942 resultados para Modelos de transportes e usos de solo


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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Vias de Comunicação e Transportes

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Dissertação de natureza científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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The soil resistance to penetration and shear can be used as indicators of soil compaction and to indicate the susceptibility of a soil to erosion. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the impact provided by different land uses in a haplic cambissol in areas of permanent preservation, from the soil resistance to penetration and shear. The experimental area was located in an area of permanent preservation, the sub-basin of the Ribeira Iguape River - SP, with different land uses: banana cultivation - CBAN, degraded pasture - PDEG, silvopastoral system - MPIS and native forest - MNAT. The test for resistance to penetration was accomplished with a digital penetrometer compaction of manual effort, to a depth of 40 cm. The soil shear strength was determined by Vane Test at a depth between 0 and 5 cm. The degraded pasture was similar to native forest, with less resistance to penetration. The banana cultivation and silvopastoral system were the land uses with the highest resistance to penetration, bringing serious risk of erosion in areas of permanent preservation. The soil under native forest had lower shear strength. The cultivation of bananas, degraded pasture and silvopastoral system were the land uses with higher shear strength of soil, indicating that the use of these soils in areas of permanent preservation is promoting the same compression.

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Com o objetivo de verificar a influência de remanescentes de vegetação ciliar e da ação antrópica na qualidade da água, estudaram-se quatro nascentes, sendo duas com a presença de vegetação natural remanescente e duas com predominância de atividades agrícolas. Essas nascentes fazem parte da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Rico, estando localizadas nos municípios de Taquaritinga e de Guariba - SP, em duas classes de solo: Argissolo e Latossolo, respectivamente. Definiram-se pontos de coleta da água nas nascentes e ao longo dos cursos d'água (entre 0 a 50 m da nascente), em dois períodos (chuvoso e seco). Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: cor, pH, temperatura, turbidez, alcalinidade, dureza total, dureza em magnésio, dureza em cálcio, fósforo, nitrogênio e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio. de maneira geral, ocorreu agrupamento por nascentes e também por períodos, confirmando que os períodos de amostragem, assim como as características e diferentes usos do solo influenciam na qualidade da água das microbacias. As variáveis cor, turbidez, alcalinidade e nitrogênio total foram as que apresentaram maior importância relativa nas variáveis canônicas.

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In areas where human activities, as agriculture, are developed land use contributes to physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. This study aimed to identify physical and chemical variations of the water monitoring network in 4 first magnitude watersheds with different land use/occupation in the hydrographic basin of the Glori Farm Creek in the city of Taquaritinga, State of Sao Paulo, from February to July, 2005. The methodology consisted of weekly sample water collections to naalyze turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and electric conductivity. The characterization of the hydrological conditions of the watersheds showed that agricultural activities, including the productive system of the sugarcane cultivation, have affected the quality of water resources.

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

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The soil resistance to penetration and shear can be used as indicators of soil compaction and to indicate the susceptibility of a soil to erosion. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the impact provided by different land uses in a haplic cambissol in areas of permanent preservation, from the soil resistance to penetration and shear. The experimental area was located in an area of permanent preservation, the sub-basin of the Ribeira Iguape River - SP, with different land uses: banana cultivation - CBAN, degraded pasture - PDEG, silvopastoral system - MPIS and native forest - MNAT. The test for resistance to penetration was accomplished with a digital penetrometer compaction of manual effort, to a depth of 40 cm. The soil shear strength was determined by Vane Test at a depth between 0 and 5 cm. The degraded pasture was similar to native forest, with less resistance to penetration. The banana cultivation and silvopastoral system were the land uses with the highest resistance to penetration, bringing serious risk of erosion in areas of permanent preservation. The soil under native forest had lower shear strength. The cultivation of bananas, degraded pasture and silvopastoral system were the land uses with higher shear strength of soil, indicating that the use of these soils in areas of permanent preservation is promoting the same compression.

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The replacement of native vegetation by other land uses is one of the main degrading ecosystem agents, being the most important component of terrestrial environments, natural or with different levels of human disturbance, besides being the main substrate used by plants to obtain conditions soil for its development. In this context, there is the need to adopt the use and sustainable management of land systems. The study aimed to evaluate what is forest restoration system more efficient degraded areas, based on the potential recovery of physical, chemical, carbon and biological activity in the soil. The work was conducted in a forest restoration area UTFPR- Campus two neighbors, whose experiment was established in October 2010. The experimental design is completely randomized, with four replications and experimental plot of 40 m wide by 54 m long ( 2160 m2) were collected and six sampling points per plot. The soil is classified as a Typic. The models evaluated are: 1 - natural or passive regeneration; 2 - Nucleation; 3 - Planting trees in the total area under lines fill and diversity (total planting); 4 - Reference area (forest). The collection of soil samples in layers of 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m was carried out in October 2013 and evaluated physical attributes of texture, bulk density, total porosity, microporosity and soil macroporosity and stability of water in households, chemical properties, and total organic carbon (TOC) and physical particle size fractionation and soil biological activity. To find the best forest restoration model, we designed a Restoration Quality Weighted Index for each variable analyzed. Natural regeneration and total plantation showed generally better soil aggregation over 0.10 m and nucleation volume of similar porosity the forest for these layers. There were no differences between the models below 0.10 m for the variables aggregation and soil porosity. The nucleation template had the lowest bulk density, but being greater than the density in the layer forest 0.05-0.10 m, however, was similar to below 0.10 m above the ground. The models had chemical properties similar to or greater than the forest. The forest had the highest stock of COT and carbon associated with minerals (CAM), but natural regeneration was similar to the particulate organic carbon (POC) in the superficial layers of the soil (0-0.10 m), below 0, 10 m, the forest showed higher stock of COT and COP on the ground. The highest peak of C-CO2 emissions occurred in the 28-35 day range where the total plantation was similar to forest. After four years of experiments, it was found that the effect of restoration methods on physical attributes and soil carbon restricted to 0.10 m deep.

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Os estudos realizados sobre Unidades de Conservação, e a relação destas Unidades com a população que as habita, trataram em sua maioria dos aspectos antropo-sociológicos da questão. Visto que um aspecto essencial para uma melhor compreensão da questão das populações tradicionais e Unidades de Conservação, contudo pouco explorado, é o processo de mudanças de uso do solo nas regiões em que se inserem estas Unidades, esta pesquisa teve como pretensão preencher esta lacuna. Para tal, são analisadas as transformações de uso do solo em regiões com Unidades de Conservação ambiental e comunidades tradicionais nelas inseridas dentro da realidade brasileira, a fim de melhor compreender suas inter-relações, assim como as implicações de políticas de preservação ambiental incidentes nestas áreas. Esta análise se dá através de modelos de mudança de uso do solo, que são artifícios científicos com estrutura matemática e computacional para apoio ao Planejamento e Gestão Urbana e Regional, e que permitem a análise das causas e das conseqüências da dinâmica dos usos do solo, e quando cenários são utilizados, podem ainda dar suporte ao estabelecimento de políticas e ações de planejamento. Optou-se pela utilização de um sistema de modelagem espaço-temporal integrando um sistema de informações geográficas e um modelo de autômatos celulares como ferramenta de análise das mudanças de uso do solo, incrementado pela análise de demandas pela cadeia de Markov, e com cálculo de preferências de alocação de usos do solo através da Regressão Logística. Procede-se nesta pesquisa a uma avaliação das tendências de uso do solo no Parque Nacional do Superagui, localizado no litoral norte do Estado do Paraná, enquanto estudo de caso. As tendências de uso apresentadas entre os períodos de 1980 e 1990, período anterior à implementação da lei que transformou a área em Parque Nacional, e que poderia ser traduzida como a tendência natural destas comunidades sem a interferência das políticas, são trabalhadas com vista a demonstrar o papel da modelagem na compreensão de realidades, e fornecer embasamento para intervenções pretendidas.

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Forest fires implications in overland flow and soil erosion have been researched for several years. Therefore, is widely known that fires enhance hydrological and geomorphological activity worldwide as also in Mediterranean areas. Soil burn severity has been widely used to describe the impacts of fire on soils, and has being recognized as a decisive factor controlling post-fire erosion rates. However, there is no unique definition of the term and the relationship between soil burn severity and post-fire hydrological and erosion response has not yet been fully established. Few studies have assessed post-fire erosion over multiple years, and the authors are aware of none which assess runoff. Small amount of studies concerning pre-fire management practices were also found. In the case of soil erosion models, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney (MMF) are well-known models, but not much information is available as regards their suitability in predicting post-fire soil erosion in forest soils. The lack of information is even more pronounced as regards post-fire rehabilitation treatments. The aim of the thesis was to perform an extensive research under the post fire hydrologic and erosive response subject. By understanding the effect of burn severity in ecosystems and its implications regarding post fire hydrological and erosive responses worldwide. Test the effect of different pre-fire land management practices (unplowed, downslope plowed and contour plowed) and time-since-fire, in the post fire hydrological and erosive response, between the two most common land uses in Portugal (pine and eucalypt). Assess the performance of two widely-known erosion models (RUSLE and Revised MMF), to predict soil erosion rates during first year following two wildfires of distinctive burn severity. Furthermore, to apply these two models considering different post-fire rehabilitation treatments in an area severely affected by fire. Improve model estimations of post-fire runoff and erosion rates in two different land uses (pine and eucalypt) using the revised MMF. To assess these improvements by comparing estimations and measurements of runoff and erosion, in two recently burned sites, as also with their post fire rehabilitation treatments. Model modifications involved: (1) focusing on intra-annual changes in parameters to incorporate seasonal differences in runoff and erosion; and (2) inclusion of soil water repellency in runoff predictions. Additionally, validate these improvements with the application of the model to other pine and eucalypt sites in Central Portugal. The review and meta-analysis showed that fire occurrence had a significant effect on the hydrological and erosive response. However, this effect was only significantly higher with increasing soil burn severity for inter-rill erosion, and not for runoff. This study furthermore highlighted the incoherencies between existing burn severity classifications, and proposed an unambiguous classification. In the case of the erosion plots with natural rainfall, land use factor affected annual runoff while land management affected both annual runoff and erosion amounts significantly. Time-since-fire had an important effect in erosion amounts among unplowed sites, while for eucalypt sites time affected both annual runoff and erosion amounts. At all studied sites runoff coefficients increase over the four years of monitoring. In the other hand, sediment concentration in the runoff, recorded a decrease during the same period. Reasons for divergence from the classic post-fire recovery model were also explored. Short fire recurrence intervals and forest management practices are viewed as the main reasons for the observed severe and continuing soil degradation. The revised MMF model presented reasonable accuracy in the predictions while the RUSLE clearly overestimated the observed erosion rates. After improvements: the revised model was able to predict first-year post-fire plot-scale runoff and erosion rates for both forest types, these predictions were improved both by the seasonal changes in the model parameters; and by considering the effect of soil water repellency on the runoff, individual seasonal predictions were considered accurate, and the inclusion of the soil water repellency in the model also improved the model at this base. The revised MMF model proved capable of providing a simple set of criteria for management decisions about runoff and erosion mitigation measures in burned areas. The erosion predictions at the validation sites attested both to the robustness of the model and of the calibration parameters, suggesting a potential wider application.

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Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão e Conservação da Natureza, 27 de Outubro de 2015, Universidade dos Açores.

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O trabalho inicia com uma revisão de fenômenos em que a estrutura dos usos do solo urbano, marcada por diferenciação residencial, é definida pelo exercício de preferências de localização. Diversos modelos de escolha são abordados, verificando-se sua relevância e possibilidade de aplicação a contextos de decisão de localização residencial. Os processos de acumulação de capital no ambiente construído, enquanto determinados estruturalmente mas, também, como conseqüência de decisões locais, são apontados, bem como os agentes responsáveis por sua promoção. Como elemento metodológico, os conceitos de centralidade, externalidades de vizinhança, convenção urbana, inovação e imitação espacial, aglomeração e padrões espaço-temporais são articulados. A aplicação desses conceitos a uma situação real é buscada na cidade de Porto Alegre, delimitando- se uma área de estudo, a qual tem sido destino de deslocamento de demanda por habitação, resultando em intensa produção de estoques residenciais e, em conseqüência, no aumento da densidade e da taxa de ocupação do solo. Tais estoques, produzidos ao longo das últimas duas décadas, aproximadamente, são descritos e enquadrados como resultantes de um processo no qual um sistema auto-organizado, composto por estoques e agentes, busca produzir e reproduzir padrões de diferenciação residencial. As implicações para o planejamento urbano das decisões de localização e de produção de estoques residenciais, realizadas por um grande número de agentes privados, são apresentadas. Ao final, são feitas recomendações para a continuidade da pesquisa, no sentido de poderem ser realizadas descrições mais abrangentes e precisas do fenômeno estudado.

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Esta tese apresenta novas possibilidades metodológicas no campo do urbanismo através da aplicação de técnicas derivadas da ciência da geoinformação a luz das teorias de economia urbana. O trabalho está organizado em torno de três ensaios. Cada ensaio se dedica a apresentação e análise de uma questão específica identificada como relevante dentro das teorias da economia urbana no contexto de cidades brasileiras. O primeiro ensaio tem como objetivo investigar as relações que possam existir entre os processos de expansão urbana e a segregação socioespacial na cidade de São Paulo. Situando a discussão dentro de uma perspectiva de economia urbana, o ensaio parte do pressuposto de que ambos os processos estão relacionados às forças de mercado habitacional, incluindo suas falhas inerentes, que acabam por definir a distribuição dos grupos populacionais de acordo com suas características socioeconômicas. O estudo se debruça sobre uma questão central ao debate urbanístico atual que é a ocupação contínua das áreas de fronteira urbana e na forma como este processo impacta a estrutura urbana. O segundo capítulo traz o ensaio onde tratamos de analisar as questões relativas à distribuição dos empregos na cidade de São Paulo e suas consequências para os modelos de economia urbana baseados em gradientes de renda e valor da terra. O terceiro capítulo traz o ensaio no qual retomamos a discussão sobre os processos de expansão urbana, porém situando a discussão a partir de uma perspectiva dinâmica em cidades médias em rápido crescimento demográfico. Neste contexto, há o reconhecimento de que a composição dos preços da terra nas áreas limítrofes da mancha urbana sofre uma forte influência de expectativas de retornos levando a uma sobrevalorização do preço gerada por processos de retenção de terras. Em uma análise aplicada às cidades amazônicas de Marabá e Santarém, buscamos caracterizar em uma perspectiva comparativa os processos de conversão da terra em usos urbanos nas últimas três décadas. Incorporando a informação sobre os usos do solo anteriores a conversão para uso urbano, criamos uma escala de potencial de conversão relativo a cada uso. Partindo do pressuposto de que é possível estabelecer representações matemático-computacionais da estrutura urbana em sistemas de informação geográfica, o trabalho espera contribuir para a constituição dos territórios digitais como expressões quantitativas de conceitos sobre os diferentes processos ambientais e socioeconômicos que acabam por definir o ambiente urbano. Através destas representações, buscar inserir o território no centro das decisões políticas e econômicas que seguem continuamente conformando essas cidades e as condições objetivas de vida que elas propiciam.

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The Atlantic Forest biome occupies much of the Atlantic coast of Brazil, in addition to portions of Paraguay and Argentina. Due mainly to its biodiversity which falls in the group of global hotspots, i.e., areas that have high priority for conservation. Although currently there are some available devices that assist in their protection in the course of the history of occupation and exploitation of the Brazilian territory, this biome has gone, and is still going through, an intense process of devastation, caused mainly by the pressure from economic activities, culminating in a significant reduction of its area and consequent fragmentation of the landscape, which brings with hosts a series of problems at various scales and aspects. As in most municipalities included in the reach area of the biome, the situation of forest fragmentation in Tibau do Sul / RN is quite critical, reflecting on a truly diverse landscape with broad typology of land uses. Among the alternatives aimed at the conservation of this biome include the creation of protected areas and the creation of ecological corridors, the latter being more efficient by connecting the remaining forests, increasing landscape connectivity, providing significant gains in relation to biodiversity. However, a major problem on implementation of Ecological Corridors projects is related to the selection of areas for this purpose, in this sense Geography can provide important contributions through the integrated study of landscape in the light of the geosystemic approach and the use of Geographical Information System (GIS) in order to permit assessment of reality having as a base the integration of ecological, biological and man-made aspects. Thus, this research aims to indicate potential areas and propose scenarios delimitation of Ecological Corridors in the municipality of Tibau do Sul / RN through Geographic Inference techniques in GIS platform. Therefore, the methodology adopted is based on the Geosystemic approach. From these elements were created 4 models to indicate potential areas for implementation of Ecological Corridors from the environmental perspective (potential erosion), socioeconomic (cover and land prices), legislative (areas protected by environmental legislation) and integrated (combination of environmental factors, socioeconomic and legislative), which in turn served as a basis for proposing scenarios aimed at this purpose. The results showed that all models can be quite useful in indicating potential areas for the establishment of ecological corridors, especially when based on an integrated approach between environmental and anthropogenic. The Corridors delimitation proposes shown may perform duties beyond the establishment of connectivity between fragments, since they also may have usefulness in controlling erosion and protecting fragile environments. Among the models developed, the integrated constituted itself as the best option because it enabled the interconnection of a larger number of fragments from a better use of the potentialities present in the landscape