La modification chimique en surface de la cellulose microcristalline et son application dans les composites de polyéthylène

Dans le contexte de la production d’éthanol cellulosique, la cellulose doit être hydrolysée par voie chimique ou enzymatique. Dans ce procédé d’hydrolyse, la partie cristalline de la cellulose est plus difficilement fragmentable, ce qui entraîne des coûts supplémentaires dues au temps de traitement plus élevé ou à la quantité supplémentaire de produits chimiques nécessaires. Dans l’optique de réduire les coûts de l’hydrolyse tout en recherchant une voie pour valoriser la cellulose cristalline, l’idée de fabriquer des composites polymères/cellulose est attrayante. L’objectif du présent travail a donc été de valider si la cellulose microcristalline tirée d’un processus d’hydrolyse acide pourrait mener à de nouveaux matériaux composites à valeur ajoutée. Un obstacle anticipé dans le projet a été la faible adhésion de la cellulose, hydrophile et polaire, aux polymères généralement beaucoup moins polaires. Le développement de composites performants et l’atteinte de teneurs élevés en cellulose microcristalline a donc inclus, sur le plan chimique, l’objectif de comparer divers traitements de surface de la cellulose qui permettrait de pallier aux défis anticipés. La méthodologie utilisée dans ce projet a consisté à développer et optimiser un protocole de modification chimique sur de la cellulose microcristalline commerciale à l’échelle laboratoire. Les celluloses modifiées ont été soumises à une caractérisation par analyse de l’angle de contact pour caractériser l’hydrophobicité des fibres, par spectrométrie photoélectronique X pour l’analyse de la composition chimique des fibres, par granulométrie laser pour mesurer la longueur des différentes fibres et microscopie optique pour l’observation de la longueur des fibres. Toutes les techniques ont été utilisées afin de comparer les propriétés des celluloses modifiées à celles de la cellulose de référence. La cellulose de référence et les celluloses modifiées chimiquement ont ensuite été mélangées à des concentrations de 0 à 50% avec du polyéthylène de basse densité à l’état fondu en utilisant un mélangeur interne de type Brabender®. Les composites ont été caractérisés par microscopie électronique à balayage pour analyser la morphologie de mélange sur les surfaces de rupture et l’homogénéité du mélange, par des analyses rhéologiques afin d’obtenir la viscosité en fonction du cisaillement et par des essais de traction afin de déterminer leur Module de Young, leur résistance à la traction et leur élongation à la rupture. Ces caractéristiques permettent de prévoir la performance des composites dans des applications structurales.

Importance de l'hélice a[alpha]4 et des boucles inter-hélicales du domaine I dans le mécanisme de formation de pores par la toxine Cry1Aa du bacille de Thuringe

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

DNA damage induced by low energy electrons (LEEs)

Abstract : The major objective of our study is to investigate DNA damage induced by soft X-rays (1.5 keV) and low-energy electrons (˂ 30 eV) using a novel irradiation system created by Prof. Sanche’s group. Thin films of double-stranded DNA are deposited on either glass and tantalum substrates and irradiated under standard temperature and pressure surrounded by a N[subscript 2] environment. Base release (cytosine, thymine, adenine and guanine) and base modifications (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro -2’-deoxyguanosine, 5-hydroxymethyl-2’-deoxyuridine, 5-formyl-2’-deoxyuridine, 5,6-dihydrothymidine and 5,6-dihydro-2’-deoxy uridine) are analyzed and quantified by LC-MS/MS. Our results reveal larger damage yields in the sample deposited on tantalum than those on glass. This can be explained by an enhancement of damage due to low-energy electrons, which are emitted from the metal substrate. From a comparison of the yield of products, base release is the major type of damage especially for purine bases, which are 3-fold greater than base modifications. A proposed pathway leading to base release involves the formation of a transient negative ion (TNI) followed by dissociative electron attachment (DEA) at the N-g lycosidic bond. On the other hand, base modification products consist of two major types of chemical modifications, which include thymine methyl oxidation products that likely arises from DEA from the methyl group of thymine, and 5,6-dihydropyrimidine that can involve the initial addition of electrons, H atoms, or hydride ions to the 5,6-pyrimidine double bond.

Etude de l'impact du vieillissement et de la pureté sur le profil chimique de l'héroïne

L'Institut de Police Scientifique (IPS) de Lausanne a développé et emploie une méthode de profilage de l'héroïne qui permet d'établir des liens entre les saisies de différentes affaires. La comparaison s'appuie sur des caractéristiques chimiques. Au cours du trafic, les spécimens sont transportés, stockés et dilués. Leurs caractéristiques chimiques sont alors susceptibles de varier. L'objectif de ce travail consiste à évaluer les conséquences d'une dilution importante sur l'évolution des liens chimiques établis, puis d'observer l'influence de la température et de l'humidité sur le profil chimique d'échantillons d'héroïne placés dans des conditions de vieillissement accéléré. On remarque que la dilution n'influence pas directement le profilage, mais l'inférence d'une source commune entre les spécimens dépend de la différence entre les concentrations des échantillons comparés. Dans le cadre de l'étude de vieillissement, tous les échantillons ont pu être liés et aucune variation significative du profil n'a été constatée. Cependant, les quantités de certains composés ont plus tendance à varier et pourraient être à l'origine d'une modification du profil à long terme.

Développement d’un système d’actionnement utilisant la combustion d’une source d’énergie chimique pour la robotique mobile

Les systèmes d’actionnement couramment utilisés sur les systèmes de robotiques mobiles tels que les exosquelettes ou les robots marcheurs sont majoritairement électriques. Les batteries couplées à des moteurs électriques souffrent toutefois d’une faible densité de stockage énergétique et une faible densité de puissance, ce qui limite l’autonomie de ces dispositifs pour une masse de système donnée. Une étude comparative des systèmes d’actionnement potentiels a permis de déterminer que l’utilisation d’une source d’énergie chimique permettait d’obtenir une densité de stockage énergétique supérieure aux batteries. De plus, il a été déterminé que l’utilisation de la combustion directement dans un actionneur pneumatique souple permettrait d’obtenir une densité de puissance beaucoup plus élevée que celle des moteurs électriques. La conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation de plusieurs types d’actionneurs pneumatiques pressurisés directement par la combustion d’une source d’énergie chimique ont permis d’évaluer la faisabilité de l’approche, dans un contexte de robotique mobile, plus précisément pour des tâches de locomotion. Les paramètres permettant d’obtenir une efficacité énergétique élevée ont été étudiés. Il a été démontré que le ratio de compression et le ratio d’expansion doivent être optimisés. De plus, comme les pertes thermiques sont le mécanisme de perte dominant, le ratio d’équivalence devrait être réduit au minimum. Parmi les carburants usuels, l’hydrogène permet d’atteindre les valeurs de ratio d’équivalence les plus faibles, ce qui en fait un choix de carburant idéal. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été utilisés pour corréler un modèle analytique d’un actionneur pneumatique à combustion. Ce modèle analytique est par la suite utilisé pour vérifier la faisabilité théorique de l’utilisation de l’approche d’actionnement pour fournir la puissance à un dispositif d’assistance à la locomotion.

Modification of composition of a nanoemulsion with different cholesteryl ester molecular species: Effects on stability, peroxidation, and cell uptake

Purpose: Use of lipid nanoemulsions as carriers of drugs for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes has been increasingly studied. Here, it was tested whether modifications of core particle constitution could affect the characteristics and biologic properties of lipid nanoemulsions. Methods: Three nanoemulsions were prepared using cholesteryl oleate, cholesteryl stearate, or cholesteryl linoleate as main core constituents. Particle size, stability, pH, peroxidation of the nanoemulsions, and cell survival and uptake by different cell lines were evaluated. Results: It was shown that cholesteryl stearate nanoemulsions had the greatest particle size and all three nanoemulsions were stable during the 237-day observation period. The pH of the three nanoemulsion preparations tended to decrease over time, but the decrease in pH of cholesteryl stearate was smaller than that of cholesteryl oleate and cholesteryl linoleate. Lipoperoxidation was greater in cholesteryl linoleate than in cholesteryl oleate and cholesteryl stearate. After four hours' incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with nanoemulsions, peroxidation was minimal in the presence of cholesteryl oleate and more pronounced with cholesteryl linoleate and cholesteryl stearate. In contrast, macrophage incubates showed the highest peroxidation rates with cholesteryl oleate. Cholesteryl linoleate induced the highest cell peroxidation rates, except in macrophages. Uptake of cholesteryl oleate nanoemulsion by HUVEC and fibroblasts was greater than that of cholesteryl linoleate and cholesteryl stearate. Uptake of the three nanoemulsions by monocytes was equal. Uptake of cholesteryl oleate and cholesteryl linoleate by macrophages was negligible, but macrophage uptake of cholesteryl stearate was higher. In H292 tumor cells, cholesteryl oleate showed the highest uptakes. HUVEC showed higher survival rates when incubated with cholesteryl stearate and smaller survival with cholesteryl linoleate. H292 survival was greater with cholesteryl stearate. Conclusion: Although all three nanoemulsion types were stable for a long period, considerable differences were observed in size, oxidation status, and cell survival and nanoemulsion uptake in all tested cell lines. Those differences may be helpful in protocol planning and interpretation of data from experiments with lipid nanoemulsions.

A NOTES Modification of the Transanal Pull-Through

Transanal endorectal pull-through (TAEPT) surgery is primarily performed for rectosigmoid aganglionosis, generally with excellent results. There is evidence that overstretching the anus and tension traction in the sigmoid during the procedure could impair the final continence of the patient. Many researchers suggest the use of small umbilical or laparoscopic access to aid in colon mobilization, thus preventing excessive handling within the anal canal. We assumed that transabdominal mobilization of the sigmoid could be prevented by utilizing the NOTES (natural orifices transluminal endoscopic surgery) technique. We performed a TAEPT with NOTES access of the sigmoid vascular pedicle, keeping the surgery exclusively transanal, which prevented scars in the abdomen and minimized the stretching of perineal structures.

Nuclear modification factors of phi mesons in d plus Au, Cu plus Cu, and Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has performed systematic measurements of phi meson production in the K(+)K(-) decay channel at midrapidity in p + p, d + Au, Cu + Cu, and Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. Results are presented on the phi invariant yield and the nuclear modification factor R(AA) for Au + Au and Cu + Cu, and R(dA) for d + Au collisions, studied as a function of transverse momentum (1 < p(T) < 7 GeV/c) and centrality. In central and midcentral Au + Au collisions, the R(AA) of phi exhibits a suppression relative to expectations from binary scaled p + p results. The amount of suppression is smaller than that of the pi(0) and the. in the intermediate p(T) range (2-5 GeV/c), whereas, at higher p(T), the phi, pi(0), and. show similar suppression. The baryon (proton and antiproton) excess observed in central Au + Au collisions at intermediate p(T) is not observed for the phi meson despite the similar masses of the proton and the phi. This suggests that the excess is linked to the number of valence quarks in the hadron rather than its mass. The difference gradually disappears with decreasing centrality, and, for peripheral collisions, the R(AA) values for both particle species are consistent with binary scaling. Cu + Cu collisions show the same yield and suppression as Au + Au collisions for the same number of N(part). The R(dA) of phi shows no evidence for cold nuclear effects within uncertainties.

Transition in Yield and Azimuthal Shape Modification in Dihadron Correlations in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Hard-scattered parton probes produced in collisions of large nuclei indicate large partonic energy loss, possibly with collective produced-medium response to the lost energy. We present measurements of pi(0) trigger particles at transverse momenta p(T)(t) = 4-12 GeV/c and associated charged hadrons (p(T)(a) = 0.5-7 GeV/c) vs relative azimuthal angle Delta phi in Au + Au and p + p collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. The Au + Au distribution at low p(T)(a), whose shape has been interpreted as a medium effect, is modified for p(T)(t) < 7 GeV/c. At higher p(T)(t), the data are consistent with unmodified or very weakly modified shapes, even for the lowest measured p(T)(a), which quantitatively challenges some medium response models. The associated yield of hadrons opposing the trigger particle in Au + Au relative to p + p (I(AA)) is suppressed at high p(T) (I(AA) approximate to 0.35-0.5), but less than for inclusive suppression (R(AA) approximate to 0.2).

Particle-species dependent modification of jet-induced correlations in Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

Measurements in Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV of jet correlations for a trigger hadron at intermediate transverse momentum (p(T,trig)) with associated mesons or baryons at lower p(T,assoc) indicate strong modification of the away-side jet. The ratio of jet-associated baryons to mesons increases with centrality and p(T,assoc). For the most central collisions, the ratio is similar to that for inclusive measurements. This trend is incompatible with in-vacuum fragmentation but could be due to jetlike contributions from correlated soft partons, which recombine upon hadronization.

Multipoint covalent immobilization of lipase on chitosan hybrid hydrogels: influence of the polyelectrolyte complex type and chemical modification on the catalytic properties of the biocatalysts

This work aimed at the production of stabilized derivatives of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) by multipoint covalent immobilization of the enzyme on chitosan-based matrices. The resulting biocatalysts were tested for synthesis of biodiesel by ethanolysis of palm oil. Different hydrogels were prepared: chitosan alone and in polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) with kappa-carrageenan, gelatin, alginate, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The obtained supports were chemically modified with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to increase support hydrophobicity, followed by activation with different agents such as glycidol (GLY), epichlorohydrin (EPI), and glutaraldehyde (GLU). The chitosan-alginate hydrogel, chemically modified with TNBS, provided derivatives with higher apparent hydrolytic activity (HA(app)) and thermal stability, being up to 45-fold more stable than soluble lipase. The maximum load of immobilized enzyme was 17.5 mg g(-1) of gel for GLU, 7.76 mg g(-1) of gel for GLY, and 7.65 mg g(-1) of gel for EPI derivatives, the latter presenting the maximum apparent hydrolytic activity (364.8 IU g(-1) of gel). The three derivatives catalyzed conversion of palm oil to biodiesel, but chitosan-alginate-TNBS activated via GLY and EPI led to higher recovered activities of the enzyme. Thus, this is a more attractive option for both hydrolysis and transesterification of vegetable oils using immobilized TLL, although industrial application of this biocatalyst still demands further improvements in its half-life to make the enzymatic process economically attractive.

Modification of surface properties of Ti-16Si-4B powder alloy by plasma immersion ion implantation

Results of the surface modification of Ti-16Si-4B powder alloy by nitrogen ion implantation are presented, together with the experimental description of the preparation of that powder by high-energy ball milling and hot pressing. The phase structure, chemical composition and morphology of sample surfaces were observed by utilizing X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A tribological characterization was carried out with a ball-on-disc tribometer and an SEM. Friction coefficient is compared with the one obtained for Ti-6Al-4V alloy and the wear scars characterized by SEM/EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). The concentration profile of the detected elements have been investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profiling. Our results show that a shallow implanted layer of oxygen and nitrogen ions were obtained at the Ti-16Si -4B alloy surface, sufficient to modify slightly its tribological properties. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Single step process for particles surface modification or thin film composite production

Adsorbent materials and composites are quite useful for sensor development. Therefore, the aim of this work is the surface modification of particulates and/or composite formation. The material was produced by plasma polymerization of HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) in a single step. SEM analysis shows good surface coverage of particulates with a plasma polymerized film formed by several clusters that might increase adsorption. Particles (starch. 5 5 mu m) recovered with HMDS films show good properties for retention of medium-size Organic molecules, such as dye. Thin films formed by a mixture of particles and plasma polymerized thin film HMDS species were obtained in a single step and can be used for retention of organic compounds, in liquid or gaseous phase. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Surface modification of bovine bone ash prepared by milling and acid washing process

Bovine bone ash is the main raw material for fabrication of bone china, a special kind of porcelain that has visual and mechanical advantages when compared to usual porcelains. The properties of bone china are highly dependent on the characteristics of the bone ash. However, despite a relatively common product, the science behind formulations and accepted fabrication procedures for bone china is not completely understood and deserves attention for future processing optimizations. In this paper, the influence of the preparation steps (firing, milling, and washing of the bones) on the physicochemical properties of bone ash particles was investigated. Bone powders heat-treated at temperatures varying from 700 to 1000 degrees C were washed and milled. The obtained materials were analyzed in terms of particle size distribution, chemical composition, density, specific surface area, FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic electrophoretic mobility, crystalline phases and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that bone ash does not significantly change in terms of chemistry and physical features at calcination temperatures above 700 degrees C. After washing in special conditions, one could only observe hydroxyapatite in the diffraction pattern. By FTIR it was observed that carbonate seems to be mainly concentrated on the surface of the powders. Since this compound can influence in the dispersion stability, and consequently in the quality of the final bone china product, and considering optimal washing parameters based on the dynamic electrophoretic mobility results, we describe a procedure for surface cleaning. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Modification of arthropod vector competence via symbiotic bacteria

Some of the world's most devastating diseases are transmitted by arthropod vectors. Attempts to control these arthropods are currently being challenged by the widespread appearance of insecticide resistance. It is therefore desirable to develop alternative strategies to complement existing methods of vector control. In this review, Charles Beard, Scott O'Neill, Robert Tesh, Frank Richards and Serap Aksoy present an approach for introducing foreign genes into insects in order to confer refractoriness to vector populations, ie. the inability to transmit disease-causing agents. This approach aims to express foreign anti-parasitic or anti-viral gene products in symbiotic bacteria harbored by insects. The potential use of naturally occurring symbiont-based mechanisms in the spread of such refractory phenotypes is also discussed.