Eeny meeny miny moe, catch a transcript by the toe, or how to enumerate eukaryotic transcripts.

In this issue of Genes & Development, Revyakin and colleagues (pp. 1691-1702) measure the relation between individual RNA polymerase II transcription events and transcription factor assembly by counting RNA transcripts retained on the template DNA using single-molecule fluorescence.

Comparison of Moe's Scale of Hardness with the Rockwell, Brinell, and Scaleroscope Scales.

Moe's scale of hardness as used in mineralogy is admittedly rather indefinite, and no exact hardnesses are measured. The Rockwell, Brinell, and Scaleroscope machines give quite definite results which may be easily reproduced at any time. The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether any definite relation exists between Moe's hardness and the hardness as measured by those machines commonly used for the determination of hardness of metals. If such a relation were found it would provide a more definite and accurate measure of the hardness of minerals.

Dāvār be-ʿittô : ein worṭ tzur tzaiṭ ; gewidmeṭ le-... Moše Frei

... Meir Ben- ... Jonha Reichharṭ

Die Mischna, Schabbat (Sabbat) : [Seder 2, Moe͏̈d., Traktat 1]

Text, Übers. und Erklärung nebst einem textkrit. Anhang von Wilhelm Nowack

Die Mischna, Joma (Der Versöhnungstag) : [Seder 2, Moe͏̈d., Traktat 5]

Text, Übers. u. Erklärung nebst e. textkrit. Anhang von Johannes Meinhold

Fully modified 2′ MOE oligonucleotides redirect polyadenylation

Many genes have been described and characterized that have alternative polyadenylation signals at the 3′-end of their pre-mRNAs. Many of these same messages also contain destabilization motifs responsible for rapid degradation of the mRNA. Polyadenylation site selection can thus determine the stability of an mRNA. Fully modified 2′-O-methoxy ethyl/phosphorothioate oligonucleotides that hybridize to the 3′-most polyadenylation site or signal of E-selectin were able to inhibit polyadenylation at this site and redirect it to one of two upstream cryptic sites. The shorter transcripts produced after antisense treatment have fewer destabilization sequences, increased mRNA stability and altered protein expression. This study demonstrates that antisense oligonucleotides can be successfully employed to redirect polyadenylation. This is the first demonstration of the use of oligonucleotides to increase, rather than decrease, abundance of a message.

Indications of Conical Emission of Charged Hadrons at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Three-particle azimuthal correlation measurements with a high transverse momentum trigger particle are reported for pp, d + Au, and Au + Au collisions at root(S)NN = 200 GeV by the STAR experiment. Dijet structures are observed in pp, d + Au and peripheral Au + Au collisions. An additional structure is observed in central Au + Au data, signaling conical emission of correlated charged hadrons. The conical emission angle is found to be theta = 1.37 +/- 0.02(stat)(-0.07)(+0.06)(syst), independent of p perpendicular to.

Beam-energy and system-size dependence of dynamical net charge fluctuations

We present measurements of net charge fluctuations in Au+Au collisions at s(NN)=19.6, 62.4, 130, and 200 GeV, Cu+Cu collisions at s(NN)=62.4 and 200 GeV, and p+p collisions at s=200 GeV using the dynamical net charge fluctuations measure nu(+-,dyn). We observe that the dynamical fluctuations are nonzero at all energies and exhibit a modest dependence on beam energy. A weak system size dependence is also observed. We examine the collision centrality dependence of the net charge fluctuations and find that dynamical net charge fluctuations violate 1/N(ch) scaling but display approximate 1/N(part) scaling. We also study the azimuthal and rapidity dependence of the net charge correlation strength and observe strong dependence on the azimuthal angular range and pseudorapidity widths integrated to measure the correlation.

System-Size Independence of Directed Flow Measured at the BNL Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider

We measure directed flow (v(1)) for charged particles in Au + Au and Cu + Cu collisions at root s(NN) = 200 and 62.4 GeV, as a function of pseudorapidity (eta), transverse momentum (p(t)), and collision centrality, based on data from the STAR experiment. We find that the directed flow depends on the incident energy but, contrary to all available model implementations, not on the size of the colliding system at a given centrality. We extend the validity of the limiting fragmentation concept to v(1) in different collision systems, and investigate possible explanations for the observed sign change in v(1)(p(t)).

Forward Neutral-Pion Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetries in p plus p Collisions at s=200 GeV

We report precision measurements of the Feynman x (x(F)) dependence, and first measurements of the transverse momentum (p(T)) dependence, of transverse single-spin asymmetries for the production of pi(0) mesons from polarized proton collisions at s=200 GeV. The x(F) dependence of the results is in fair agreement with perturbative QCD model calculations that identify orbital motion of quarks and gluons within the proton as the origin of the spin effects. Results for the p(T) dependence at fixed x(F) are not consistent with these same perturbative QCD-based calculations.

Experimental studies of di-jet survival and surface emission bias in Au plus Au collisions via angular correlations with respect to back-to-back leading hadrons

We report first results from an analysis based on a new multi-hadron correlation technique, exploring jet-medium interactions and di-jet surface emission bias at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Pairs of back-to-back high-transverse-momentum hadrons are used for triggers to study associated hadron distributions. In contrast with two-and three-particle correlations with a single trigger with similar kinematic selections, the associated hadron distribution of both trigger sides reveals no modification in either relative pseudorapidity Delta eta or relative azimuthal angle Delta phi from d + Au to central Au + Au collisions. We determine associated hadron yields and spectra as well as production rates for such correlated back-to-back triggers to gain additional insights on medium properties.

Scaling properties at freeze-out in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Identified charged pion, kaon, and proton spectra are used to explore the system size dependence of bulk freeze-out properties in Cu + Cu collisions at root s(NN) = 200 and 62.4 GeV. The data are studied with hydrodynamically motivated blast-wave and statistical model frameworks in order to characterize the freeze-out properties of the system. The dependence of freeze-out parameters on beam energy and collision centrality is discussed. Using the existing results from Au + Au and pp collisions, the dependence of freeze-out parameters on the system size is also explored. This multidimensional systematic study furthers our understanding of the QCD phase diagram revealing the importance of the initial geometrical overlap of the colliding ions. The analysis of Cu + Cu collisions expands the system size dependence studies from Au + Au data with detailed measurements in the smaller system. The systematic trends of the bulk freeze-out properties of charged particles is studied with respect to the total charged particle multiplicity at midrapidity, exploring the influence of initial state effects.

High p(T) nonphotonic electron production in p plus p collisions at root s=200 GeV

We present the measurement of nonphotonic electron production at high transverse momentum (p(T) > 2.5 GeV/c) in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV using data recorded during 2005 and 2008 by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The measured cross sections from the two runs are consistent with each other despite a large difference in photonic background levels due to different detector configurations. We compare the measured nonphotonic electron cross sections with previously published RHIC data and perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations. Using the relative contributions of B and D mesons to nonphotonic electrons, we determine the integrated cross sections of electrons (e++e-2/2) at 3 GeV/c < p(T) < 10 GeV/c from bottom and charm meson decays to be [(d sigma((B -> e)+(B -> D -> e))/(dy(e))](ye=0) 4.0 +/- 0.5(stat) +/- 1.1(syst) nb and [(d sigma(D -> e))/(dy(e))](ye=0) = 6.2 +/- 0.7(stat) +/- 1.5(syst) nb, respectively.