New karyologycal data and cytotaxonomic considerations on small mammals from Santa Virginia (Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Expression des cotransporteurs cation-chlorure KCC2 et NKCC1 au cours du développement de la moelle épinière de l’opossum Monodelphis domestica

L’inhibition est nécessaire à la génération d’outputs coordonnés entre muscles antagonistes lors de la locomotion. Une baisse de la concentration neuronale en ions chlorure au cours du développement des mammifères conduit à l’émergence de l’inhibition. Cette baisse repose sur l’équilibre entre deux cotransporteurs cation-chlorure, KCC2 et NKCC1. KCC2 expulse Cl- de la cellule alors que NKCC1 pompe Cl- dans la cellule. L’opossum Monodelphis domestica naît dans un état très immature. Le seul comportement locomoteur qu’il présente à la naissance consiste en des mouvements rythmiques et alternés des membres antérieurs pour grimper le long du ventre de la mère vers une tétine. Les membres postérieurs sont des bourgeons immobiles dont le développement est en grande partie postnatal. Pour cette raison, cette espèce constitue un modèle idéal pour l’étude du développement locomoteur. Afin d’étudier les mécanismes conduisant à l’émergence de l’inhibition durant le développement moteur, nous avons décrit l’expression développementale de KCC2 et NKCC1 chez l’opossum postnatal par immunohistochimie au niveau des renflements spinaux. Les motoneurones et afférences primaires ont été identifiés en utilisant un marquage rétrograde au TRDA. Le marquage pour KCC2 et NKCC1 est détecté dans la moelle épinière ventrale dans la matière grise et blanche présomptive dès la naissance, ce qui suggère que l’inhibition serait déjà mise en place avant la naissance, permettant subséquemment l’alternance des membres antérieurs observée chez les nouveau-nés. L’expression développementale de KCC2 et NKCC1 suit des gradients ventrodorsal et médiolatéral, tels qu’observés chez les rongeurs (rats et souris). Le patron mature d’expression de ces cotransporteurs est observé aux alentours de la 5ème semaine postnatale lorsque la locomotion de l’opossum est mature. Enfin, entre la naissance et P5, les dendrites exprimant KCC2 au niveau de la corne dorsale sont retrouvées en apposition aux afférences primaires ce qui suggère un rôle de KCC2 dans la formation des circuits sensori-moteurs.

Expression de la connexine 36 dans la moelle épinière au cours du développement postnatal de l'opossum Monodelphis domestica

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Étude de l'activité spontanée dans la moëlle épinière de l'oppossum Monodelphis domestica en développement

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Rôle du système du trijumeau dans la locomotion chez le nouveau-né d’opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

L’opossum Monodelphis domestica naît très immature et grimpe sans aide de la mère, du sinus urogénital à une mamelle où il va s’attacher pour poursuivre son développement. Des informations sensorielles sont nécessaires pour guider le nouveau-né vers la mamelle et les candidats les plus probables sont le toucher, l’équilibre et l’olfaction. Pour tester l’action des différents systèmes sur la motricité chez l’opossum nouveau-né, des régions céphaliques du trijumeau, du vestibulaire et de l’olfaction ont été stimulées électriquement sur des préparations in vitro en comparaison avec une stimulation seuil T (intensité minimale de la stimulation à la moelle épinière cervicale induisant le mouvement des membres antérieurs). Par comparaison, un mouvement similaire était induit par des stimulations à ~2T du ganglion du trijumeau, à ~20 T du complexe vestibulaire, et à ~600 T des bulbes olfactifs. L’étude de l'innervation de la peau faciale et des voies relayant les informations du trijumeau vers la moelle épinière (ME) a été approfondie en utilisant de l’immunohistochimie pour les neurofilament-200 et du traçage rétrograde avec du Texas-Red couplé à des Dextrans Aminés. De nombreuses fibres nerveuses ont été révélées dans le derme de plusieurs régions de la tête. Quelques cellules du ganglion trigéminal projettent à la ME rostrale, mais la majorité projette vers la médulla caudale où se trouvent les neurones secondaires du trijumeau ou des cellules réticulospinales. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent une influence significative des systèmes du trijumeau et du vestibulaire, mais pas de l'olfaction, sur le mouvement des membres antérieurs des opossums nouveau-nés.

Influence de la mécanoréception faciale sur les comportements moteurs chez l’opossum nouveau-né, Monodelphis domestica

L’opossum nait dans un état très immature, mais rampe avec ses membres antérieurs (MA) de l’orifice urogénital de la mère à une tétine, où il s’attache pour poursuivre son développement. Des informations sensorielles sont nécessaires pour guider le nouveau-né vers une tétine et déclencher son attachement. Des expériences précédentes ont montré que le système du trijumeau, dont dépend l’innervation somesthésique du museau, influence les mouvements précoces des MA. Le présent projet vise à déterminer si les mécanorécepteurs faciaux sont fonctionnels et exercent une influence sur les MA. On s’intéresse particulièrement aux cellules de Merkel, un mécanorécepteur épidermique innervé par des fibres à adaptation lente de type I (SA I). Ces cellules ont été localisées sur le pourtour du museau de l’opossum nouveau-né en utilisant un traceur cellulaire, l’AM1-43. Nous avons analysé les réponses musculaires des MA consécutives à l’application de forces calibrées au museau sur des préparations in vitro. Ces réponses sont bilatérales et simultanées, très variables, et leur intensité augmente avec la force de la stimulation. Lors de stimulations répétitives pendant 60 min, les réponses diminuent avec le temps. Le retrait de la peau faciale abolit presque ces réponses. De plus, l’application d’un antagoniste des récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate, qui affecte l’activité des fibres SA I, ou d’un antagoniste des récepteurs purinergiques les diminue fortement, suggérant une participation des cellules de Merkel. Ces résultats soutiennent que le sens du toucher facial relayé par le système du trijumeau est fonctionnel chez l’opossum nouveau-né et qu’il pourrait influencer les mouvements des MA.

Diversidade de espécies no complexo Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphimorphia:Didelphidae), inferida por dados moleculares e morfológicos

O complexo de espécies M. brevicaudata possui distribuição reconhecida para o Norte da América do sul e compreende três espécies descritas ‐ M. brevicaudata, M. glirina, e M. palliolata ‐ e duas não descritas, reconhecidas em estudos prévios. A delimitação de espécies baseada somente em caracteres morfológicos é complicada, de forma que diversos táxons nominais já foram associados ao grupo e diversos arranjos taxonômicos foram propostos. Os poucos estudos baseados em dados moleculares que incluíram espécimes do complexo brevicaudata revelaram altas taxas de divergência genética. Este trabalho buscou elucidar a sistemática do complexo de espécies M. brevicaudata através do estudo dos padrões de variação morfológica e genética. Para tal, desenvolvemos análises filogenéticas baseadas em dois genes mitocondriais: citocromo b e 16 S rDNA. Adicionalmente, estudamos a morfologia externa e craniana dos espécimes, investigando a existência de congruência entre a variação genética e morfológica. As análises morfológicas foram, em geral, congruentes com as moleculares, as quais indicaram os mesmos clados em todas as análises filogenéticas. Foram formalmente reconhecidas nove espécies para o complexo. Monodelphis brevicaudata, M. palliolata e M. glirina são consideradas espécies válidas; M. touan é revalidado da sinonímia de M. brevicaudata e duas espécies novas são descritas e nomeadas; a espécie M. domestica provou ser intimamente relacionada a espécimes do grupo brevicaudata, sendo aqui considerada como integrante do referido grupo; duas espécies reconhecidas como distintas permanecem sem uma descrição formal; M. maraxina é sinonimizada com M. glirina. Foi observado dimorfismo sexual para as espécies estudadas, sendo que para as duas espécies estatisticamente testadas (teste T de student), M. glirina e M. sp. nov. “Trombetas”, os machos apresentaram crânios significativamente maiores que as fêmeas. Rios de grande porte parecem ter participado na diferenciação genética e estruturação filogeográfica das espécies. O padrão filogeográfico encontrado sugere ao menos dois centros de diversificação para o grupo, um no escudo das Guianas, envolvendo as espécies ao norte do rio Amazonas, e outro no escudo brasileiro, envolvendo M. glirina e M. domestica.

A influência de uma espécie exótica invasora, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (jaqueira), sobre uma comunidade de pequenos mamíferos e sua interferência na dinâmica de dispersão de sementes nativas

Atualmente, sabe-se que danos causados por espécies exóticas invasoras são umas das principais causas de extinção de espécies, afetando mais seriamente espécies que evoluíram em ilhas. A jaqueira, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck (Moraceae) é originária das florestas tropicais da Índia. Foi introduzida no Brasil ainda no período Colonial e atualmente é invasora em áreas de Mata Atlântica, incluindo a Ilha Grande, RJ. Durante três anos foram amostrados bimestralmente 18 grades, 10 com diferentes densidades de jaqueiras e oito sem jaqueiras. Em cada grade foram colocadas 11 armadilhas de captura de mamíferos, que ficavam abertas durante três dias consecutivos por mês. No laboratório as fezes de todos os animais capturados foram analisadas para verificar a dieta e a quantidade de sementes nativas defecadas. Para verificar as espécies capazes de predar e dispersar sementes de jaca, fizemos testes com sementes de jaca atados a carretéis e armadilhas fotográficas. Neste contexto, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência da jaqueira na comunidade de pequenos mamíferos e na dispersão de sementes de espécies nativas. Os resultados mostraram que em áreas com maior densidade de jaqueiras adultas, houve uma maior abundância de espécies frugívoras e a diminuição da abundância de espécies mais insetívoras. Embora a jaqueira não tenha influenciado no consumo de itens de origem animal e vegetal entre áreas com e sem jaqueiras e durante os períodos de maior e menor frutificação, essa espécie desfavoreceu a dispersão de sementes nativas. Em áreas com maior densidade de jaqueiras verificamos uma quantidade menor de sementes nativas sendo defecadas pelos pequenos mamíferos. O número de sementes defecadas durante o período de menor frutificação das jaqueiras não foi significativo em relação ao período de maior frutificação e em todos os períodos somados. Já em relação à frequência de fezes contendo sementes nativas, os resultados das regressões simples foram significativos para todos os períodos. O fruto da jaqueira A. heterophyllus foi mais consumido por D. aurita, T. dimidiatus eCuniculus paca, sendo que D. auritanão teve influência sobre a predação e a dispersão de sementes de jaca. Os roedores T. dimidiatuse C. paca foram registrados pelas armadilhas fotográficas predando 20% e 16% das sementes de jaca e carregaram 65% e 44% das sementes, respectivamente. Os testes com carretel mostraram que 86% das sementes foram predadas, 10% foram deixadas intactas no local e apenas 4% foram dispersas a pequenas distâncias, entre 2 e 15 metros, sendo possível que esses roedores propiciem a dispersão dessa espécie exótica e invasora para novas áreas

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Skull Modularity in Neotropical Marsupials and Monkeys: Size Variation and Evolutionary Constraint and Flexibility

An organism is built through a series of contingent factors, yet it is determined by historical, physical, and developmental constraints. A constraint should not be understood as an absolute obstacle to evolution, as it may also generate new possibilities for evolutionary change. Modularity is, in this context, an important way of organizing biological information and has been recognized as a central concept in evolutionary biology bridging on developmental, genetics, morphological, biochemical, and physiological studies. In this article, we explore how modularity affects the evolution of a complex system in two mammalian lineages by analyzing correlation, variance/covariance, and residual matrices (without size variation). We use the multivariate response to selection equation to simulate the behavior of Eutheria and Metharia skulls in terms of their evolutionary flexibility and constraints. We relate these results to classical approaches based on morphological integration tests based on functional/developmental hypotheses. Eutherians (Neotropical primates) showed smaller magnitudes of integration compared with Metatheria (didelphids) and also skull modules more clearly delimited. Didelphids showed higher magnitudes of integration and their modularity is strongly influenced by within-groups size variation to a degree that evolutionary responses are basically aligned with size variation. Primates still have a good portion of the total variation based on size; however, their enhanced modularization allows a broader spectrum of responses, more similar to the selection gradients applied (enhanced flexibility). Without size variation, both groups become much more similar in terms of modularity patterns and magnitudes and, consequently, in their evolutionary flexibility. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:663-683, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Diet and food selection by small mammals in an old-growth Atlantic forest of south-eastern Brazil

Here we describe the stomach contents of nine small mammal species (seven rodents and two didelphid marsupials) co-occurring in an old-growth Atlantic forest area. For four terrestrial rodents, we also compared the importance of arthropods in the diet and the selection of arthropod groups by comparing consumption with availability. Small mammals and arthropods were sampled in a 36-ha grid containing 25 sampling stations spaced every 150 m, and 47 stomach contents were analysed. While plant matter was the predominant item in the stomach contents of two rodents (Oligoryzomys nigripes and Rhipidomys mastacalis), four species presented arthropods as the main food item (the rodents Brucepattersonius soricinus and Oxymycterus dasytrichus, and the marsupials Monodelphis n. sp. and Marmosops incanus) and three consumed more plant matter than arthropods, but had significant amounts of both items (the rodents Delomys sublineatus, Euryoryzomys russatus and Thaptomys nigrita). Our results suggest that differences in diet, coupled with differences in habit and microhabitat preferences, are important factors allowing resource partition among species of the diverse group of co-occurring terrestrial small mammals in Atlantic forest areas. Moreover, arthropods were not preyed opportunistically by any of the four terrestrial rodents, since consumption was not proportional to availability. Rather, selection or rejection of arthropod groups seems to be determined by aspects other than availability, such as nutritional value, easiness of capture and handling or palatability.

Variety matters: adaptive genetic diversity and parasite load in two mouse opossums from the Brazilian Atlantic forest

The adaptive potential of a species to a changing environment and in disease defence is primarily based on genetic variation. Immune genes, such as genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), may thereby be of particular importance. In marsupials, however, there is very little knowledge about natural levels and functional importance of MHC polymorphism, despite their key role in the mammalian evolution. In a previous study, we discovered remarkable differences in the MHC class II diversity between two species of mouse opossums (Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops incanus) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest, which is one of the most endangered hotspots for biodiversity conservation. Since the main forces in generating MHC diversity are assumed to be pathogens, we investigated in this study gastrointestinal parasite burden and functional associations between the individual MHC constitution and parasite load. We tested two contrasting scenarios, which might explain differences in MHC diversity between species. We predicted that a species with low MHC diversity would either be under relaxed selection pressure by low parasite diversity (`Evolutionary equilibrium` scenario), or there was a recent loss in MHC diversity leading to a lack of resistance alleles and increased parasite burden (`Unbalanced situation` scenario). In both species it became apparent that the MHC class II is functionally important in defence against gastrointestinal helminths, which was shown here for the first time in marsupials. On the population level, parasite diversity did not markedly differ between the two host species. However, we did observe considerable differences in the individual parasite load (parasite prevalence and infection intensity): while M. incanus revealed low MHC DAB diversity and high parasite load, G. microtarsus showed a tenfold higher population wide MHC DAB diversity and lower parasite burden. These results support the second scenario of an unbalanced situation.