comprimento de onda da radiação incidente para uma variedade de sistemas multicamadas. Nossa simulação teórica se mostra bastante adequada e útil para a projeção de sistemas multicamadas complexos com camadas metálicas e dielétricas para sensores óticos.
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This work presents the development of new microwaves structures, filters and high gain antenna, through the cascading of frequency selective surfaces, which uses fractals Dürer and Minkowski patches as elements, addition of an element obtained from the combination of the other two simple the cross dipole and the square spiral. Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) includes a large area of Telecommunications and have been widely used due to its low cost, low weight and ability to integrate with others microwaves circuits. They re especially important in several applications, such as airplane, antennas systems, radomes, rockets, missiles, etc. FSS applications in high frequency ranges have been investigated, as well as applications of cascading structures or multi-layer, and active FSS. In this work, we present results for simulated and measured transmission characteristics of cascaded structures (multilayer), aiming to investigate the behavior of the operation in terms of bandwidth, one of the major problems presented by frequency selective surfaces. Comparisons are made with simulated results, obtained using commercial software such as Ansoft DesignerTM v3 and measured results in the laboratory. Finally, some suggestions are presented for future works on this subject
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This work presents a theoretical and numerical analysis of parameters of a rectangular microstrip antenna with bianisotropic substrate, and including simultaneously the superconducting patch. The full-wave Transverse Transmission Line - TTL method, is used to characterize these antennas. The bianisotropic substrate is characterized by the permittivity and permeability tensors, and the TTL gives the general equations of the electromagnetic fields of the antennas. The BCS theory and the two fluids model are applied to superconductors in these antennas with bianisotropic for first time. The inclusion of superconducting patch is made using the complex resistive boundary condition. The resonance complex frequency is then obtained. Are simulated some parameters of antennas in order to reduce the physical size, and increase the its bandwidth. The numerical results are presented through of graphs. The theoretical and computational analysis these works are precise and concise. Conclusions and suggestions for future works are presented
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Recently, planar antennas have been studied due to their characteristics as well as the advantages that they offers when compared with another types of antennas. In the mobile communications area, the need for this kind of antennas have became each time bigger due to the intense increase of the mobile communications this sector. That needs of antennas which operate in multifrequency and wide bandwidth. The microstrip antennas presents narrow bandwidth due the loss in the dielectric generated by radiation. Another limitation is the radiation pattern degradation due the generation of surface waves in the substrate. In this work some used techniques to minimize the disadvantages (previously mentioned) of the use of microstrip antennas are presented, those are: substrates with PBG material - Photonic Bandgap, multilayer antennas and with stacked patches. The developed analysis in this work used the TTL - Transverse Transmission Line method in the domain of Fourier transform, that uses a component of propagation in the y direction (transverse to the direction real of propagation z), treating the general equations of electric and magnetic field as functions of Ey and Hy. One of the advantages of this method is the simplification of the field equations. therefore the amount of equations lesser must the fields in directions x and z be in function of components Ey and Hy. It will be presented an brief study of the main theories that explain the superconductivity phenomenon. The BCS theory. London Equations and Two Fluids model will be the theories that will give support the application of the superconductors in the microfita antennas. The inclusion of the superconductor patch is made using the resistive complex contour condition. This work has as objective the application of the TTL method to microstrip structures with single and multilayers of rectangular patches, to obtaining the resonance frequency and radiation pattern of each structure
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This work presents the analysis of an antenna of fractal microstrip of Koch with dielectric multilayers and inclinations in the ground plane, whose values of the angles are zero degree (without inclinations), three, seven and twelve degrees. This antenna consists of three dielectric layers arranged vertically on each other, using feeding microstrip line in patch 1, of the first layer, which will feed the remaining patches of the upper layers by electromagnetic coupling. The objective of this work is to analyze the effects caused by increase of the angle of inclination of the ground plane in some antenna parameters such as return loss, resonant frequency, bandwidth and radiation pattern. The presented results demonstrate that with the increase of the inclination angle it is possible to get antennas with characteristics multiband, with bigger bandwidth, and improving the impedance matching for each case analyzed, especially the larger angle
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Recently the planar antennas have been studied due to their characteristics as well as the advantages that they offers when compared with another types of antennas. In the mobile communications area, the need for this kind of antennas have became each time bigger due to the intense increase of the mobile communications that needs of antennas which operate in multifrequency and wide bandwidth. The microstrip antennas presents narrow bandwidth due the loss in the dielectric generated by radiation. Another limitation is the radiation pattern degradation due the generation of surface waves in the substrate. In this work some used techniques to minimize the disadvantages (previously mentioned) of the use of microstrip antennas are presented, those are: substrates with PBG material - Photonic Bandgap, multilayer antennas and with stacked patches. The developed analysis in this work used the TTL - Transverse Transmission Line method in the domain of Fourier transform, that uses a component of propagation in the y direction (transverse to the direction real of propagation z), treating the general equations of electric and magnetic field as functions of y and y . This work has as objective the application of the TTL method to microstrip structures with single and multilayers of rectangular and triangular patches, to obtaining the resonance frequency and radiation pattern of each structure. This method is applied for the treatment of the fields in stacked structures. The Homogenization theory will be applied to obtaining the effective permittivity for s and p polarizations of the substrate composed of PBG material. Numerical results for the triangular and rectangular antennas with single layer, multilayers resonators with triangular and rectangular patches are presented (in photonic and isotropic substrates). Conclusions and suggestions for continuity of this work are presented
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The present work consists in the analysis of tribologycal properties of basic and multifunctional knitted fabrics. This knowledge has fundamental importance for the textile industry since it can quantify, in an objective way, the tactil. The fabrics used were characterized by friction and mechanical tests for determining the viscoelastic region, wear resistance and friction coefficient of the fabrics used. The stress-strain curve was obtained by the method Kawabata, KES-FB1. Wear tests performed with the aid of equipment Martindale. The measurement of friction coefficient, two methods were used and analyzed comparatively. The first was a method already established worldwide known as KES-FB4 and the second was an innovative method called FRICTORQ, developed by the University of Minho. These two methods were compared taking into account the relative motion between the tribologycal pairs are different from each method. While the first motion is translational, the second is rotational. It was formal that the knitted had a multifunctional fabrics tribologycal performance which was better than the basic knitted fabrics, as the viscoelastic region, was laager highlighting a multifunctional structure, with greater wear resistance mainly on the back side of the knitted fabrics and lower friction coefficient. Performing a comparative analysis between two methods used to measure the friction coefficient, it was formal that both methods were consistent in terms of results. In operational terms, the FRICTORQ showed ease of operation and increased reproducibility of results
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We present a study of nanostructured magnetic multilayer systems in order to syn- thesize and analyze the properties of periodic and quasiperiodic structures. This work evolved from the deployment and improvement of the sputtering technique in our labora- tories, through development of a methodology to synthesize single crystal ultrathin Fe (100) films, to the final goal of growing periodic and quasiperiodic Fe/Cr multilayers and investi- gating bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layer dependence for each generation. Initially we systematically studied the related effects between deposition parameters and the magnetic properties of ultrathin Fe films, grown by DC magnetron sput- tering on MgO(100) substrates. We modified deposition temperature and film thickness, in order to improve production and reproduction of nanostructured monocrystalline Fe films. For this set of samples we measured MOKE, FMR, AFM and XPS, with the aim of investi- gating their magnocrystalline and structural properties. From the magnetic viewpoint, the MOKE and FMR results showed an increase in magnetocrystalline anisotropy due to in- creased temperature. AFM measurements provided information about thickness and surface roughness, whereas XPS results were used to analyze film purity. The best set of parame- ters was used in the next stage: investigation of the structural effect on magnetic multilayer properties. In this stage multilayers composed of interspersed Fe and Cr films are deposited, following the Fibonacci periodic and quasiperiodic growth sequence on MgO (100) substrates. The behavior of MOKE and FMR curves exhibit bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling between the ferromagnetic layers. By computationally adjusting magnetization curves, it was possible to determine the nature and intensity of the interaction between adjacent Fe layers. After finding the global minimum of magnetic energy, we used the equilibrium an- gles to obtain magnetization and magnetoresistance curves. The results observed over the course of this study demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of the sputtering technique in the synthesis of ultrathin films and high-quality multilayers. This allows the deposition of magnetic nanostructures with well-defined magnetization and magnetoresistance parameters and possible technological applications
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior