951 resultados para Microclimatic variables
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Este estudo é uma proposta de contribuição científica ao entendimento das inter-relações entre densidade de populações de microorganismos de solo, associadas à variabilidade microclimática sazonal em floresta tropical úmida, considerando também estudo de caso de evento extremo. Alguns organismos vivos, especialmente microorganismos de solo, são muito sensíveis às pequenas variações microclimáticas (luminosidade, temperatura, umidade do solo, vento, calor sensível, calor latente, etc. Seguramente estes fatores condicionantes são importantes para o entendimento da distribuição espacial destes seres vivos em ecossistemas naturais, habitados por uma enorme variedade de microorganismos (fungos e bactérias). Estes foram estudados quanto sua distribuição e densidade, utilizando a técnica "Pour Plate" de contagem em placas de "Petri" seguindo a metodologia utilizada por De-Polli e Guerra, descrita por Clark. O estudo foi realizado em duas áreas experimentais, PPBio (área de floresta densa natural) e ESECAFLOR (área de um hectare coberta para simulação de seca prolongada) em Caxiuanã-PA, com medidas contínuas de variáveis microclimáticas térmicas, úmidas e precipitações, além da avaliação de padrões de distribuição espacial e temporal da abundância e riqueza das espécies, para estabelecer um sistema de monitoramento de fungos e bactérias de solo associado à variabilidade climática na floresta nacional de Caxiuanã. As áreas experimentais são predominantemente de Yellow Latossolo. As análises microbiológicas mostraram que fungos desenvolveram-se melhor em época seca e bactérias na época chuvosa. Suas populações diminuem com a profundidade, exceto em ambiente alterado. As correlações de variações sazonais entre populações de fungos e bactérias e as variáveis temperatura e umidade do solo, se estabeleceram satisfatoriamente para qualquer época do ano em ambos os sítios estudados.
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Nos quelônios, as características do ambiente de nidificação têm forte influência sobre a temperatura de incubação dos ovos e, consequentemente, sobre o sucesso reprodutivo. Foram investigados o efeito do ambiente de nidificação sobre a taxa de eclosão, a duração de incubação e a determinação sexual dos filhotes de Podocnemis expansa, Podocnemis unifilis e Podocnemis sextuberculata no Tabuleiro do Embaubal, rio Xingu, estado do Pará, Brasil, em 2007, 2008 e 2010. As praias foram monitoradas entre setembro e janeiro, com o acompanhamento dos ninhos marcados desde o dia de postura, em cada ciclo reprodutivo. As seguintes variáveis foram mensuradas: dia da desova, a profundidade final, a altura do ninho em relação ao nível da água no dia da desova a granulometria e a temperatura de incubação. A taxa de eclosão diferiu entre os anos para as três espécies. A duração de incubação variou entre anos apenas para P. sextuberculata. A razão sexual de P. expansa em 2007 foi 0.08 e em 2008 e 2010 todos os filhotes produzidos foram fêmeas. Para P. sextuberculata a razão sexual em 2007 foi 0.34, e em 2008 e 2010 foi 0.06. A razão sexual de P. unifilis em 2007 foi de 0.41, 0.65 em 2008 e 0.02 em 2010. Todas estas diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas. A altura do ninho com relação ao nível do rio apresentou correlação positiva com a taxa de eclosão das três espécies em 2008 e uma relação negativa com a taxa de eclosão de P. sextuberculata em 2010. O número de dias após o início das desovas influenciou a duração de incubação de P. sextuberculata e P. unifilis em 2008. A temperatura média, o número de horas/grau acima de 32°C e o tamanho do sedimento influenciou a razão sexual de P. expansa. Os resultados atestam para a variação no sucesso de eclosão, no desenvolvimento embrionário e na proporção sexual produzida entre os anos. Ainda, observou-se que a influência de variáveis microclimáticas dos sítios selecionados para desova, embora influenciem nas características térmicas e nas variáveis de interesse, podem variar de ano para outro. Recomenda-se o monitoramento continuado dos referidos parâmetros nas principais áreas onde se investe na proteção de sítios reprodutivos de quelônios.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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This paper presents the results of a study on the thermal comfort in open urban spaces, undertaken in pedestrian streets located in the three towns, Campinas, Baurú, and Presidente Prudente, in the state of Sao Paulo. The study was developed as part of a more extensive project on thermal comfort in different kinds of open public spaces in Brazil. The methodology involved monitoring the microclimatic variables (air and globe temperature, humidity, air velocity and global solar radiation), and structured interviews, in order to assess the actual thermal comfort through the Actual Sensation Vote (ASV) and the personal users’ variables. The Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) was also calculated. The results show different limits for neutral temperature in each city: 20-29ºC for Campinas, 21-30 ºC for Bauru and 14-24 ºC for Presidente Prudente). However, 59.5% of the total sample (308 out of 519 individuals) indicated comfort limits ranging from 18 to 26 ºC, which is consistent with the limits proposed by Monteiro and Alucci for the city of Sao Paulo. These results can contribute to evaluate the thermal quality of other public spaces in the same towns.
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It is well known that the best grape quality can occur only through the achievement of optimal source/sink ratio. Vine balance is in fact a key parameter in controlling berry sugar, acidity and secondary metabolites content (Howell, 2001; Vanden Heuvel et al., 2004). Despite yield reduction and quality improvement are not always strictly related, cluster thinning is considered a technique which could lead to improvement in grape sugar and anthocyanin composition (Dokoozlian and Hirschfelt, 1995; Guidoni et al., 2002). Among several microclimatic variables which may impact grape composition, the effect of cluster light exposure and temperature, which probably act in synergistic and complex way, has been widely explored showing positive even sometimes contradictory results (Spayd et al., 2001; Tarara et al., 2008). Pre-bloom and véraison defoliation are very efficient techniques in inducing cluster microclimatic modification. Furthermore pre-bloom defoliation inducing a lower berry set percentage On these basis the aim of the first experiment of the thesis was to verify in cv Sangiovese the effects on ripening and berry composition of management techniques which may increase source/sink ratio and /or promote light incidence on berries throughout grape ripening. An integrated agronomic, biochemical and microarray approach, aims to understand which mechanisms are involved in berry composition and may be conditioned in the berries during ripening in vines submitted to three treatments. In particular the treatments compared were: a) cluster thinning (increasing in source/sink ratio) b) leaf removal at véraison (increasing cluster light exposure) c) pre-bloom defoliation (increasing source sink ratio and cluster light exposure). Vine response to leaf removal at véraison was further evaluated in the second experiment on three different varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Nero d’Avola, Raboso Piave) chosen for their different genetic traits in terms of anthocyanin amount and composition. The integrated agronomic, biochemical and microarray approach, employed in order to understand those mechanisms involved in berry composition of Sangiovese vines submitted to management techniques which may increase source/sink ratio and induce microclimatic changes, bring to interesting results. This research confirmed the main role of source/sink ratio in conditioning sugars metabolism and revealed also that carbohydrates availability is a crucial issue in triggering anthocyanin biosynthesis. More complex is the situation of pre-bloom defoliation, where source/sink and cluster light increase effects are associated to determine final berry composition. It results that the application of pre-bloom defoliation may be risky, as too much dependent on seasonal conditions (rain and temperature) and physiological vine response (leaf area recovery, photosynthetic compensation, laterals regrowth). Early induced stress conditions could bring cluster at véraison in disadvantage to trigger optimal berry ripening processes compared to untreated vines. This conditions could be maintained until harvest, if no previously described physiological recovery occurs. Certainly, light exposure increase linked to defoliation treatments, showed a positive and solid effect on flavonol biosynthesis, as in our conditions temperature was not so different among treatments. Except the last aspects, that could be confirmed also for véraison defoliation, microclimatic changes by themselves seemed not able to induce any modification in berry composition. Further studies are necessary to understand if the peculiar anthocyanic and flavonols composition detected in véraison defoliation could play important role in both color intensity and stability of wines.
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The information on climate variations is essential for the research of many subjects, such as the performance of buildings and agricultural production. However, recorded meteorological data are often incomplete. There may be a limited number of locations recorded, while the number of recorded climatic variables and the time intervals can also be inadequate. Therefore, the hourly data of key weather parameters as required by many building simulation programmes are typically not readily available. To overcome this gap in measured information, several empirical methods and weather data generators have been developed. They generally employ statistical analysis techniques to model the variations of individual climatic variables, while the possible interactions between different weather parameters are largely ignored. Based on a statistical analysis of 10 years historical hourly climatic data over all capital cities in Australia, this paper reports on the finding of strong correlations between several specific weather variables. It is found that there are strong linear correlations between the hourly variations of global solar irradiation (GSI) and dry bulb temperature (DBT), and between the hourly variations of DBT and relative humidity (RH). With an increase in GSI, DBT would generally increase, while the RH tends to decrease. However, no such a clear correlation can be found between the DBT and atmospheric pressure (P), and between the DBT and wind speed. These findings will be useful for the research and practice in building performance simulation.
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An estimation of costs for maintenance and rehabilitation is subject to variation due to the uncertainties of input parameters. This paper presents the results of an analysis to identify input parameters that affect the prediction of variation in road deterioration. Road data obtained from 1688 km of a national highway located in the tropical northeast of Queensland in Australia were used in the analysis. Data were analysed using a probability-based method, the Monte Carlo simulation technique and HDM-4’s roughness prediction model. The results of the analysis indicated that among the input parameters the variability of pavement strength, rut depth, annual equivalent axle load and initial roughness affected the variability of the predicted roughness. The second part of the paper presents an analysis to assess the variation in cost estimates due to the variability of the overall identified critical input parameters.