Three-dimensional model for multi-component reactive transport with variable density groundwater flow

PHWAT is a new model that couples a geochemical reaction model (PHREEQC-2) with a density-dependent groundwater flow and solute transport model (SEAWAT) using the split-operator approach. PHWAT was developed to simulate multi-component reactive transport in variable density groundwater flow. Fluid density in PHWAT depends not on only the concentration of a single species as in SEAWAT, but also the concentrations of other dissolved chemicals that can be subject to reactive processes. Simulation results of PHWAT and PHREEQC-2 were compared in their predictions of effluent concentration from a column experiment. Both models produced identical results, showing that PHWAT has correctly coupled the sub-packages. PHWAT was then applied to the simulation of a tank experiment in which seawater intrusion was accompanied by cation exchange. The density dependence of the intrusion and the snow-plough effect in the breakthrough curves were reflected in the model simulations, which were in good agreement with the measured breakthrough data. Comparison simulations that, in turn, excluded density effects and reactions allowed us to quantify the marked effect of ignoring these processes. Next, we explored numerical issues involved in the practical application of PHWAT using the example of a dense plume flowing into a tank containing fresh water. It was shown that PHWAT could model physically unstable flow and that numerical instabilities were suppressed. Physical instability developed in the model in accordance with the increase of the modified Rayleigh number for density-dependent flow, in agreement with previous research. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contribuição para a caracterização e modelação hidrogeológica do concelho do Seixal

Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Geológica (Georrecursos)

Modelos geológicos estocásticos 3D e interface para modelos de simulação de fluxo: aplicação à área subjacente da antiga fábrica da SPEL

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Geológica (Georrecursos)

Studies on Landfill Leachate Transportation and Its Impact on Soil Characteristics

Leachate from an untreated landfill or landfill with damaged liners will cause the pollution of soil and ground water. Here an attempt was made to generate knowledge on concentrations of all relevant pollutants in soil due to municipal solid waste landfill leachate and its migration through soil and also to study the effect of leachate on the engineering properties of soil. To identify the pollutants in soil due to the leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill site, a case study on an unlined municipal solid waste landfill at Kalamassery has been done. Soil samples as well as water samples were collected from the site and analysed to identify the pollutants and its effect on soil characteristics. The major chemicals in the soil were identified as Ammonia, Chloride, Nitrate, Iron, Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium etc.. Engineering properties of field soil samples show that the chemicals from the leachate of landfill may have effect on the engineering properties of soil. Laboratory experiments were formulated to model the field around an unlined MSW landfill using two different soils subjected to a synthetic leachate. The Maximum change in chemical concentration and engineering property was observed on soil samples at a radial distance of 0.2 m and at a depth of 0.3 m. The pollutant (chemicals) transport pattern through the soil was also studied using synthetic leachate. To establish the effect of pollutants (chemicals) on engineering properties of soil, experiments were conducted on two types soils treated with the synthetic chemicals at four different concentrations. Analyses were conducted after maturing periods of 7, 50, 100 and 150 days. Test soils treated with maximum chemical concentration and matured for 150 days were showing major change in the properties. To visualize the flow of pollutants through soil in a broader sense, the transportation of pollutants through soil was modeled using software ‘Visual MODFLOW’. The actual field data collected for the case study was used to calibrate the modelling and thus simulated the flow pattern of the pollutants through soil around Kalamassery municipal solid waste landfill for an extent of 4 km2. Flow was analysed for a time span of 30 years in which the landfill was closed after 20 years. The concentration of leachate beneath the landfill was observed to be reduced considerably within one year after closure of landfill and within 8 years, it gets lowered to a negligible level. As an environmensstal management measure to control the pollution through leachate, permeable reactive barriers are used as an emerging technology. Here the suitability of locally available materials like coir pith, rice husk and sugar cane bagasse were investigated as reactive media in permeable reactive barrier. The test results illustrates that, among these, coir pith was showing better performance with maximum percentage reduction in concentration of the filtrate. All these three agricultural wastes can be effectively utilized as a reactive material. This research establishes the influence of leachate of municipal solid waste landfill on the engineering properties of soil. The factors such as type of the soil, composition of leachate, infiltration rate, aquifers, ground water table etc., will have a major role on the area of influence zone of the pollutants in a landfill. Software models of the landfill area can be used to predict the extent and the time span of pollution of a landfill, by inputting the accurate field parameters and leachate characteristics. The present study throws light on the role of agro waste materials on the reduction of the pollution in leachate and thus prevents the groundwater and soil from contamination

Numerical Feasibility Study for Treated Wastewater Recharge as a Tool to Impede Saltwater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Gaza – Palestine

The ongoing depletion of the coastal aquifer in the Gaza strip due to groundwater overexploitation has led to the process of seawater intrusion, which is continually becoming a serious problem in Gaza, as the seawater has further invaded into many sections along the coastal shoreline. As a first step to get a hold on the problem, the artificial neural network (ANN)-model has been applied as a new approach and an attractive tool to study and predict groundwater levels without applying physically based hydrologic parameters, and also for the purpose to improve the understanding of complex groundwater systems and which is able to show the effects of hydrologic, meteorological and anthropogenic impacts on the groundwater conditions. Prediction of the future behaviour of the seawater intrusion process in the Gaza aquifer is thus of crucial importance to safeguard the already scarce groundwater resources in the region. In this study the coupled three-dimensional groundwater flow and density-dependent solute transport model SEAWAT, as implemented in Visual MODFLOW, is applied to the Gaza coastal aquifer system to simulate the location and the dynamics of the saltwater–freshwater interface in the aquifer in the time period 2000-2010. A very good agreement between simulated and observed TDS salinities with a correlation coefficient of 0.902 and 0.883 for both steady-state and transient calibration is obtained. After successful calibration of the solute transport model, simulation of future management scenarios for the Gaza aquifer have been carried out, in order to get a more comprehensive view of the effects of the artificial recharge planned in the Gaza strip for some time on forestall, or even to remedy, the presently existing adverse aquifer conditions, namely, low groundwater heads and high salinity by the end of the target simulation period, year 2040. To that avail, numerous management scenarios schemes are examined to maintain the ground water system and to control the salinity distributions within the target period 2011-2040. In the first, pessimistic scenario, it is assumed that pumping from the aquifer continues to increase in the near future to meet the rising water demand, and that there is not further recharge to the aquifer than what is provided by natural precipitation. The second, optimistic scenario assumes that treated surficial wastewater can be used as a source of additional artificial recharge to the aquifer which, in principle, should not only lead to an increased sustainable yield of the latter, but could, in the best of all cases, revert even some of the adverse present-day conditions in the aquifer, i.e., seawater intrusion. This scenario has been done with three different cases which differ by the locations and the extensions of the injection-fields for the treated wastewater. The results obtained with the first (do-nothing) scenario indicate that there will be ongoing negative impacts on the aquifer, such as a higher propensity for strong seawater intrusion into the Gaza aquifer. This scenario illustrates that, compared with 2010 situation of the baseline model, at the end of simulation period, year 2040, the amount of saltwater intrusion into the coastal aquifer will be increased by about 35 %, whereas the salinity will be increased by 34 %. In contrast, all three cases of the second (artificial recharge) scenario group can partly revert the present seawater intrusion. From the water budget point of view, compared with the first (do nothing) scenario, for year 2040, the water added to the aquifer by artificial recharge will reduces the amount of water entering the aquifer by seawater intrusion by 81, 77and 72 %, for the three recharge cases, respectively. Meanwhile, the salinity in the Gaza aquifer will be decreased by 15, 32 and 26% for the three cases, respectively.

Optimization Of Groundwater Remediation With New Efficient Parallel Algorithm For Global Optimization

Application of optimization algorithm to PDE modeling groundwater remediation can greatly reduce remediation cost. However, groundwater remediation analysis requires a computational expensive simulation, therefore, effective parallel optimization could potentially greatly reduce computational expense. The optimization algorithm used in this research is Parallel Stochastic radial basis function. This is designed for global optimization of computationally expensive functions with multiple local optima and it does not require derivatives. In each iteration of the algorithm, an RBF is updated based on all the evaluated points in order to approximate expensive function. Then the new RBF surface is used to generate the next set of points, which will be distributed to multiple processors for evaluation. The criteria of selection of next function evaluation points are estimated function value and distance from all the points known. Algorithms created for serial computing are not necessarily efficient in parallel so Parallel Stochastic RBF is different algorithm from its serial ancestor. The application for two Groundwater Superfund Remediation sites, Umatilla Chemical Depot, and Former Blaine Naval Ammunition Depot. In the study, the formulation adopted treats pumping rates as decision variables in order to remove plume of contaminated groundwater. Groundwater flow and contamination transport is simulated with MODFLOW-MT3DMS. For both problems, computation takes a large amount of CPU time, especially for Blaine problem, which requires nearly fifty minutes for a simulation for a single set of decision variables. Thus, efficient algorithm and powerful computing resource are essential in both cases. The results are discussed in terms of parallel computing metrics i.e. speedup and efficiency. We find that with use of up to 24 parallel processors, the results of the parallel Stochastic RBF algorithm are excellent with speed up efficiencies close to or exceeding 100%.

Simulação numérica do fluxo hídrico subterrâneo na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Pitimbu RN

Urban centers in Pitimbu Watershed use significant groundwater sources for public supply. Therefore, studies in Dunas Barreiras aquifer are relevant to expand knowledge about it and help manage water resources in the region. An essential tool for this management is the numerical modeling of groundwater flow. In this work, we developed a groundwater flow model for Pitimbu Watershed, using the Visual Modflow, version 2.7.1., which uses finite difference method for solving the govern equation of the dynamics of groundwater flow. We carried out the numerical simulation of steady-state model for the entire region of the basin. The model was built in the geographical, geomorphological and hydrogeological study of the area, which defined the boundary conditions and the parameters required for the numerical calculation. Owing to unavailability of current data based on monitoring of the aquifer it was not possible to calibrate the model. However, the simulation results showed that the overall water balance approached zero, therefore satisfying the equation for the three-dimensional behavior of the head water in steady state. Variations in aquifer recharge data were made to verify the impact of this contribution on the water balance of the system, especially in the scenario in which recharge due to drains and sinks was removed. According to the results generated by Visual Modflow occurred significantly hydraulic head lowering, ranging from 16,4 to 82 feet of drawdown. With the results obtained, it can be said that modeling is performed as a valid tool for the management of water resources in Pitimbu River Basin, and to support new studies

Fluxo da água subterrânea em sistema de encosta-rio, município de Paulínia (SP): caracterização hidrogeológica e simulação numérica

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização hidrogeológica e simulação numérica de fluxo em uma região situada no distrito industrial de Paulínia (SP)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Simulação numérica de fluxo de águas subterrâneas na fazenda Cara Preta - Santa Rita do Passa Quatro - SP

The term model refers to any representation of a real system. The use of models in Hydrogeology can be valuable predictive tools for management of groundwater resources. The numeric models of groundwater flow, object of this study, consist on a set of differential equations that describe the water flow in the porous medium. In this context, numeric simulations were made for a sub-basin located at Cara Preta farm – Santa Rita do Passa Quatro – SP. The aquifer at the local is composed by rocks of Pirambóia Formation, which is part of Guarani Aquifer System. It was developed a conceptual model from previous studies in the area, and from that, simulations were made through the software Visual Modflow®. The conceptual model established previously was considered consistent through the results of simulation.

Studio dell'intrusione salina all'interno di un acquifero freatico costiero (Ravenna; Italia)

L’acquifero freatico costiero ravennate è intensamente salinizzato fino a diversi km nell’entroterra. Il corpo dell’acquifero è formato da sabbie che poggiano su un substrato argilloso ad una profondità media di 25 m, i depositi affioranti sono sabbie e argille. Il lavoro svolto consiste in una caratterizzazione dello stato di salinizzazione con metodologie indirette (geoelettrica) e metodologie dirette (letture dei parametri fisici delle acque in pozzo). I sondaggi elettrici verticali (V.E.S.) mostrano stagionalità dovuta alle differenti quantità di pioggia e quindi di ricarica, le aree con depositi superficiali ad alta conducibilità idraulica (sabbie) hanno una lente d’acqua dolce compresa tra 0,1 e 2,25 m di spessore, al di sotto della quale troviamo una zona di mescolamento con spessori che vanno da 1,00 a 12,00 m, mentre quando in superficie abbiamo depositi a bassa conducibilità idraulica (limi sabbiosi e argille sabbiose) la lente d’acqua dolce scompare e la zona di mescolamento è sottile. Le misure dirette in pozzo mostrano una profondità della tavola d’acqua quasi ovunque sotto il livello del mare in entrambi i mesi monitorati, Giugno e Dicembre 2010, presentando una profondità leggermente maggiore nel mese di Dicembre. Dalla ricostruzione litologica risulta un acquifero composto da 4×109 m3 di sabbia, per cui ipotizzando una porosità media del 30% sono presenti 1,2×109 m3 di acqua. Dalla modellazione numerica (Modflow-SEAWAT 2000) risulta che l’origine dell’acqua salata che si trova in falda trova più facilmente spiegazione ipotizzando la sua presenza fin dalla formazione dell’acquifero, residuo delle acque marine che regredivano. Un’altra problematica analizzata è valutare l’applicazione della metodologia a minifiltri in uno studio sulla salinizzazione delle acque di falda. É stata implementata la costruzione di un transetto sperimentale, che ha permesso la mappatura dell’interfaccia acqua dolce/salmastra/salata con una precisione finora non raggiungibile.

Geotermia a bassa entalpia: Validazione dei software applicativi.

Trovare una fonte alternativa ai combustibili fossili non costituisce più una scelta, ma un obbligo. Lo sfruttamento dell’energia geotermica sta diventando una realtà sempre più diffusa, in quanto una forma di energia rinnovabile, pulita, economicamente conveniente, e con una giusta politica energetica potrebbe dare il suo importante contributo all’energia ottenuta da fonte rinnovabile. Ci sono però dei fattori da non sottovalutare, l’installazione e il funzionamento di impianti geotermici per il riscaldamento o raffrescamento di edifici può produrre alterazioni sull’ambiente circostante e nella falda acquifera. Attraverso un attento studio vengono presi in considerazione tutti i fattori che potrebbero provocare un cambiamento dell’equilibrio preesistente, e vengono individuate le soluzioni che permettono la fattibilità del progetto rispettando i parametri imposti dalla legge. Nell’istallazione di sistemi geotermici a bassa entalpia, il principale elemento da tenere sotto osservazione riguarda la previsione e il controllo delle temperature, in modo tale da impedire lo sviluppo di anomalie termiche. Il sistema preso in considerazione in questa tesi è un sistema geotermico open loop: attraverso un pozzo di adduzione viene prelevata acqua direttamente dalla falda acquifera, per il riscaldamento o il raffrescamento di un edificio, e reimmessa, ad una temperatura diversa, attraverso un pozzo di reimmissione. Si valuta l’impatto del sistema nel sottosuolo e le temperature raggiunte a seguito della messa in opera dell’impianto. In particolare, è proposto un modello numerico MODFLOW di un sistema open loop in un acquifero di sabbia e ghiaia, al fine di determinare l’influenza della reimmissione dal punto di vista idrico e termico. I dati risultanti da questo modello saranno confrontati con quelli ottenuti utilizzando un potente software, COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS. Infine si effettua l’analisi e il confronto dei dati ottenuti dai due software nelle diverse configurazioni del sistema e se ne individua la più adatta alle caratteristiche del sito in esame.

Valutazione delle interferenze idrogeologiche della stazione sotterranea AV di Firenze tramite modellazione fisica e numerica

Questa tesi è volta a fornire un contributo conoscitivo alla quantificazione delle interferenze idrogeologiche causate dalla nuova stazione sotterranea del nodo di penetrazione ferroviaria urbana AV di Firenze, situata nei pressi dell’attuale stazione di superficie di Santa Maria Novella, e della verifica del dimensionamento delle opere di mitigazione in progetto. La tesi è effettuata in collaborazione e con il supporto tecnico di ARPAT (Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale della Toscana), Sede di Firenze, Direzione Tecnica – Settore VIA/VAS (Valutazione d’Impatto Ambientale/Valutazione Ambientale Strategica). ARPAT è l’organo di supporto tecnico dell’Osservatorio Ambientale costituito per l’opera. La tesi sfrutta, come dati di base, tutti quelli raccolti dai progettisti nelle varie fasi, compresa la determinazione dei parametri idraulici dell’acquifero, ed i dati del monitoraggio ambientale. Il proponente dell’opera è RFI (Rete Ferroviaria Italiana) ed è realizzata e progettata dal consorzio Nodavia (General Contractor). Per l’analisi dell’interferenza idrogeologica causata dal camerone della stazione dell’alta velocità di Firenze è stato utilizzato un duplice approccio: un modello fisico ricostruito in laboratorio; un modello numerico alla differenze finite tramite codice Modflow.. Il modello fisico di laboratorio ha cercato di ricostruire, semplificandolo, il modello concettuale del problema idrogeologico di studio: l’inserimento di una diga totalmente impermeabile, trasversalmente al flusso in un mezzo poroso, attraversata da dreni orizzontali di collegamento monte-valle idrologico. Tale configurazione, anche se non strettamente in scala, ha permesso di definire preliminarmente le condizioni al contorno del sistema ed ha guidato la successiva implementazione del modello numerico. Il modello numerico fa riferimento a condizioni stazionarie. Prima è stato implementato per simulare l’andamento della falda nelle condizioni stazionarie ante-operam (I fase); successivamente è stato utilizzato per simulare l’effetto diga del camerone (II fase) e, come terza fase, per simulare l’effetto delle opere di mitigazione dell’effetto diga rappresentate da dreni sub-orizzontali.

Valutazione delle interazioni tra Fiumi Uniti (Ravenna) ed acquifero usando il calore come tracciante

Per molto tempo le risorse di acque sotterranee e quelle di acque superficiali sono state considerate e gestite come due entità a sé stanti; in realtà questi due corpi d’acqua rappresentano le componenti di un’unica risorsa: qualsiasi genere di impatto su una delle due andrà ad influire inevitabilmente sulla quantità o sulla qualità dell’altra. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di comprendere che grado di interazione esiste tra i Fiumi Uniti e l’acquifero costiero ravennate mediante due approcci distinti: (1) con l’analisi di profili termici teorici e ottenuti dal monitoraggio di misure termometriche in quattro piezometri, si intende ottenere informazioni riguardanti i flussi idrici sotterranei, (2) con la modellazione numerica dell’area nei pressi dei Fiumi Uniti (mediante Processing Modflow) è possibile ottenere una stima dei flussi sotterranei dal fiume verso l’acquifero nella zona di riferimento. Inoltre durante il monitoraggio del mese di settembre 2015 è stato installato un diver, ad una profondità di -7,4 m, in uno dei piezometri per ottenere un monitoraggio continuo per tutto il mese di ottobre. I dati termici rilevati in campo hanno permesso di confermare l’esistenza di un’importante interazione tra i corsi d’acqua presi in esame e l’acquifero costiero ravennate, testimoniato dall’ampia variazione di temperatura negli strati più superficiali. Inoltre tra il 10 e l’11 ottobre è stata registrata un’anomalia termica causata da un flusso orizzontale di acqua più calda in prossimità del piezometro proveniente dai Fiumi Uniti mediante trasporto per avvezione: tale anomalia viene registrata circa 2 giorni dopo una piena dei Fiumi Uniti. Grazie alla modellazione numerica è stato possibile confermare le tempistiche con cui l’acqua percorre la distanza tra il fiume e il piezometro preso in considerazione.