Intervenção nutricional do estudo do envelhecimento do trato gastrointestinal em cães

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Uso do amido resistente na promoção da saúde intestinal de cães idosos: formação de produtos de fermentação e características histológicas da mucosa intestinal

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Linfocitos th 17: moduladores o reguladores de la infección por VIH (Programa: enfermedades transmisibles y emergentes).

Los linfocitos T-CD4+ llamados helper (LTH) o cooperadores, componen una población heterogénea de células constituidas por LTH naive y células efectoras: TH1, TH2, TH17, TH1/TH17 y células regulatorias LT reguladores (T-reg). Ellas desempeñan un rol central en la defensa inmune y adquieren distintas propiedades funcionales en respuesta a señales que genera el sistema inmune innato. Los TH17 cumplen un rol crítico en la interrelación entre la inmunidad innata y adaptativa, en la inflamación crónica y en el mantenimiento de la esterilidad de la mucosa gastrointestinal. La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH-1) se caracteriza por una gradual y progresiva disfunción del sistema inmune, con su consecuencia final el Síndrome de Inmuno Deficiencia Adquirida (SIDA). La infección viral involucra la interacción de proteínas virales con la molécula de superficie celular CD4 y el receptor de quimiocinas CCR5 o CXCR4. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar cualitativamente y cuantitativamente los TH17 en relación con los subtipos de LTH en pacientes con infección por VIH-1 en distintos estadios de la infección y correlacionarlos con la clínica del paciente. Para ello se estudiarán individuos con infección por VIH-1 en distintos estadios de la infección sin tratamiento antirretroviral a los que se evaluarán cuantitativamente los niveles de LTH y las subpoblaciones TH17, TH1 y Treg. Además, se estudiarán las características funcionales de los TH17 cuantificando los niveles de IL-17, IL-10 e INF-γ en suero y sobrenadante de cultivos celulares y los niveles de granulocitos. La evaluación de los TH17, en relación con la etapa inmune, virológica y con la clínica del paciente nos permitirá detectar subgrupos de pacientes y nuevos marcadores de progresión de la enfermedad.

Linfocitos TH 17: moduladores o reguladores de la infección por VIH-1.

Los linfocitos T-CD4+ llamados helper (LTh) o cooperadores, componen una población heterogénea de células constituidas por LTh naive y células efectoras: Th1, Th2, Th17, Th1/Th17 y células regulatorias LT reguladores (T-reg). Ellos desempeñan un rol central en la defensa inmune y adquieren distintas propiedades funcionales en respuesta a señales que genera el sistema inmune innato. Los Th17 cumplen un rol crítico en la interrelación entre la inmunidad innata y adaptativa, en la inflamación crónica y en el mantenimiento de la esterilidad de la mucosa gastrointestinal. La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH-1) se caracteriza por una gradual y progresiva disfunción del sistema inmune, con su consecuencia final el Síndrome de Inmuno Deficiencia Adquirida (SIDA). La infección viral involucra la interacción de proteínas virales con la molécula de superficie celular CD4 y el receptor de quimiocinas CCR5 o CXCR4. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar cualitativamente y cuantitativamente los Th17 en relación con los subtipos de LTh en pacientes con infección por VIH-1 en distintos estadios de la infección y correlacionarlos con la clínica del paciente. Para ello se estudiarán individuos con infección por VIH-1 en distintos estadios de la infección sin tratamiento antirretroviral a los que se evaluarán cuantitativamente los niveles de LTh y las subpoblaciones Th17, Th1 y Treg. Además, se estudiarán las características funcionales de los TH17 cuantificando los niveles de IL-17, IL10 e INF-G; en suero y sobrenadante de cultivos celulares y los niveles de granulocitos. La evaluación de los Th17, en relación con el fase inmune, virológico y con la clínica del paciente nos permitirá detectar subgrupos de pacientes y nuevos marcadores de progresión de la enfermedad.

Changes of the mucosal N3 and N6 fatty acid status occur early in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence

Despite data favouring a role of dietary fat in colonic carcinogenesis, no study has focused on tissue n3 and n6 fatty acid (FA) status in human colon adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Thus, FA profile was measured in plasma phospholipids of patients with colorectal cancer (n = 22), sporadic adenoma (n = 27), and normal colon (n = 12) (control group). Additionally, mucosal FAs were assessed in both diseased and normal mucosa of cancer (n = 15) and adenoma (n = 21) patients, and from normal mucosa of controls (n = 8). There were no differences in FA profile of both plasma phospholipids and normal mucosa, between adenoma and control patients. There were considerable differences, however, in FAs between diseased and paired normal mucosa of adenoma patients, with increases of linoleic (p = 0.02), dihomogammalinolenic (p = 0.014), and eicosapentaenoic (p = 0.012) acids, and decreases of alpha linolenic (p = 0.001) and arachidonic (p = 0.02) acids in diseased mucosa. A stepwise reduction of eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in diseased mucosa from benign adenoma to the most advanced colon cancer was seen (p = 0.009). Cancer patients showed lower alpha linolenate (p = 0.002) and higher dihomogammalinolenate (p = 0.003) in diseased than in paired normal mucosa. In conclusion changes in tissue n3 and n6 FA status might participate in the early phases of the human colorectal carcinogenesis.

Cicatrização intestinal em ratos submetidos à ingestão de etanol

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Human cytomegalovirus induced pseudotumor of upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa: Effects of long-term chronic disease?

Human cytomegalovirus-induced lesions resembling malignancies have been described in the gastrointestinal tract and include ulcerated or exophytic large masses. The aim of this study was to review the cases registered in the databases of two academic hospitals and formulate a hypothesis concerning the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for cytomegalovirus-induced pseudotumor development. All the diagnoses of human cytomegalovirus infections of the upper gastrointestinal tract recorded from 1991 to 2013 were reviewed. Cases of mucosal alterations misdiagnosed endoscopically as malignancies were selected. Large ulcers occurring in the stomach (three cases) and an irregular exophytic mass at the gastro-jejunal anastomosis were misdiagnosed endoscopically as malignancies (4 cases out of 53). Histologically, all lesions reflected hyperplastic mucosal changes with a prevalence of epithelial and stroma infected cells, without signs of cell atypia. The hypothesis presented is that the development of human cytomegalovirus-induced pseudotumors may be the morphological expression of chronic mucosa damage underlying long-term infection.

Posthatching water and feed deprivation affect the gastrointestinal tract and intestinal mucosa development of broiler chicks

We studied the effect of feed and water deprivation on gastrointestinal tract and intestinal mucosa development of chicks at 24, 48, and 72 h posthatching. The treatments were water and feed ad libitum, water ad libitum and no feed, no water but feed ad libitum, and no water and no feed. The relative weight of the yolk sac was not influenced by the treatments. However, at 48 and 72 h posthatching, the relative weight of the liver increased, and the gizzard + proventriculus weight decreased in birds receiving feed ad libitum. An increase in jejunum and ileum relative weights and lengths was observed when the birds were supplied with feed and water. The lack of water produced the same effect as the lack of feed, both causing a higher number of villi per area with reduction in villus size, when compared with feed and water ad libitum treatments. The results of this study revealed that feed and water are able to affect intestinal villus development after hatching, indicating that both feed and water must be supplied to the chicks immediately after hatching.

A mucosa bucal como uma via de administração alternativa: Potencialidades, limitações e formas farmacêuticas

Este artigo de revisão pretende salientar as vantagens da administração bucal como uma via de administração sistémica de fármacos alternativa à via oral. A administração bucal oferece algumas vantagens relativamente às vias de administração convencionais, entre as quais se destacam o aumento da biodisponibilidade devido à ausência de degradação no tracto gastrointestinal e efeito de primeira passagem a nível hepático. No presente trabalho são feitas algumas considerações teóricas relativamente às características estruturais da mucosa bucal com relevância na administração de fármacos, à sua permeabilidade, assim como aos mecanismos de absorção através da mucosa bucal. São igualmente descritos compostos que podem promover um aumento da absorção dos fármacos através da mucosa bucal e suas aplicações do ponto de vista farmacêutico. Por último, são referidas as principais formas farmacêuticas bucoadesivas, bem como a importância da utilização das ciclodextrinas como agentes solubilizantes na formulação de sistemas caracterizados por possuírem fraca solubilidade aquosa.

Importance of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the protective mechanism against gastrointestinal nematode infection: looking at the intestinal mucosae

This review discusses experimental evidences that indicate the IgE participation on the effector mechanisms that leads to gastrointestinal nematode elimination. Data discussed here showed that, for most experimental models, the immune response involved in nematode elimination is regulated by Th-2 type cytokines (especially IL-4). However, the mechanism(s) that result in worm elimination is not clear and might be distinct in different nematode species. Parasite specific IgE production, especially the IgE produced by the intestinal mucosae or associated lymphoid organs could participate in the intestinal elimination of Trichinella spiralis from infected rats. Intestinal IgE may also be important to the protective mechanism developed against other gastrointestinal nematodes that penetrate the murine duodenum mucosa tissue, such as Strongyloides venezuelensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. At least in Trichinella spiralis infected rats, the results indicated that intestinal IgE might work independently from mast cell degranulation for worm elimination.

High prevalence of dna from non-H. pylori helicobacters in the gastric mucosa of venezuelan pet dogs and its histological alterations

Non-H. pylori helicobacters (NHPH) have been demonstrated as gastric spiral-shaped bacteria in specimens obtained from dogs; however, their roles in the pathogenesis of upper gastrointestinal disease have not yet been clearly established. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of NHPH DNA in the gastric mucosa of dogs and its association with histopathology. Helicobacter was detected through histopathological techniques, PCR, and FISH analysis from fundic biopsies of twenty dogs with or without signs of gastrointestinal disease. PCR and FISH were based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Nineteen dogs showed mild to marked gastritis in the fundus, and only one dog had a healthy gastric mucosa. NHPH DNA was detected in 18 dogs with gastritis and one with normal gastric mucosa. However, there was no significant correlation between the presence of NHPH DNA and the degree of gastritis. These results show a high prevalence of NHPH DNA in the gastric mucosa of dogs from Venezuela. Further studies are necessary to determine a possible association between a specific NHPH species and the degree of gastritis.

Cytokine expression in the duodenal mucosa of patients with visceral leishmaniasis

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease with a complex immune response in different organs. This pattern of organ-specific immune response has never been evaluated in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine the in situ immune response in duodenal biopsies on patients with VL. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 13 patients with VL in comparison with nine controls. The immune response was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, for CD4, CD8, CD68, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10. Histological findings from the villi, crypts and inflammatory process were analyzed. RESULTS: All the cases of VL presented Leishmania antigens. No antigen was detected in the control group. The villus size was greater in the VL patients (p < 0.05). CD68 (macrophages) and CD4 levels were higher in the VL patients (p < 0.05). No differences in the expression of CD8, TNF-α, IL-10 or IL-4 were demonstrated. The number of cells expressing IFN-γ was lower in the VL patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of cytokines were found in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with VL. This pattern was not found in other organs affected by the disease. Immunotolerance of this tissue against Leishmania could explain these findings, as occurs with intestinal bacteria.

The effects of glutamine-supplemented diet on the intestinal mucosa of the malnourished growing rat

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the blood and plays a key role in the response of the small intestine to systemic injuries. Mucosal atrophy is an important phenomenon that occurs in some types of clinical injury, such as states of severe undernutrition. Glutamine has been shown to exert powerful trophic effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa after small bowel resection or transplant, radiation injury, surgical trauma, ischemic injury and administration of cytotoxic drugs. Since no study has been performed on the malnourished animal, we examined whether glutamine exerts a trophic effect on the intestinal mucosa of the malnourished growing rat. Thirty-five growing female rats (aged 21 days) were divided into 4 groups: control - chow diet; malnutrition diet; malnutrition+chow diet; and malnutrition+glutamine-enriched chow diet (2%). For the first 15 days of the experiment, animals in the test groups received a malnutrition diet, which was a lactose-enriched diet designed to induce diarrhea and malnutrition. For the next 15 days, these animals received either the lactose-enriched diet, a regular chow diet or a glutamine-enriched chow diet. After 30 days, the animals were weighed, sacrificed, and a section of the jejunum was taken and prepared for histological examination. All the animals had similar weights on day 1 of experiment, and feeding with the lactose-enriched diet promoted a significant decrease in body weight in comparison to the control group. Feeding with both experimental chow-based diets promoted significant body weight gains, although the glutamine-enriched diet was more effective. RESULTS: The morphological and morphometric analyses demonstrated that small intestinal villous height was significantly decreased in the malnourished group, and this change was partially corrected by the two types of chow-based diet. Crypt depth was significantly increased by malnutrition, and this parameter was partially corrected by the two types of chow-based diet. The glutamine-enriched diet resulted in the greatest reduction of crypt depth, and this reduction was also statistically significant when compared with control animals. CONCLUSIONS: Enteral glutamine has some positive effects on body weight gain and trophism of the jejunal mucosa in the malnourished growing rat.