Middle Village the site of L'Arbre Croche, as it is Today

verso: It is still called Middle Village. There is a large Indian cemetary [sic] on s. side of church. description accompanying photograph: I believe the church in background still exists. If memory correct the village is now called Goodart. Will check to be sure on next trip north and let you know. Is Approx. halfway between Harbor Springs and Cross Village below bluff just off Highway 131.

Scio Township and Lima Township (Mich.) residences and business, ca. 1874

Res. of E.H. Keyes, Sec. 34, Lima Tp. Mich.; Res. of Mrs. N.O. Goodale, Delhi Village, Mich.; Res. and Fouring Mills of Henry Osborn, Sec. 12, Scio Tp. Mich.; Res. of Jacob Jedele, Sec.29, Scio Tp. Mich.; Res. of James Osborn, Sec. 12, Scio Tp. Mich.; Res. of B.W. Waite, Sec. 16, Scio Tp. Mich. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Saline Township (Mich.) residences, ca. 1874

Left to right: Res. of Robert Shaw, Sec. 24, Saline Tp. Mich.; Res. of Aaron L. Feldkamp, Sec. 7, Saline Tp. Mich.; Farm residence of A.K. Clark, Sec. 14, Saline Tp. Mich.; Res. of A.K. Clark, Sec. 1, Saline Village, Mich.; Res. of Harvey Bennett, Sec. 1, Saline Tp. Mich.; Res. of George Osborn, Sec. 35, Saline Tp. Mich. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Optimal allocation of water in village irrigation systems of Sri Lanka

This PhD study examines whether water allocation becomes more productive when it is re-allocated from 'low' to 'high' efficient alternative uses in village irrigation systems (VISs) in Sri Lanka. Reservoir-based agriculture is a collective farming economic activity, which inter-sectoral allocation of water is assumed to be inefficient due to market imperfections and weak user rights. Furthermore, the available literature shows that a „head-tail syndrome. is the most common issue for intra-sectoral water management in „irrigation. agriculture. This research analyses the issue of water allocation by using primary data collected from two surveys of 460 rice farmers and 325 fish farming groups in two administrative districts in Sri Lanka. Technical efficiency estimates are undertaken for both rice farming and culture-based fisheries (CBF) production. The equi-marginal principle is applied for inter and intra-sectoral allocation of water. Welfare benefits of water re-allocation are measured through consumer surplus estimation. Based on these analyses, the overall findings of the thesis can be summarised as follows. The estimated mean technical efficiency (MTE) for rice farming is 73%. For CBF production, the estimated MTE is 33%. The technical efficiency distribution is skewed to the left for rice farming, while it skewed to the right for CBF production. The results show that technical efficiency of rice farming can be improved by formalising transferability of land ownership and, therefore, water user rights by enhancing the institutional capacity of Farmer Organisations (FOs). Other effective tools for improving technical efficiency of CBF production are strengthening group stability of CBF farmers, improving the accessibility of official consultation, and attracting independent investments. Inter-sectoral optimal allocation shows that the estimated inefficient volume of water in rice farming, which can be re-allocated for CBF production, is 32%. With the application of successive policy instruments (e.g., a community transferable quota system and promoting CBF activities), there is potential for a threefold increase in marginal value product (MVP) of total reservoir water in VISs. The existing intra-sectoral inefficient volume of water use in tail-end fields and head-end fields can potentially be removed by reducing water use by 10% and 23% respectively and re-allocating this to middle fields. This re-allocation may enable a twofold increase in MVP of water used in rice farming without reducing the existing rice output, but will require developing irrigation practices to facilitate this re-allocation. Finally, the total productivity of reservoir water can be increased by responsible village level institutions and primary level stakeholders (i.e., co-management) sharing responsibility of water management, while allowing market forces to guide the efficient re-allocation decisions. This PhD has demonstrated that instead of farmers allocating water between uses haphazardly, they can now base their decisions on efficient water use with a view to increasing water productivity. Such an approach, no doubt will enhance farmer incomes and community welfare.

Potential for clean yam minisett production by resource-poor farmers in the middle-belt of Nigeria

Yarn minisett technique (YMT) has been promoted throughout West Africa since the 1980s as a sustainable means of producing clean yarn planting material, but adoption of the technique is Often reported as being patchy at best. While there has been much research Oil the factors that influence adoption of the technique, there have been no attempts to assess its economic viability under 'farmer-managed' as distinct from 'on station' conditions. The present paper describes the results of farmer-managed trials employing the YMT (white yarn: Dioscorea rotundata) at two villages in Igalaland, Kogi State, Nigeria. One of the villages (Edeke) is on the banks of the River Niger and represents it specialist yarn environment, whereas the other village (Ekwuloko) is inland, where farmers employ a more general cropping system. Four farmers were selected in each of the two villages and asked to plant a trial comprising two varieties of yam, their popular local variety its well its another variety grown in other parts of Igalaland, and to treat yarn setts (80-100 g) with either woodash or insecticide/nematicide + fungicide mix (chemical treatment). Results suggest that while chemical sett treatment increased yield and hence gross margin compared with woodash, if household labour is costed then YMT is not economically viable. However, the specialist yarn growers of Edeke were far more positive about the use of YMT as they tended to keep the yarn seed tubers for planting rather than sell them. Thus, great care needs to be taken with planning adoption surveys on the assumption that all farmers should adopt a technology.

The village that vanished : The roots of erosion in a Tanzanian village

In the village'of Citing in the northern highlands of Tanzania, the factors: social stratification, land tenure, production strategies, investment patterns and the economic uncertainties of society are studied and their relationship to land degradation is examined. The main assumption of the study is that the causes of land degradation are so complex that a methodology that emphasises contextualisation has to be used. A methodological framework that considers inter-linkages between all these factors is developed and tested. The result of the test shows that contextualisation gives a more in-depth and complex explanation than conventional, positivist research. The study gives a detailed account of the relationship that various wealth groups have to land and land degradation in the village. It is found that all wealth groups are destructive to the land but in varying ways. The rich farmers are over-cultivating land marginal to agriculture, the middle peasants have too many cattle in the village while the poor peasants are so marginalised socially that they hardly influence land management. Those identified as having economic as well as social incentives to maintain soil fertility are the middle peasants, while the rich farmers are shown to be consciously soil-mining the former grazing areas.

Mineral and chemical compositions of carbonates from the Lost Village hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

During Cruise 50 of R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh on the south slope of the Atlantis massif (30°07'N, Middle Atlantic Ridge) an inactive hydrothermal field named Lost Village was discovered. This new field was composed of light carbonate rock and was located near the active Lost City hydrothermal field. Mineral associations of these fields were studied. A conclusion about participation of ocean water in changing of carbonate composition of the inactive hydrothermal field was made.

Land and labor reallocation in pre-modern Japan : a case of a northeastern village in 1720-1870

In agricultural societies, adjusting land and labor according to changes of labor endowment that result from family life cycle events is premised on making full use of resources for each farming household and for the economy as a whole. This paper examines how and how well households in pre-modern Japan reallocated land and labor, using a population register covering 150 years from 1720–1870 for a village in the Tohoku region. We find that households reacted to equalize their production factors; land-scarce households tended to acquire or rent-in land and out-migrate their kin members, while land-abundant households tended to release or rent-out land, in-migrate kin members, or employ non-kin members. Estimates suggest that more than 80% of the surplus or deficit area of land was resolved if the household rented or "sold" land. We discuss a potential underlying mechanism; namely, that the village's collective responsibility for tax payment (murauke) motivated both individual households and the village as a whole to reallocate land and labor for the efficient use of resources.

Map of Dexter Village [plat]

Drawn & Compiled by Cyrus Wheelock. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Olivet, one hundred years, 1844-1944 : a commemorative history of college and village.

"The managing editor's report" signed: Paul H. Engle.

General development plan, village of Inkster, Michigan

Mode of access: Internet.

Family income and expenditures : Middle Atlantic, North Central and New England Regions : Part 1, family income /

"One of a series covering income and expenditures of farm families. A similar series of reports deals with income and expenditures of small city and village families."--P. [2] of cover.