988 resultados para Motif ARN
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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
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La plupart des molécules d’ARN doivent se replier en structure tertiaire complexe afin d’accomplir leurs fonctions biologiques. Cependant, les déterminants d’une chaîne de polynucléotides qui sont nécessaires à son repliement et à ses interactions avec d’autres éléments sont essentiellement inconnus. L’établissement des relations structure-fonction dans les grandes molécules d’ARN passe inévitablement par l’analyse de chaque élément de leur structure de façon individuelle et en contexte avec d’autres éléments. À l’image d’une construction d’immeuble, une structure d’ARN est composée d’unités répétitives assemblées de façon spécifique. Les motifs récurrents d’ARN sont des arrangements de nucléotides retrouvés à différents endroits d’une structure tertiaire et possèdent des conformations identiques ou très similaires. Ainsi, une des étapes nécessaires à la compréhension de la structure et de la fonction des molécules d’ARN consiste à identifier de façon systématique les motifs récurrents et d’en effectuer une analyse comparative afin d’établir la séquence consensus. L’analyse de tous les cas d’empaquetage de doubles hélices dans la structure du ribosome a permis l’identification d’un nouvel arrangement nommé motif d’empaquetage le long du sillon (AGPM) (along-groove packing motif). Ce motif est retrouvé à 14 endroits dans la structure du ribosome de même qu’entre l’ARN ribosomique 23S et les molécules d’ARN de transfert liées aux sites ribosomaux P et E. Le motif se forme par l’empaquetage de deux doubles hélices via leur sillon mineur. Le squelette sucre-phosphate d’une hélice voyage le long du sillon mineur de l’autre hélice et vice versa. Dans chacune des hélices, la région de contact comprend quatre paires de bases. L’empaquetage le plus serré est retrouvé au centre de l’arrangement où l’on retrouve souvent une paire de bases GU dans une hélice interagissant avec une paire de bases Watson-Crick (WC) dans l’autre hélice. Même si la présence des paires de bases centrales GU versus WC au centre du motif augmente sa stabilité, d’autres alternatives existent pour différents représentants du motif. L’analyse comparative de trois librairies combinatoires de gènes d’AGPM, où les paires de bases centrales ont été variées de manière complètement aléatoire, a montré que le contexte structural influence l’étendue de la variabilité des séquences de nucléotides formant les paires de bases centrales. Le fait que l’identité des paires de bases centrales puisse varier suggérait la présence d’autres déterminants responsables au maintien de l’intégrité du motif. L’analyse de tous les contacts entre les hélices a révélé qu’en dehors du centre du motif, les interactions entre les squelettes sucre-phosphate s’effectuent via trois contacts ribose-ribose. Pour chacun de ces contacts, les riboses des nucléotides qui interagissent ensemble doivent adopter des positions particulières afin d’éviter qu’ils entrent en collision. Nous montrons que la position de ces riboses est modulée par des conformations spécifiques des paires de bases auxquelles ils appartiennent. Finalement, un autre motif récurrent identifié à l’intérieur même de la structure de trois cas d’AGPM a été nommé « adenosine-wedge ». Son analyse a révélé que ce dernier est lui-même composé d’un autre arrangement, nommé motif triangle-NAG (NAG-triangle). Nous montrons que le motif « adenosine-wedge » représente un arrangement complexe d’ARN composé de quatre éléments répétitifs, c’est-à-dire des motifs AGPM, « hook-turn », « A-minor » et triangle-NAG. Ceci illustre clairement l’arrangement hiérarchique des structures d’ARN qui peut aussi être observé pour d’autres motifs d’ARN. D’un point de vue plus global, mes résultats enrichissent notre compréhension générale du rôle des différents types d’interactions tertiaires dans la formation des molécules d’ARN complexes.
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Les ARN non codants (ARNnc) sont des transcrits d'ARN qui ne sont pas traduits en protéines et qui pourtant ont des fonctions clés et variées dans la cellule telles que la régulation des gènes, la transcription et la traduction. Parmi les nombreuses catégories d'ARNnc qui ont été découvertes, on trouve des ARN bien connus tels que les ARN ribosomiques (ARNr), les ARN de transfert (ARNt), les snoARN et les microARN (miARN). Les fonctions des ARNnc sont étroitement liées à leurs structures d’où l’importance de développer des outils de prédiction de structure et des méthodes de recherche de nouveaux ARNnc. Les progrès technologiques ont mis à la disposition des chercheurs des informations abondantes sur les séquences d'ARN. Ces informations sont accessibles dans des bases de données telles que Rfam, qui fournit des alignements et des informations structurelles sur de nombreuses familles d'ARNnc. Dans ce travail, nous avons récupéré toutes les séquences des structures secondaires annotées dans Rfam, telles que les boucles en épingle à cheveux, les boucles internes, les renflements « bulge », etc. dans toutes les familles d'ARNnc. Une base de données locale, RNAstem, a été créée pour faciliter la manipulation et la compilation des données sur les motifs de structure secondaire. Nous avons analysé toutes les boucles terminales et internes ainsi que les « bulges » et nous avons calculé un score d’abondance qui nous a permis d’étudier la fréquence de ces motifs. Tout en minimisant le biais de la surreprésentation de certaines classes d’ARN telles que l’ARN ribosomal, l’analyse des scores a permis de caractériser les motifs rares pour chacune des catégories d’ARN en plus de confirmer des motifs communs comme les boucles de type GNRA ou UNCG. Nous avons identifié des motifs abondants qui n’ont pas été étudiés auparavant tels que la « tetraloop » UUUU. En analysant le contenu de ces motifs en nucléotides, nous avons remarqué que ces régions simples brins contiennent beaucoup plus de nucléotides A et U. Enfin, nous avons exploré la possibilité d’utiliser ces scores pour la conception d’un filtre qui permettrait d’accélérer la recherche de nouveaux ARN non-codants. Nous avons développé un système de scores, RNAscore, qui permet d’évaluer un ARN en se basant sur son contenu en motifs et nous avons testé son applicabilité avec différents types de contrôles.
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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Collagen XVIII can generate two fragments, NC11-728 containing a frizzled motif which possibly acts in Wnt signaling and Endostatin, which is cleaved from the NC1 and is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Collagen XVIII and Wnt signaling have recently been associated with adipogenic differentiation and obesity in some animal models, but not in humans. In the present report, we have shown that COL18A1 expression increases during human adipogenic differentiation. We also tested if polymorphisms in the Frizzled (c.1136C>T; Thr379Met) and Endostatin (c.4349G>A; Asp1437Asn) regions contribute towards susceptibility to obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes (113 obese, BMI =30; 232 non-obese, BMI < 30) of European ancestry. No evidence of association was observed between the allele c.4349G>A and obesity, but we observed a significantly higher frequency of homozygotes c.1136TT in obese (19.5%) than in non-obese individuals (10.9%) [P = 0.02; OR = 2.0 (95%CI: 1.07-3.73)], suggesting that the allele c.1136T is associated to obesity in a recessive model. This genotype, after controlling for cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, was independently associated with obesity (P = 0.048), and increases the chance of obesity in 2.8 times. Therefore, our data suggest the involvement of collagen XVIII in human adipogenesis and susceptibility to obesity.
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Background: Transmitted by blood-sucking insects, the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas' disease, a malady manifested in a variety of symptoms from heart disease to digestive and urinary tract dysfunctions. The reasons for such organ preference have been a matter of great interest in the field, particularly because the parasite can invade nearly every cell line and it can be found in most tissues following an infection. Among the molecular factors that contribute to virulence is a large multigene family of proteins known as gp85/trans-sialidase, which participates in cell attachment and invasion. But whether these proteins also contribute to tissue homing had not yet been investigated. Here, a combination of endothelial cell immortalization and phage display techniques has been used to investigate the role of gp85/trans-sialidase in binding to the vasculature. Methods: Bacteriophage expressing an important peptide motif (denominated FLY) common to all gp85/trans-sialidase proteins was used as a surrogate to investigate the interaction of this motif with the endothelium compartment. For that purpose phage particles were incubated with endothelial cells obtained from different organs or injected into mice intravenously and the number of phage particles bound to cells or tissues was determined. Binding of phages to intermediate filament proteins has also been studied. Findings and Conclusions: Our data indicate that FLY interacts with the endothelium in an organ-dependent manner with significantly higher avidity for the heart vasculature. Phage display results also show that FLY interaction with intermediate filament proteins is not limited to cytokeratin 18 (CK18), which may explain the wide variety of cells infected by the parasite. This is the first time that members of the intermediate filaments in general, constituted by a large group of ubiquitously expressed proteins, have been implicated in T. cruzi cell invasion and tissue homing.
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Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) are used by Gram-negative bacteria to translocate protein and DNA substrates across the cell envelope and into target cells. Translocation across the outer membrane is achieved via a ringed tetradecameric outer membrane complex made up of a small VirB7 lipoprotein (normally 30 to 45 residues in the mature form) and the C-terminal domains of the VirB9 and VirB10 subunits. Several species from the genera of Xanthomonas phytopathogens possess an uncharacterized type IV secretion system with some distinguishing features, one of which is an unusually large VirB7 subunit (118 residues in the mature form). Here, we report the NMR and 1.0 angstrom X-ray structures of the VirB7 subunit from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (VirB7(XAC2622)) and its interaction with VirB9. NMR solution studies show that residues 27-41 of the disordered flexible N-terminal region of VirB7(XAC2622) interact specifically with the VirB9 C-terminal domain, resulting in a significant reduction in the conformational freedom of both regions. VirB7(XAC2622) has a unique C-terminal domain whose topology is strikingly similar to that of N0 domains found in proteins from different systems involved in transport across the bacterial outer membrane. We show that VirB7(XAC2622) oligomerizes through interactions involving conserved residues in the N0 domain and residues 42-49 within the flexible N-terminal region and that these homotropic interactions can persist in the presence of heterotropic interactions with VirB9. Finally, we propose that VirB(7XAC2622) oligomerization is compatible with the core complex structure in a manner such that the N0 domains form an extra layer on the perimeter of the tetradecameric ring.
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The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis infects a wide range of arthropods, in which it induces a variety of reproductive phenotypes, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis, male killing, and reversal of genetic sex determination. The recent sequencing and annotation of the first Wolbachia genome revealed an unusually high number of genes encoding ankyrin domain (ANK) repeats. These ANK genes are likely to be important in mediating the Wolbachia-host interaction. In this work we determined the distribution and expression of the different ANK genes found in the sequenced Wolbachia wMel genome in nine Wolbachia strains that induce different phenotypic effects in their hosts. A comparison of the ANK genes of wMel and the non-CI-inducing wAu Wolbachia strain revealed significant differences between the strains. This was reflected in sequence variability in shared genes that could result in alterations in the encoded proteins, such as motif deletions, amino acid insertions, and in some cases disruptions due to insertion of transposable elements and premature stops. In addition, one wMel ANK gene, which is part of an operon, was absent in the wAu genome. These variations are likely to affect the affinity, function, and cellular location of the predicted proteins encoded by these genes.
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Several macrocyclic peptides (similar to 30 amino acids), with diverse biological activities, have been isolated from the Rubiaceae and Violaceae plant families over recent years. We have significantly expanded the range of known macrocyclic peptides with the discovery of 16 novel peptides from extracts of Viola hederaceae, Viola odorata and Oldenlandia affinis. The Viola plants had not previously been examined for these peptides and thus represent novel species in which these unusual macrocyclic peptides are produced. Further, we have determined the three-dimensional struc ture of one of these novel peptides, cycloviolacin O1, using H-1 NMR spectroscopy. The structure consists of a distorted triple-stranded beta-sheet and a cystine-knot arrangement of the disulfide bonds. This structure is similar to kalata B1 and circulin A, the only two macrocyclic peptides for which a structure was available, suggesting that despite the sequence variation throughout the peptides they form a family in which the overall fold is conserved. We refer to these peptides as the cyclotide family and their embedded topology as the cyclic cystine knot (CCK) motif. The unique cyclic and knotted nature of these molecules makes them a fascinating example of topologically complex proteins. Examination of the sequences reveals they can be separated into two subfamilies, one of which tends to contain a larger number of positively charged residues and has a bracelet-like circularization of the backbone. The second subfamily contains a backbone twist due to a cis-Pro peptide bond and may conceptually be regarded as a molecular Moebius strip. Here we define the structural features of the two apparent subfamilies of the CCK peptides which may be significant for the likely defense related role of these peptides within plants. (C) 1999 Academic Press.
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The tetraalcohol 2,3,5,6-endo,endo,endo,endo-tetrakis(hydroxymethyl]bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (tetol, 1) has been prepared and crystallises readily as the lithium(I) complex [Li(1)(2)]Cl, forming an oligomeric multi-chain structure in which pairs of alcohols from two crystallographically independent tetol molecules bind lithium ions tetrahedrally. However, formation of monomeric structures in solution is inferred from electrospray mass spectroscopy, which has also shown evidence of exchange of lithium ion in the complexed species by added alkaline earth ions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
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The class II major histocompatibility complex molecule I-A(g7) is strongly linked to the development of spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in non obese diabetic mice and to the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Biozzi AB/H mice. Structurally, it resembles the HLA-DQ molecules associated with human IDDM, in having a non-Asp residue at position 57 in its beta chain. To identify the requirements for peptide binding to I-A(g7) and thereby potentially pathogenic T cell epitopes, we analyzed a known I-A(g7)-restricted T cell epitope, hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) amino acids 9-27. NH2- and COOH-terminal truncations demonstrated that the minimal epitope for activation of the T cell hybridoma 2D12.1 was M12-R21 and the minimum sequence for direct binding to purified I-A(g7) M12-Y20/K13-R21. Alanine (A) scanning revealed two primary anchors for binding at relative positions (p) 6 (L) and 9 (Y) in the HEL epitope. The critical role of both anchors was demonstrated by incorporating L and Y in poly(A) backbones at the same relative positions as in the HEL epitope. Well-tolerated, weakly tolerated, and nontolerated residues were identified by analyzing the binding of peptides containing multiple substitutions at individual positions. Optimally, p6 was a large, hydrophobic residue (L, I, V, M), whereas p9 was aromatic and hydrophobic (Y or F) or positively charged (K, R). Specific residues were not tolerated at these and some other positions. A motif for binding to I-A(g7) deduced from analysis of the model HEL epitope was present in 27/30 (90%) of peptides reported to be I-A(g7)-restricted T cell epitopes or eluted from I-A(g7). Scanning a set of overlapping peptides encompassing human proinsulin revealed the motif in 6/6 good binders (sensitivity = 100%) and 4/13 weak or non-binders (specificity = 70%). This motif should facilitate identification of autoantigenic epitopes relevant to the pathogenesis and immunotherapy of IDDM.