Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae

The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.

鮸（Miichthys miiuy）早期生长存活过程和消化生理机制的研究

鮸Miichthys miiuy是中国南方重要的经济养殖种类，早期发育阶段的高死亡率和高畸形率严重制约着鮸养殖的工业化和商品化进程。为了更好的了解鮸早期发育规律，提高其人工养殖技术和管理策略，本论文在实验条件下对鮸早期生长和存活过程、消化生理发生机制及其在胁迫条件下的生态对策进行了研究。 鮸早期发育阶段分为仔鱼期和稚鱼期。个体发育的形态学变化和组织器官分化主要集中在仔鱼期，胚胎期所具有的特征在仔鱼期被具体的功能系统所代替，如呼吸、摄食、运动和消化系统。鮸个体的头、尾部快于躯干部的生长，表明其早期发育过程中摄食和运动器官发育的优先性。鱼类早期是优先发育对其生存起首要作用的器官，然后是对其生存作用次之的器官。 在24℃，鮸仔鱼在3日龄开口摄食，4日龄卵黄囊吸收完毕，6日龄仔鱼如不能建立外源性营养即进入饥饿死亡不可逆点(PNR)，而延迟投饵3天（6日龄）以上的仔鱼在8日龄全部死亡。在7日龄时，正常投喂仔鱼的SGR明显高于延迟投饵仔鱼。延迟3天和饥饿的仔鱼在6日龄后出现明显的负增长。在36日龄时，正常投喂仔鱼与延迟投饵1天仔鱼之间的生长差异消失，与延迟投饵2天的仔鱼之间的生长差异显著。饥饿显著影响开口仔鱼的生长存活，但对后期存活仔鱼的生长存活及体成分的影响不显著。仔鱼在12L条件下存活率（9-16%）要小于其他的各组（12-39%），仔鱼的存活率随着密度的增加逐渐减小。SGR与存活率具有相同的变化趋势，在18L条件下仔鱼的生长（3-10%）要大于12L（2-7%）和24L（2.8-8.7%）条件下仔鱼的生长。 鮸消化系统发育分为三个阶段：从孵化到初次摄食之前，消化道为一细长管道；从外源营养开始到胃腺出现，在此阶段，液泡、杯状细胞开始出现在消化道中，在6日龄胃出现，消化道明显分为口咽腔、食管、胃、前肠和后肠；从20日龄胃腺出现开始，胃在25日龄分为贲门胃、胃体和幽门胃三个部分，幽门盲囊出现，消化系统趋于完善。饥饿严重影响鮸消化器官及消化腺的正常发育过程。饥饿使其组织学的结构和功能明显衰退，肝组织变得疏松，细胞缩小，细胞核解体，稚鱼肝组织内没有脂质积累，细胞质中液泡减少；胰脏组织变得致密，腺泡萎缩，分泌物减少；胃腺细胞收缩，结构不完整，肠微绒毛退化，肠粘膜褶减少，肠上皮细胞遭到破坏。 鮸主要消化酶分为三个发育时期：从初孵到外源营养开始的迅速增长期；继而是从3日龄到25日龄波动期；25日龄后处于相对稳定期。各种消化酶总活性随着个体的发育逐渐增加，30日龄后总活性显著增加。延迟1天投饵的仔鱼和正常摄食的仔鱼其消化酶的活性没有显著差异（P>0.05），但是延迟2天投饵的仔鱼和正常摄食及延迟1天投饵的仔鱼消化酶的活性存在显著差异(P<0.05)，无论是延迟1天还是延迟2天仔鱼消化酶与正常摄食的仔鱼具有相同的发育方式。延迟3天投饵的仔鱼和饥饿仔鱼发育方式类似，从3日龄开始，消化酶活性显著下降。 饥饿对鮸仔稚鱼胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性有显著的影响。在初次摄食期，摄食仔鱼和饥饿2天的仔鱼各种消化酶活性均存在显著差异（P<0.05）；但是仔鱼后期，经过3天饥饿的仔鱼其消化酶的活性和摄食仔鱼之间存在显著差异（P<0.05），饥饿4天的仔鱼恢复摄食5天，即可恢复到和摄食仔鱼相同水平。饥饿6天的鮸稚鱼其消化酶与正常摄食的稚鱼之间存在显著差异（P<0.05），在恢复摄食5天后其消化酶活性可以恢复到和正常摄食仔鱼相同水平。 光照和饲养密度显著影响了鮸消化酶的活性。胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶在18L低密度饲养条件下其活性明显高于（P<0.05）其他各组；12L高密度饲养条件下各种消化酶活性明显低于（P<0.05）其他各组；在0L条件下，各种消化酶活性在开口摄食之前明显低于其他各组，开口摄食之后，各种消化酶活性迅速下降。延迟投饵、光照周期和饲养密度虽然对鮸消化酶的活性产生了重要影响，但是对消化酶的发育方式没有显著影响，因此，鮸消化酶的具体发育方式是由内部遗传机制来控制，但受外界环境因素（食物组成、光照和饲养密度）的调节。

Feeding, morphological changes and allometric growth during starvation in miiuy croaker larvae

We investigated the effects of the timing of first feeding (larvae in F0, F1, F2, F3 and S were first fed on day 3, 4, 5, 6 days after hatching (DAH) and unfed, respectively) on feeding, morphological changes, survival and growth in miiuy croaker larvae at 24A degrees C. The fed larvae initiated feeding on 3 DAH and reached point of no return (PNR) on 6 DAH. Larvae in F0 and F1 groups survived apparently better than F2 group at the end of the experiment on 36 DAH. High larval mortality occurred from 3 to 7 DAH in all feeding groups, accounting for 40% (F0, F1 and F2 groups) to 90% (F3 and S groups) of the total mortality. Larvae in F0 and F1 groups grew better than F2 group throughout the experiment. Eye diameter, body height, head height and mouth gape of the first feeding larvae were more sensitive to starvation than other morphometrics and could be used as indicators for evaluating their nutritional status. Results indicated that delayed first feeding over 1 day after yolk exhaustion could lead to poor larval survival and growth. To avoid starvation and obtain good growth in culturing, larvae feeding should be initiated within 1 day after yolk exhaustion at 24A degrees C.

Effects of photoperiod on growth, mortality and digestive enzymes in miiuy croaker larvae and juveniles

The growth, mortality and digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase and lipase) in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae and juveniles (2-53 dph) were investigated at four photoperiods: 24L:OD), 18L:6D, 12L:12D and OL:24D. Larvae could not feed at OL:24D and did not survive up to 7 dph. In the 24L:OD, 18L:6D, 12L:12D groups, photoperiod had not significant effects on the growth of the rniiuy croaker younger than 20 dph. However, their total length and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly larger at 18L:6D and 24L:OD than 12L:12D after 20 dph. Photoperiod also affected the mortality of the first feeding larvae (5 dph). being apparently higher in 5 dph larvae at OL:24D (60%) than at other photopenods (20-27%), but no significant differences in mortality were found among other photoperiods. High mortality of the miiuy croaker in 12L:12D, 18L:6D and 24 L:OD groups mainly occurred from 5 (20-27%) to 11 dph (11-16%) and tended to decrease gradually from 15 dph onwards. Digestive enzymes activities in the rniiuy croaker larvae and juveniles had a similar change trend with age at all photoperiods. They underwent drastic changes with age. The specific activity of lipase was significantly higher at 18L:6D and 24L:0D than 12L:12D, but there were no significant differences in specific activities of either trypsin or amylase among photoperiods. With regard to the total length, SGR, survival and digestive enzyme activities, our findings suggested that the optimal light regime for the culture of miiuy croaker during the early life stage was 18L:6D. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.