Multi-grade teaching practices in Austrian and Finnish primary schools

This article describes the teaching strategies used in multi-grade classes in five small rural primary schools in Austria and Finland on the basis of the content analysis of transcribed teacher interviews. Two main types of strategies were identified: practices that (1) aim to reduce or (2) capitalize on students’ heterogeneity. The results illustrate how differently multi-grade teaching can be realized and how it can effectively support individual student learning. The findings are discussed with regard to teacher education with the intention of increasing the awareness of the professional skills required in high-quality teaching practices in multi-grade teaching.

Práticas pedagógicas de professoras em classes multisseriadas: uma contribuição para a atuação docente no ciclos de alfabetização

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Embracing social networking to create a community of scholars in large multi-disciplinary first year cohorts

The first year of a property degree program is a time to establish threshold concept knowledge to acculturise students into their discipline or professional group. Due to the foundational nature of first year in many property degrees, students are enrolled in large, multi-disciplinary classes. There are several challenges in the delivery of large first year multi-disciplinary units to engage the student in a community of leaning to aid in student retention. Through action based research this study shows how social networking, particularly Facebook, can be used to create a sense of community across large, multi-disciplinary units to illicit ‘real time’ feedback from students and encourage peer to peer learning. This study assesses the benefits of using social media and considers the potential limitations of this medium.

The educational design ladder : creation of a multi-discipline design thinking program

As global industries change and technology advances, traditional education systems may no longer be able to supply companies with graduates possessing an appropriate mix of skills and experience. The recent increased interest in Design Thinking as an approach to innovation has resulted in its adoption by non-design trained professionals. This necessitates a new method of teaching Design Thinking related skills and processes. This research investigates what (content) and how (assessment and learning modes) Design Thinking is being taught from fifty-one (51) selected courses across twenty-eight (28) international universities. Their approaches differ, with some universities specifically investing in design schools and programs, while others embed Design Thinking holistically throughout the university. Business, engineering and design schools are all expanding their efforts to teach students how to innovate, often through multi-disciplinary classes. This paper presents ‘The Educational Design Ladder’ a resource model, which suggests a process for the organisation and structuring of units for a multi-disciplinary Design Thinking program. The intention is to provide 21st century graduates with the right combination of skills and experience to solve workplace design problems regardless of their core discipline.

Oral Health among Iranian Preadolescents : A School-Based Health Education Intervention

The present study assessed oral health and its determinants among Iranian preadolescents, and evaluated a school-based health education programme aimed to promote their oral health. The target population of this study comprised a random sample of the third-grade school children (n = 459) of all public primary schools in 19 areas of Tehran city. The data came from a clinical examination of the children and two self-administered questionnaires: one for children, and one for mothers. The clinical dental examination was performed for recording children's oral health. The mothers' questionnaires covered background factors, oral self-care (OSC) behaviours and oral health-related knowledge and attitude statements. After baseline data collection, a community trial was designed as a 3-month school-based intervention study. For the intervention trial, the third-grade classes as the clusters were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. Three kinds of intervention were implemented, one in class, one via the parents, and one as a combination of these. One group served as controls with no intervention. The outcome measures of the study were changes in plaque and bleeding scores recorded. The results showed that mean dmft was 3.75 (SD = 2.8) for the primary teeth and mean DMFT was 0.4 (SD = 0.9) for the permanent teeth. All children had plaque on at least one index tooth and bleeding on probing in at least one index tooth occurred in 81%. About one-third (34%) of the children reported favourable OSC and less than half (46%) of the children reported brushing their teeth at least twice daily. Girls reported favourable OSC (OR = 2.0), had decay-free teeth (OR = 1.8) and treated permanent teeth (OR = 3.3) more than did boys. Mother's oral health-related aspects, i.e., mother's favourable OSC, high knowledge levels of and positive attitudes towards oral health, and active supervision of the child's tooth brushing had a positive effect on all aspects of children's oral health status and behaviours (ORs from 1.3 to 1.9). After the intervention, the results showed a strong intervention effect on healthy gingiva in both groups where parents were involved: the parental-aid group (OR = 7.7, 95% CI 2.2-27.7) and combined group (OR = 6.6, 95% CI 2.0-22.1). To improve children's oral health, community school-based oral health educational programmes should be established to include all primary schools. These programmes should benefit from the common risk factor approach and a multi-sectored approach to employ for communication between the community, the school, and the family. Oral health interventions should empower the parents' ability to improve their own oral health behaviour and then to transfer that healthy behaviour to their children.

Cooperative Learning Groups in the Eighth Grade Math Classroom

In this action research study of my classroom of 8th grade mathematics students, I investigated whether cooperative learning would lead to a better understanding of the mathematical concepts and thus more success for the students. I used my three eighth grade classes with two using cooperative groups and the third not. I discovered that the students who wanted to work in cooperative groups were more successful than they had been. I also discovered that the grouping itself has a great effect on how the group works together. The wrong grouping of students can lead to disaster and many headaches for the teacher. Overall the two classes that used cooperative groups did better grade wise than the one class that was taught using the traditional way of not using cooperative groups. As a result of this research, I plan to continue using cooperative groups but will be more aware of the students who are grouped together.

The Skip To Breakfast project: Development, implementation, and feasibility evaluation of an intervention to increase healthful breakfast consumption among fifth grade students and their families

Children and adults frequently skip breakfast and rates are currently increasing. In addition, the food choices made for breakfast are not always healthy ones. Breakfast skipping, in conjunction with unhealthy breakfast choices, leads to impaired cognitive functioning, poor nutrient intake, and overweight. In response to these public health issues, Skip To Breakfast, a behaviorally based school and family program, was created to increase consistent and healthful breakfast consumption among ethnically diverse fifth grade students and their families, using Intervention Mapping™. Four classroom lessons and four parent newsletters were used to deliver the intervention. For this project, a healthy, "3 Star Breakfast" was promoted, and included a serving each of dairy product, whole grain, and fruit, each with an emphasis on being low in fat and sugar. The goal of this project was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. A pilot-test of the intervention was conducted in one classroom, in a school in Houston, during the Fall 2007 semester. A qualitative evaluation of the intervention was conducted, which included focus groups with students, phone interviews of parents, process evaluation data from the classroom teacher, and direct observation. Sixteen students and six parents participated in the study. Data were recorded and themes were identified. Initial results showed there is a need for such programs. Based on the initial feedback, edits were made to the intervention and program. Results showed high acceptability among the teacher, students, and parents. It became apparent that students were not reliably getting the parent newsletters to their parents to read, so a change to the protocol was made, in which students will receive incentives for having parents read newsletters and return signed forms, to increase parent participation. Other changes included small modifications to the curriculum, such as, clarifying instructions, changing in-class assignments to homework assignments, and including background reading materials for the teacher. The main trial is planned to be carried out in Spring 2008, in two elementary schools, utilizing four, fifth grade classes from each, with one school acting as the control and one as the intervention school. Results from this study can be used as an adjunct to the Coordinated Approach To Child Health (CATCH) program. ^

The effect of music listening maps on second grade music students' preference for and understanding of orchestral music

This study investigated the use of music listening maps to help learning and the preferences of second graders for orchestral music. Subjects were a population of four 2nd grade classes, and were randomly divided into two groups. The investigation was a counterbalanced, post-test only design, lasting for three consecutive classes. Two treatments/lessons were presented and a third lesson was a review. In Treatment 1 Group I used listening maps first, while Group II received instruction without listening maps. In Treatment 2, the order was reversed. Two post-tests and a comprehensive test were administered. An affective survey was administered after the treatments, measuring student preference and attitude. When listening maps were presented, scores were significantly higher. It did not matter whether the listening maps were presented first or not. Results of the survey show student preference will increase with music listening maps.

Hybridized writing for scientific literacy : pedagogy and evidence

Disengagement of students in science and the scientific literacy of young adults are interrelated international concerns. One way to address these concerns is to engage students imaginatively in activities designed to improve their scientific literacy. Our ongoing program of research has focused on the effects of a sequence of activities that require students to transform scientific information on important issues for their communities from government websites into narrative text suitable for a lay reader. These hybridized stories we call BioStories. Students upload their stories for peer review to a dedicated website. Peer reviews are intended to help students refine their stories. Reviewing BioStories also gives students access to a wider range of scientific topics and writing styles. We have conducted separate studies with students from Grade 6, Grade 9 and Grade 12, involving case study and quasi-experimental designs. The results from the 6th grade study support the argument that writing the sequence of stories helped the students become more familiar with the scientific issue, develop a deeper understanding of related biological concepts, and improve their interest in science. Unlike the Grade 6 study, it was not possible to include a control group for the study conducted across eight 9th grade classes. Nevertheless, these results suggest that hybridized writing developed more positive attitudes toward science and science learning, particularly in terms of the students’ interest and enjoyment. In the most recent case study with Grade 12 students, we found that pride, strength, determination, interest and alertness were among the positive emotions most strongly elicited by the writing project. Furthermore, the students expressed enhanced feelings of self-efficacy in successfully writing hybridized scientific narratives in science. In this chapter, we describe the pedagogy of hybridized writing in science, overview the evidence to support this approach, and identify future developments.

Statistical literacy in the elementary school: Opportunities for problem posing

This chapter addresses opportunities for problem posing in developing young children’s statistical literacy, with a focus on student-directed investigations. Although the notion of problem posing has broadened in recent years, there nevertheless remains limited research on how problem posing can be integrated within the regular mathematics curriculum, especially in the areas of statistics and probability. The chapter first reviews briefly aspects of problem posing that have featured in the literature over the years. Consideration is next given to the importance of developing children’s statistical literacy in which problem posing is an inherent feature. Some findings from a school playground investigation conducted in four, fourth-grade classes illustrate the different ways in which children posed investigative questions, how they made predictions about their outcomes and compared these with their findings, and the ways in which they chose to represent their findings.

Geotecnologias e recursos de multimídia no ensino de cartografia: percepção sócio ambiental do rio Alcântara no município de São Gonçalo/RJ

A disponibilidade gratuita na Internet de imagens de satélite e SIG somada à facilidade dos alunos no manuseio de multimídia através dos seus smartphones criam possibilidades para trabalhar com geotecnologias e recursos de multimídia no ensino de Cartografia. Nesta pesquisa foram avaliadas as contribuições, os limites e as possibilidades da inserção da tecnologia espacial, geoprocessamento e recursos de multimídia nas aulas de Geografia do sétimo ano da rede pública municipal de São Gonçalo/RJ; foi desenvolvida uma metodologia em meio digital, por meio da Internet, denominada Mapeando Meu Rio (MMR) cuja temática abordada foi a Percepção Socioambiental do Rio Alcântara. Observaram-se o interesse e o envolvimento dos alunos no decorrer das atividades propostas, por meio do uso de recursos de multimídia e geotecnologias como materiais de apoio à Educação Ambiental. Os resultados da avaliação do MMR mostraram que os alunos chegaram ao final do sétimo ano com dificuldades em relação à alfabetização cartográfica; isso foi constatado tanto na produção dos mapas mentais como também pela utilização do GPS, Google Earth e do ArcGIS Online. Os alunos tiveram dificuldades em utilizar os conhecimentos básicos da Cartografia para elaborar uma representação espacial, mais especificamente, legenda, coordenadas geográficas e orientação espacial. A alfabetização cartográfica não deve ser considerada como conteúdo que se restringe ao 6 ano, mas uma linguagem de comunicação para o entendimento da dinâmica espacial no decorrer do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino Médio. As atividades geográficas deve permitir ao aluno melhorar a compreensão do espaço geográfico de uma maneira mais significativa para construir abstrações a partir da própria realidade, ou seja, do espaço vivido.

Analysis of the piston ring/liner oil film development during warm-up for an SI-engine

A one-dimensional ring-pack lubrication model developed at MIT is applied to simulate the oil film behavior during the warm-up period of a Kohler spark ignition engine [1]. This is done by making assumptions for the evolution of the oil temperatures during warm-up and that the oil control ring during downstrokes is fully flooded. The ring-pack lubrication model includes features such as three different lubrication regimes, i.e. pure hydrodynamic lubrication, boundary lubrication and pure asperity contact, non-steady wetting of both inlet and outlet of the piston ring, capability to use all ring face profiles that can be approximated by piece-wise polynomials and, finally, the ability to model the rheology of multi-grade oils. Not surprisingly, the simulations show that by far the most important parameter is the temperature dependence of the oil viscosity. This dependence is subsequently examined further by choosing different oils. The baseline oil is SAE 10W30 and results are compared to those using the SAE 30 and the SAE 10W50 oils.

机器人多级自适应控制器鲁棒性分析

本文给出了机器人关节系统多级自适应控制器的鲁棒性分析.分析表明机器人多级自适应控制系统即使子系统间存在相互关联项和子系统存在未建模特性.采用σ-修正法也能保证系统的输出有界.

机器人多级自适应控制器的设计与数字仿真

本文提出了用多级自适应控制的方法实现机器人关节系统的自适应控制,并给出了两级自适应控制器的设计方法.最后以某机器人关节系统为对象对两级自适应控制器进行了仿真分析.

Uma abordagem curricular em matemática no 3º ciclo do ensino básico: um estudo de caso em geometria

Este trabalho debruça-se sobre as práticas de Ensino de Geometria no 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico tendo como principal foco de investigação as práticas de ensino da professora investigadora. O estudo empírico foi realizado em três turmas de 9º ano, da professora investigadora, de Abril a Junho de 2005, numa Escola da região de Trás-os-Montes (designada por Escola A). O trabalho realizado pela professora investigadora com alunos dessas turmas (no 7º em 2002/03, no 8º ano em 2003/04 e no 9º ano até Abril de 2005) constituiu o contexto precursor do estudo. O planeamento, desenvolvimento e reflexão sobre as práticas desenvolvidas foram realizados de forma colaborativa entre a professora investigadora e a critical friend, professora de Matemática a leccionar Matemática a turmas de 9º ano, numa outra Escola, da mesma região de Trás-os-Montes (designada por Escola B). A gestão curricular orientada por pressupostos legais em vigor e por resultados da investigação em Educação e Didáctica da Matemática foi realizada considerando o conhecimento informal e tácito de cada aluno; visou maximizar a aprendizagem matemática de todos os alunos em cada turma mas tendo a preocupação subjacente de proporcionar experiências de aprendizagem diversificadas de forma a favorecer todo o tipo de estilos de aprendizagem. O problema de investigação foi formulado a partir da seguinte questão: Como articular os esforços realizados e desenvolvidos pelo professor na sala de aula, de forma coerente e exequível, para promover aprendizagens significativas nos alunos, nomeadamente no domínio da Geometria? Face ao problema de investigação foram abordadas e estudadas as questões de investigação seguintes: 1. Quais são as características da experiência matemática proporcionada e qual é a sua relação com o que os alunos aprenderam? 2. Quais as características da avaliação implementada enquanto processo regulador das aprendizagens? 3. Qual a relação entre as tarefas de aprendizagem planificadas e as experiências de aprendizagem matemática proporcionadas? 4. Qual o papel das conferências com a critical friend (no desenvolvimento das experiências matemáticas proporcionadas) na gestão curricular? Este trabalho seguiu uma metodologia de investigação de natureza qualitativa baseado num estudo de caso, com uma vertente de investigação-acção, a partir de uma abordagem curricular em Geometria no 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico: a da professora investigadora. A observação participante e uma grande diversidade de documentos recolhidos (tarefas iniciais e reformuladas, cópias de relatórios, diários de bordo, transcrições das gravações áudio das conferências, etc.) constituíram as principais fontes de dados. Também foram considerados dados provenientes de instrumentos mais quantitativos, como de testes e de questionários. A análise de dados tomou como base a unidade de tempo de meio bloco de aulas (45 minutos) e as fases didácticas de realização de tarefas numa escala de investigação meso de forma a respeitar o trabalho na sala de aula e a sua complexidade. A triangulação de diversas fontes de dados permitiu apresentar: i) a experiência matemática proporcionada a partir das tarefas implementadas e os diferentes papéis assumidos pelo professor, pelos pequenos grupos de alunos ou pelo grupo turma; ii) as práticas avaliativas onde foram evidenciadas as diferentes formas de avaliação formativa e o feedback distribuído; iii) o envolvimento induzido e promovido nos alunos relativamente à sua aprendizagem matemática; iv) o papel crucial da critical friend na abordagem curricular em foco. A partir dos testes de competências e do questionário acerca do ensino, da avaliação e do modo de estudar dos alunos (QEAME) foi possível identificar os ganhos e o impacte desta abordagem curricular no desenvolvimento dos três tipos de constelações de competências e as percepções dos alunos relativamente à mediação realizada pela professora investigadora relativamente ao ensino, aprendizagem e métodos de estudo, respectivamente; a Listagem Dinâmica de Perguntas permitiu aumentar a consciência acerca dos itens trabalhados em sala de aula. A principal conclusão deste estudo é de que é possível implementar um currículo que desenvolva e favoreça a aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências na Geometria (desde as mais elementares até às de nível superior – nas diferentes constelações de reprodução, de conexão e de reflexão) onde o trabalho colaborativo entre os professores é fundamental na gestão e desenvolvimento curriculares. Como implicações para a investigação educacional em matemática surge a necessidade de se fomentar estudos investigacionais descritivos e holísticos em salas de aulas normais sobre as opções e razões das práticas de ensino, das actividades de aprendizagem e das diferentes formas de avaliação.