Forage mass and morphological composition of Marandu palisade grass pasture under rest periods.

2016

Herbage accumulation, growth and structural characteristics of Mombasa grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) harvested at different cutting intervals

The objective of the present study was to evaluate herbage accumulation, morphological composition, growth rate and structural characteristics in Mombasa grass swards subject to different cutting intervals (3, 5 and 7 wk) during the rainy and dry seasons of the year. Treatments were assigned to experimental units (17.5 m(2)) according to a complete randomised block design, with four replicates. Herbage accumulation was greater in the rainy than in the dry season (83 and 17%, respectively). Herbage accumulation (24,300 kg DM ha(-1)), average growth rate (140 kg DM ha(-1) d(-1)) and sward height (111 cm) were highest in the 7 wk cutting interval, but leaf proportion (56%), leaf:stem (1.6) and leaf:non leaf (1.3) ratios decreased. Herbage accumulation, morphological composition and sward structure of Mombasa grass sward may be manipulated through defoliation frequency. The highest leaf proportion was recorded in the 3-wk cutting interval. Longer cutting intervals affected negatively sward structure, with potential negative effects on utilization efficiency, animal intake and performance.

Forage potential and silage quality of four varieties of saccharine sorghum

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate four cultivars of saccharine sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) regarding productivity, chemical composition of plant parts, and quality of the ensiling process. The tested varieties of saccharine sorghum were BRS 506, BRS 508, BRS 509, and BRS 511. The experiment was divided into two trials, which assessed: production, morphological composition, and nutritional quality of the saccharine varieties; and fermentation quality and nutritional value of the silage produced from the saccharine varieties. Of the tested varieties, BRS 509 and BRS 511 showed the highest total dry matter (DM) production. The BRS 508 variety presented the highest in vitro digestibility of the whole plant (70.65% DM). During ensiling, the BRS 509 variety showed the lowest DM loss (8.87%). The highest effluent production was observed for BRS 506 and BRS 508, with yields of 521.87 and 393.16 kg Mg-1 ensiled DM, respectively. The BRS 511 variety is the most recommended because of the best results for plant production and nutritional quality. Regarding the ensiling process, BRS 509 presents the lowest fermentation losses and the highest nutritional value of silage.

Características agronômicas e composição química de oito híbridos de sorgo [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar as características agronômicas, composição química das frações e da planta inteira de oito híbridos de sorgo, semeados em março de 2000, no sentido de contribuir para os programas de seleção de germoplamas resistentes aos efeitos das estiagens prolongadas e, ao mesmo tempo, apropriados ao processo de ensilagem. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com oito tratamentos e três repetições, para avaliar os híbridos AG-2005, BR-700, MASSA-03, 498111, 65E3, 698005, 698007 e 699005. Não houve diferenças significativas entre produção de matéria seca (PMS) e proporção de folhas dos híbridos avaliados. A maior proporção de colmo (41,3%) foi observada no 498111 e a menor no MASSA-03 (28,9%). O híbrido 65E3 apresentou a maior proporção de panícula (43,2%) e o 498111 a menor (28,9%). Quanto à composição química da planta inteira, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os híbridos quanto aos teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral, hemicelulose, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os teores de proteína bruta variaram de 6,5 a 8,8%, fibra em detergente neutro de 57,0 a 70,3%, fibra em detergente ácido de 29,8 a 36,2%, celulose de 25,3 a 31,2% e lignina de 3,6 a 5,5%, sendo estatisticamente diferentes entre os híbridos. O 699005 apresentou o maior teor de carboidratos solúveis (14,5%), diferindo estatisticamente apenas do híbrido 698007 (9,6%). Os híbridos também mostraram diferenças na composição química das frações folhas, colmo e panícula. de forma geral, todos os híbridos apresentaram teores de matéria seca e carboidratos solúveis adequados ao processo de ensilagem. As produções médias de matéria seca dos híbridos (6,2 t/ha), foram altas considerando-se a baixa precipitação ocorrida durante o período experimental. A análise de Cluster sugeriu o agrupamento dos híbridos de maior PMS e menores porcentagens de panícula e NDT e híbridos de menor PMS, porém com maiores porcentagens de panícula e NDT.

Structural characteristics and forage mass of Tifton 85 pastures managed under three post-grazing residual leaf areas

The experiment was carried out on Cynodon spp cv. Tifton 85 pastures grazed by sheep under rotational stocking, with the objective of evaluating the structural characteristics as well as the forage mass of the pastures subjected to three grazing intensities in successive cycles. Treatments were composed of three residual leaf area indices (rLAI; 2.4; 1.6 and 0.8), allocated in completely randomized blocks with seven replications, totaling 21 experimental units. Tiller population density, pasture height, leaf area index, forage morphological composition and pasture forage mass were evaluated. The rLAI modified the tiller population density, which increased linearly with decrease in the rLAI of the pastures. Dry masses of leaf blade, stem and dead material were inferior when the rLAI imposed were lower, which resulted in differentiated forage production among the treatments. Tifton 85 pastures grazed by sheep in rotational stocking under tropical conditions with different rLAI show a modified sward structure over successive grazing cycles, mainly by alteration in the height and LAI of the plants at pre-grazing and by light interception post-grazing, which change the tiller population density. The residual leaf area index of 1.6 is the most suitable for pasture management for being equivalent to the heights of entrance and exit of animals on and from paddocks of 33 and 19 cm, respectively, which avoid great accumulation of dead material and excessive stem elongation, in addition to ensuring tillering in the sward.

Época de sobressemeadura de gramíneas anuais de inverno e de verão no capim-tifton 85: valor nutritivo

Conduziu-se o experimento na UNESP-Jaboticabal, no período de inverno-primavera-verão de 2001-2002, objetivando determinar os teores de proteína bruta (PB), parede celular (FDN, FDA, lignina, celulose e hemicelulose) e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO) no capim-Tifton 85 exclusivo e sobressemeado com aveia preta, milheto e sorgo-sudão. Os tratamentos testados foram: milheto+aveia preta; AG2501C+aveia preta, sobressemeados nas áreas de Tifton-85, em 19-06 ou 02-07-2002, e capim-Tifton 85 (Testemunha). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os teores de PB foram maiores na primeira avaliação quando comparada às demais. Observou-se aumento nos teores de FDN, FDA e lignina, e comportamento inverso nos valores de DIVMO, em relação aos períodos de crescimento, nas duas épocas de semeadura. Os teores avaliados de PB, parede celular e DIVMO apresentaram variação em função da composição botânica e morfológica, no decorrer das avaliações e épocas de semeadura.

Estrutura do capim-braquiária durante o diferimento da pastagem

This experiment was performed aiming to evaluate tiller population density, forage mass and its morphological components on pastures of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. during deferment. The treatments encompassed four deferred grazing periods (18, 46, 74 and 121 days). A randomized block design with two replications was used. The numbers of vegetative tillers (VT), reproductive tillers (RT) and dead tillers (DT) in the pasture were determined. The masses of green leaf blade (GLBM), dead stem (DSM) and dead forage (DFM) were also determined. There was a reduction in the number of VT (from 1, 491 to 944 tiller m-2) during the deferment period. RT and DT numbers were not influenced by the deferment periods. Their averages were 211 and 456 tiller m-2, respectively. Longer deferring periods resulted in an increase in GSM (from 2, 965 to 4, 877 kg ha-1 of dry mass) and DFM (from 2, 324 to 4, 823 kg ha-1 of dry mass), but it did not influence GLBM (average of 2, 047 kg ha-1 of dry mass). In Viçosa, Minas Gerais State Brazil, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture fertilized and deferred in the beginning of March must be kept deferred for about 70 days in order to conciliate both quality and quantity forage production.

Produção de forragem de Tifton 85 adubado com nitrogênio e submetido à lotação contínua

The present assay was conducted at the Research and Development of Adamantina, SP, of the Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) - Pólo da Alta Paulista to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on morphological composition, density of tillers, leaf area index, light interception and herbage accumulation in grazed Tifton 85 subjected to continuous stocking system. The treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen (0; 100; 200 and 400kg/ha/year of N), arranged in a randomized complete blocks experimental design with four replications. The grasslands of Cynodon cv. Tifton 85 studied influenced the time of evaluation and of nitrogen levels with a marked effect in morphological composition of the pasture, leaf area index, light interception and population density of tillers that were instrumental in the accumulation of forage. It was found a positive linear effect of nitrogen fertilization on the density of vegetative tillers, totals and herbage accumulation nitrogen fertilization had a marked effect on the amount of total and vegetative tillers, leaf area index in light interception and herbage accumulation. The cultivar Tifton 85 has not reached the necessary conditions for crop growth rate maximum when managed under continuous stocking keeping the grass to 10cm tall.

Desempenho e composição morfológica de duas cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha submetidas a intensidades luminosas

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FMVZ

Produção de forragem de Tifton 85 adubado com nitrogênio e submetido à lotação contínua

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aplicação de biofertilizante, composto e uréia na produção de capim tanzânia (Panicum maximum, Jacq.) sob irrigação

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Desempenho e bem estar de bovinos Nelore na fase de recria mantidos em sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Synthesis and characterization of eco-friendly inorganic yellow pigments for coloring applications

Research in the fields of ceramic pigments is oriented towards the enlargement of the chromatic set of colors together with a replacement for more expensive and less stable organic pigments. Novel non-toxic inorganic pigments have been required to answer environmental laws to remove elements like lead, chromium, cobalt entering in the composition of usual pigments widely used in paints and plastics. Yellow is particularly an important color in the pigment industry and consumption of yellow exceeds that of any other colored pigments. Apart from this, high infrared reflective pigments are now in great demand for usage in coatings, cement pavements, automotives and camouflage applications. They not only impart color to an object, but also reflect the invisible heat from the object to minimize heat build–up, when exposed to solar radiation. With this in view, the present work aims at developing new functional yellow pigments for these applications. A series of IR reflecting yellow pigments have been synthesized and analyzed for their crystalline structure, morphological, composition and optical characteristics, coloring and energy saving applications

Impact of changes in natural ultraviolet radiation on pigment composition, physiological and morphological characteristics of the Antarctic moss, Grimmia antarctici

The impact of ambient ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation on the endemic bryophyte, Grimmia antarctici, was studied over 14 months in East Antarctica. Over recent decades, Antarctic plants have been exposed to the largest relative increase in UV-B exposure as a result of ozone depletion. We investigated the effect of reduced UV and visible radiation on the pigment concentrations, surface reflectance and physiological and morphological parameters of this moss. Plexiglass screens were used to provide both reduced UV levels (77%) and a 50% decrease in total radiation. The screen combinations were used to separate UV photoprotective from visible photoprotective strategies, because these bryophytes are growing in relatively high light environments compared with many mosses. G. antarctici was affected negatively by ambient levels of UV radiation. Chlorophyll content was significantly lower in plants grown under near-ambient UV, while the relative proportions of photoprotective carotenoids, especially beta-carotene and zeaxanthin, increased. However, no evidence for the accumulation of UV-B-absorbing pigments in response to UV radiation was observed. Although photosynthetic rates were not affected, there was evidence of UV effects on morphology. Plants that were shaded showed fewer treatment responses and these were similar to the natural variation observed between moss growing on exposed microtopographical ridges and in more sheltered valleys within the turf. Given that other Antarctic bryophytes possess UV-B-absorbing pigments which should offer better protection under ambient UV-B radiation, these findings suggest that G. antarctici may be disadvantaged in some settings under a climate with continuing high levels of springtime UV-B radiation.

Influence of gelation time on the morphological and physico-chemical properties of the sol-gel entrapped lipase

Different gelation times (4, 18, 24 and 48 h) were used for the preparation of silica sol-gel supports and encapsulated Candida rugosa lipase using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as precursor. The hydrophobic matrices and immobilized lipases produced were characterized with regard to pore volume and size by nitrogen adsorption (BJH method), weight loss upon heating (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical composition (FTIR) and percentage of hydrolysis (POH%) of olive oil. These structural parameters were found to change with the gelation time, but no direct relation was found between the percentage of oil hydrolysis (POH%) and the gelation time. The best combination of high thermal stability and high POH% (99.5%) occurred for encapsulated lipase produced with 24 h gelation time. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.