A influência da deposição atmosférica da poeira mineral da Patagônia na biomassa fitoplanctônica do setor Atlântico do Oceano Austral

O Oceano Austral é a região oceânica de maior extensão em que os macronutrientes necessários à produção primária permanecem em níveis elevados por todo ano. Essa condição é conhecida como High Nutrient Low Clorophyll (HNLC) e é determinada, em grande parte, pela relativa escassez de micronutrientes, particularmente o ferro. Diversos experimentos comprovaram que a entrada de ferro neste sistema intensifica a produção biológica, aumentando a fixação do carbono e, eventualmente, sua exportação para águas profundas. Este fenômeno recebeu muita atenção nos últimos 20 anos devido a sua possível influencia no clima, via ciclo do carbono. A relação inversa entre concentração de CO2 na atmosfera e o fluxo de poeira mineral observados em registros glaciais da Antártica Central sugere que a deposição atmosférica pode ser uma importante via para o aporte de micronutrientes. Porém, a contribuição da deposição de poeira mineral para a produção primária nesta região permanece para ser demonstrada e seu possível papel no sistema climático ainda não é conclusivo. No caso do setor Atlântico do Oceano Austral, que recebe influência da Patagônia, os baixos fluxos modernos de poeira mineral e a baixa solubilidade do ferro associado à estrutura dos alumíniossilicato levam muitos autores a postular que fontes oceânicas de micronutrientes sejam mais determinantes. Faltam, no entanto, evidências experimentais. Neste trabalho, abordamos o estudo da fertilização do setor Atlântico do Oceano Austral pela poeira da Patagônia utilizando duas ferramentas: (1) o sensoriamento remoto orbital de aerossóis minerais e clorofila-a em escala interanual; e (2) um experimento de fertilização, com poeira da Patagônia, realizado na Passagem de Drake, considerando fluxos estimados para a era moderna e para o último glacial. Após doze dias de bioensaio, os tratamentos de adição de poeira mostraram a elevação da clorofila-a e da abundância de células em níveis acima dos controles. Níveis intermediários e maiores de adição não diferiram entre si na intensidade de resposta biológica, separando-se apenas da menor adição. Esses resultados indicam que a poeira da Patagônia, mesmo nos fluxos atuais, é capaz de prover os micronutrientes escassos na coluna dágua, com potencial para deflagrar aumentos significativos de biomassa. Através da análise por sensoriamento remoto, identificamos uma região de alta correlação entre poeira e clorofila-a, que está localizada entre a Frente Subtropical e a Frente Polar, se estendendo da Argentina ao sul da África. Esta região difere das águas ao sul da Frente Polar pela menor profundidade da camada de mistura, menor concentração de silicatos, baixa biomassa de diatomáceas e, estima-se, maior estresse fisiológico devido à escassez de ferro e menor aporte oceânico deste nutriente. Em conjunto, essas características parecem criar condições que tornam a resposta biológica mais sensível à deposição de poeira mineral. Estes resultados lançam nova luz sobre o controle atual da produção primária na região e sobre a hipótese da regulação climática pelo fitoplâncton no Oceano Austral, mediado pela deposição de poeira da Patagônia.

Aerosols over the East Atlantic in spring and summer 2001

Data on the concentration and mineral composition of aerosols collected by nets in Cruise 18 of R/V Akadernik Fedorov on a submeridional section in the East Atlantic are presented. An empirical curve for calculating efficiency factor of a net is given for different concentrations of mineral part of aerosols. Fluxes of lithogenic part of aerosols to the sea surface are calculated. A comparison of lithogenic fluxes from the atmosphere and in the water column of the ocean showed that values of fluxes practically coincide in areas with dominating supply of dry atmospheric material. These fluxes strongly differ in the intratropical convergence zone, where deposition of aerosols depends on atmospheric precipitation, or in regions, where sedimentary material is supplied to the ocean mainly by river run-off. Residence time of aerosol lithogenic matter in the euphotic layer is calculated.

Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: a comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments

Mineral dust aerosols in the atmosphere have the potential to affect the global climate by influencing the radiative balance of the atmosphere and the supply of micronutrients to the ocean. Ice and marine sediment cores indicate that dust deposition from the atmosphere was at some locations 2–20 times greater during glacial periods, raising the possibility that mineral aerosols might have contributed to climate change on glacial-interglacial time scales. To address this question, we have used linked terrestrial biosphere, dust source, and atmospheric transport models to simulate the dust cycle in the atmosphere for current and last glacial maximum (LGM) climates. We obtain a 2.5-fold higher dust loading in the entire atmosphere and a twenty-fold higher loading in high latitudes, in LGM relative to present. Comparisons to a compilation of atmospheric dust deposition flux estimates for LGM and present in marine sediment and ice cores show that the simulated flux ratios are broadly in agreement with observations; differences suggest where further improvements in the simple dust model could be made. The simulated increase in high-latitude dustiness depends on the expansion of unvegetated areas, especially in the high latitudes and in central Asia, caused by a combination of increased aridity and low atmospheric [CO2]. The existence of these dust source areas at the LGM is supported by pollen data and loess distribution in the northern continents. These results point to a role for vegetation feedbacks, including climate effects and physiological effects of low [CO2], in modulating the atmospheric distribution of dust.

Combustion iron distribution and deposition

[1] Iron is hypothesized to be an important micronutrient for ocean biota, thus modulating carbon dioxide uptake by the ocean biological pump. Studies have assumed that atmospheric deposition of iron to the open ocean is predominantly from mineral aerosols. For the first time we model the source, transport, and deposition of iron from combustion sources. Iron is produced in small quantities during fossil fuel burning, incinerator use, and biomass burning. The sources of combustion iron are concentrated in the industrialized regions and biomass burning regions, largely in the tropics. Model results suggest that combustion iron can represent up to 50% of the total iron deposited, but over open ocean regions it is usually less than 5% of the total iron, with the highest values (< 30%) close to the East Asian continent in the North Pacific. For ocean biogeochemistry the bioavailability of the iron is important, and this is often estimated by the fraction which is soluble ( Fe(II)). Previous studies have argued that atmospheric processing of the relatively insoluble Fe(III) occurs to make it more soluble ( Fe( II)). Modeled estimates of soluble iron amounts based solely on atmospheric processing as simulated here cannot match the variability in daily averaged in situ concentration measurements in Korea, which is located close to both combustion and dust sources. The best match to the observations is that there are substantial direct emissions of soluble iron from combustion processes. If we assume observed soluble Fe/black carbon ratios in Korea are representative of the whole globe, we obtain the result that deposition of soluble iron from combustion contributes 20-100% of the soluble iron deposition over many ocean regions. This implies that more work should be done refining the emissions and deposition of combustion sources of soluble iron globally.

High resolution provenancing of long travelled dust deposited on the Southern Alps, New Zealand

On 7 February 2000 an atypical orange discolouration of snowfields in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand occurred following the passage of a cold front. Analysis of snow samples identified fine orangey-brown dust mixed with much coarser grey dust. Air parcel forward trajectories from dust sources in southern and central Australia, where dust storms were reported on 4 February 2000, were computed to identify the deposits source. Geochemical analyses of the dust deposit using 26 trace elements, unaffected by regional air pollution and gravitational sorting, indicate that 20% of the dust was sourced from western New South Wales, with 45% from the eastern Eyre Peninsula of South Australia and the remaining 35% was local New Zealand dust. This provenancing approach provides a spatial resolution of long travelled dust sourcing not previously achieved. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Water-soluble part of the aerosol in the dust storm season - evidence of the mixing between mineral and pollution aerosols

IEECAS SKLLQG

Hydrolysis of N2O5 on sub-micron mineral salt aerosols

The kinetics of reactive uptake of gaseous N2O5 on sub-micron aerosol particles composed of aqueous ammonium sulfate, ammonium hydrogensulfate and sodium nitrate has been investigated. Uptake was measured in a laminar flow reactor, coupled with a differential mobility analyser (DMA) to obtain the aerosol size distribution, with N2O5 detection using NO chemiluminescence. FTIR spectroscopy was used to obtain information about the composition and water content of the aerosol particles under the conditions used in the kinetic measurements. The aerosols were generated by the nebulisation of aqueous salt solutions. The uptake coefficient on the sulfate salts was in the range [gamma]=0.0015 to 0.033 depending on temperature, humidity and phase of the aerosol. On sodium nitrate aerosols the values were much lower, [gamma]<0.001, confirming the inhibition of N2O5 hydrolysis by nitrate ions. At high humidity (>50% r.h.) the uptake coefficient on liquid sulfate aerosols is independent of water content, but at lower humidity, especially below the efflorescence point, the reactivity of the aerosol declines, correlating with the lower water content. The lower uptake rate on solid aerosols may be due to limitations imposed by the liquid volume in the particles. Uptake on sulfate aerosols showed a negative temperature dependence at T>290 K but no significant temperature dependence at lower temperatures. The results are generally consistent with previous models of N2O5 hydrolysis where the reactive intermediate is NO2+ produced by autoionisation of nitrogen pentoxide in the condensed phase.