998 resultados para Movimentos dos olhos
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Os movimentos dos olhos produzem estímulos discriminativos para o comportamento de ler. O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar os movimentos dos olhos de dois participantes durante a leitura de anagramas e identificar os operantes verbais envolvidos. A tarefa consistia em vocalizar uma palavra utilizando cinco letras. Na Fase 1, as letras formavam apenas uma palavra, sempre que observadas em uma mesma sequência espacial. Na Fase 2, formavam duas ou mais a partir de diferentes sequências. Na Fase 2, apesar da possibilidade de múltipla formação de palavras, as palavras vocalizadas foram aquelas formadas pela mesma sequência reforçada na fase anterior. Com base nos movimentos dos olhos, as vocalizações foram analisadas à luz dos conceitos de comportamento textual, auto-correção e intraverbal.
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Considerando que os movimentos e fixações do olhar podem ficar sob controle de contingências e que instruções colocam comportamentos sob controle de contingências, buscou-se investigar os efeitos de instruções, que descrevem respostas de escolha, sobre os movimentos e fixações do olhar em uma situação de discriminação simples simultânea. Participaram do estudo 15 universitários distribuídos em três condições experimentais. As três condições diferiram em um único aspecto: quanto ao tipo de instrução apresentada ao participante no início da Fase 1. Na Condição I era apresentada uma instrução mínima, na Condição II era apresentada uma instrução correspondente às contingências de reforçamento em vigor e na Condição III uma instrução discrepante das contingências de reforçamento em vigor. Na Fase 2 ocorriam mudanças não sinalizadas nas contingências de reforço programadas. A tarefa dos participantes era clicar com o mouse em um de dois estímulos apresentados simultaneamente. Os resultados mostraram, de modo geral, que na Condição I a maioria dos participantes apresentaram desempenho discriminado nas Fases 1 e 2, tendo olhado mais frequentemente para o S- e para a propriedade do estímulo irrelevante para a discriminação, no início das fases e para o S+ e para a propriedade relevante, no final das fases. Na Condição II, todos os participantes apresentaram desempenho discriminado, de acordo com o especificado na instrução correspondente, desde o início da Fase 1 e olharam mais frequentemente o S+, tendo a maioria olhado com maior frequência à parte do estímulo que continha a propriedade relevante para a discriminação. Na Fase 2, a maioria não apresentou desempenho sob controle das contingências, tendo olhado com frequência equiparada para S+ e S-, apresentando diferentes padrões de respostas quando analisada as partes dos estímulos. Na Condição III, a maioria dos participantes deixou de seguir a regra discrepante, apresentada no início da Fase 1, e emitiu desempenhos discriminados de acordo com as contingências programadas nas Fases 1 e 2. A maioria olhou mais frequentemente para o S+e para a propriedade relevante para discriminação no fim das fases. Os dados das três condições indicam que instruções podem interferir nos padrões de movimentos dos olhos, assim como contingências, entretanto, gerando padrões diferentes de respostas de escolha e de movimento dos olhos.
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Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Humano e Tecnologias - IBRC
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Sabe-se que a velocidade de processamento de informação visual é afetada pela ingestão de álcool, já que os consumidores excessivos têm uma menor velocidade de processamento de informação visual do que os não consumidores. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de verificar se o consumo de álcool afete a velocidade de processamento de informação visual de imagens criativas e neutras. Para estudar esta questão os participantes (consumidores de álcool e não consumidores) observaram cenários compostos por dois tipos de imagens (criativas e neutras). A amostra foi composta por 113 estudantes universitários, dos quais 97 eram consumidores de álcool e 16 eram abstinentes. Imagens criativas e não criativas foram então apresentadas num paradigma de competição. Os movimentos dos olhos foram registados continuamente com o Eye-tracker Tobii T60. Os tempos de reação, tal como o tempo total de fixação durante a apresentação de imagens foram analisados. Os resultados mostraram efeitos significativos (p> 0,05) do consumo de álcool na velocidade de processamento de informação visual. No entanto as imagens criativas foram processadas mais rapidamente do que as imagens neutras (p <0,05), com efeito de interação no sexo. Encontraram-se também diferenças significativas (p <0,05) entre as imagens criativas e as imagens neutras no tempo total de fixação.
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We propose in this work, a new method of conceptual organization of areas involving assistive technology, categorizing them in a logical and simple manner; Furthermore, we also propose the implementation of an interface based on electroculography, able to generate high-level commands, to trigger robotic, computer and electromechanical devices. To validate the eye interface, was developed an electronic circuit associated with a computer program that captured the signals generated by eye movements of users, generating high-level commands, able to trigger an active bracing and many other electromechanical systems. The results showed that it was possible to control many electromechanical systems through only eye movements. The interface is presented as a viable way to perform the proposed task and can be improved in the signals analysis in the the digital level. The diagrammatic model developed, presented as a tool easy to use and understand, providing the conceptual organization needs of assistive technology
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The accessory optical system, the pretectal complex, and superior colliculus are important control centers in a variety of eye movement, being extremely necessary for image formation, consequently to visual perception. The accessory optical system is constituted by the nuclei: dorsal terminal nucleus, lateral terminal nucleus, medial terminal nucleus and interstitial nucleus of the posterior superior fasciculus. From a functional point of view they contribute to the image stabilization, participating in the visuomotor activity where all system cells respond to slow eye movements and visual stimuli, which is important for the proper functioning of other visual systems. The pretectal complex comprises a group of nuclei situated in mesodiencephalic transition, they are: anterior pretectal nucleus, posterior pretectal nucleus, medial pretectal nucleus, olivary pretectal nucleus and the nucleus of the optic tract, all retinal projection recipients and functionally are related to the route of the pupillary light reflex and the optokinetic nystagmus. The superior colliculus is an important subcortical visual station formed by layers and has an important functional role in the control of eye movements and head in response to multisensory stimuli. Our aim was to make a mapping of retinal projections that focus on accessory optical system, the nuclei of pretectal complex and the superior colliculus, searching mainly for pretectal complex, better delineation of these structures through the anterograde tracing with the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTb) followed by immunohistochemistry and characterized (measured diameter) synaptic buttons present on the fibers / terminals of the nucleus complex pré-tectal. In our results accessory optical system, including a region which appears to be medial terminal nucleus and superior colliculus, were strongly marked by fibers / terminals immunoreactive CTb as well as pretectal complex in the nucleus: optic tract, olivary pretectal nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus and posterior pretectal nucleus. According to the characterization of the buttons it was possible to make a better definition of these nucleus.
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de redes de Comunicação e Multimédia
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The control of stances such as the upright stance seems not to have a purpose in itself; this control could facilitate the execution of other simultaneous tasks, the so-called suprapostural tasks. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of saccadic eye movements on the control of posture. Twelve adult participants had their body oscillations analyzed while standing upright, for 70 s, in the postural conditions of feet apart and feet together, performing fixation in the central target or horizontal saccadic movements, in the conditions slow (0,5 Hz) and fast (1,1 Hz). The results showed that saccadic movements, independently of their frequency, strongly reduced trunk and head oscillations in the anterior-posterior (AP) axis. In this axis, there was an effect of feet position only in head oscillation. In the medio-lateral (ML) axis, the results showed a strong effect of feet position with body oscillation decreased in the condition of feet apart. The effect of the visual task in the ML axis occurred only for trunk oscillation, not reaching significance level in the pairewise comparisons. In the AP axis, the data corroborate a facilitatory explanation of the control of posture: the reduction in body oscillation limited the variations of the stimulus image projected on the retina, facilitating the execution of saccadic movements as compared to fixation. In the ML axis, the effect of reducing the basis of support was more evident than the effect of saccadic movements, suggesting that the available resources were used primarily for the postural task in detriment of the visual task. Additionally, aspects like attentional focus and sensory information pick up are discussed as mechanisms involved in this task
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The work aims to present an overview of social movements in actuality, in the Latin America, and presents a mapping of their main forms in Brazil. The search ponders the educational character of their actions, both for its participants, as for society in general and public agencies. The basic premise of assertion that social movements are sources of innovation and knowledge-generating arrays. However, because it is not an isolated process but social-political character, the paper search joints in the network of relationships that establish movements in political, economic and socio-cultural country, to understand the factors that generate learning built and values of political culture that are being built. . The text highlights movements that occurs in the areas of education - formal and non-formal education.
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Purpose: To study the effects of pupillary constriction on frequency doubling perimetry in a group of normal subjects. Methods: Eighteen healthy volunteers participated in the study. Only one eye per patient (right eye) underwent frequency doubling perimetry (Full Threshold C-20 strategy). For the second session, one drop of 2% pilocarpine was administered to the volunteers' right eye and the examination was repeated after 60 minutes. Results: Sixty minutes after administration of 2% pilocarpine, there was a significant reduction of the pupillary diameter from 4.22 ± 0.17 mm to 1.55 ± 0.51 mm (p<0.05). There was a significant reduction of the mean retinal sensibility after pupillary constriction. The threshold sensitivity of the central 5º worsened by 5.67 ± 2.49 dB; the area between 2.5º and 10º worsened by 4.49 ± 2.73 dB; and the area between 10º and 20º worsened by 5.10 ± 3.55 dB (p<0.01). A reduction of 4.06 ± 2.67 dB was observed in the mean deviation, as well as an increase of 0.64 ± 0.94 dB in the pattern standard deviation (p<0.01). No differences were observed regarding the number of fixation losses, false-positive and false-negatives responses, and duration of the examination. Conclusion: Changes in pupillary diameter may produce significant declines in threshold sensitivities of the 20º visual field tested by frequency doubling perimetry. These results suggest that is important to maintain a constant pupillary diameter in seriate examinations.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness as measured by scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) after the use of medication to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucomatous or ocular hypertensive patients. METHODS: The authors prospectively enrolled 37 eyes of 37 patients in whom IOP was reduced by more than 25% after the use of medication. The images were obtained before and 15 to 30 days after the introduction of medication. The SLP parameters measured before and after the use of medication were compared using paired Student's t Test. RESULTS: The mean IOP was significantly reduced from 26.57±4.23 mmHg to 16.54 ±2.92 mmHg after the use of medication (p<0.05). None of the 10 SLP analyzed parameters was significantly affected by the reduction of IOP with medication (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, as measured by SLP, is not affected by the reduction of IOP with medication in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física