Influência de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares associa- dos ou não a Fusarium oxysporum Schecht. sobre plantas de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) e manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito do fósforo e da micorriza sobre o crescimento e a absorção de nutrientes por mudas de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.).

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da micorriza vesicular-arbuscular e das doses de fósforo sobre o crescimento e a absorção de nutrientes em mudas de seringueira, em casa-de-vegetação. Os tratamentos constaram de três doses de fósforo: 0,9; 1,8 e 2,7 g de P2O5/planta, tendo como fonte o superfosfato triplo, e dois tratamentos de inoculação: não-inoculado e inoculado com Gigaspora margarita, ambos em solo não-esterilizado. Os parâmetros analisados foram infecção radicular, altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, peso da matéria seca da parte aérea, teor foliar e absorção de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Mn e Zn em materiais coletados nove meses após a instalação do experimento. A aplicação da dose de 2,7 g de P2O5/planta favoreceu a infecção radicular e 2,7 g dc P2O5/planta. O fornecimento de B ao solo, na concentração de 1 mg/kg, induziu níveis do toxicidade nas plantas.

Manejo da micorriza arbuscular por meio da rotacao de culturas.

2001

Manejo da micorriza arbuscular por meio da rotação de culturas nos sistemas agrícolas do Cerrado.

2001

Cultivo in vitro de raízes de tomateiro, menta e videira para produção de inóculo de fungo micorrízico arbuscular

Os Fungos Micorrízicos Arbusculares (FMAs) desempenham um papel importante na sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas, devido a importância da simbiose que formam com a maioria das plantas. A associação destes fungos com as raízes possibilita uma melhor nutrição das plantas, além de promover o crescimento e a resistência a fatores causadores de estresse. Desta forma, auxiliam no aumento da produtividade das mesmas, e na redução do uso de insumos químicos, como fertilizantes e agrotóxicos, na agricultura. Em função ao caráter de simbiontes obrigatórios, é de grande interesse o desenvolvimento de processos que permitam o isolamento, caracterização, manutenção de isolados e produção de inóculo desses fungos. Assim, com o objetivo de produzir um método de cultivo axênico, e que também possa auxiliar o estudo destes em áreas como a biologia molecular, testou-se protocolos de micropropagação para a produção in vitro de Glomus etunicatum W. N. Becker & Gerd., utilizando-se como hospedeiro raízes de tomateiro, videira e menta. Além destas culturas, que foram propagadas vegetativamente para a manutenção das culturas estoques e enraizadas in vitro com a aplicação exógena do regulador de crescimento ácido indolbutírico (AIB), trabalhou-se também com a cultura da menta, mas devido a problemas que ocorreram durante a etapa de enraizamento, não foi possível efetivar a associação do inóculo Na inoculação de esporos em raízes da videira cultivadas in vitro, não se obteve êxito. Com o cultivo in vitro de raízes de tomateiro foi possível conduzir os trabalhos até a etapa de colonização do FMA. No enraizamento in vitro das três culturas trabalhadas foi avaliado o número e o comprimento médio das raízes cultivadas nos meios de enraizamento nas doses de 0, 1,0 e 2,0 mg.L-1 de AIB. Para o tomateiro e a menta, o número e o comprimento médio de raízes por explante foram significativamente maiores com a dose de 1,0 mg.L-1 de AIB. Entretanto, para a cultura da videira, embora o uso de AIB, em ambas as doses de 1,0 e 2,0 mg.L-1 induziram um maior número de raízes, o comprimento médio de raízes foi maior quando AIB não foi adicionado no meio de enraizamento.

Nodulation, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and growth of some legumes native from Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Growth and symbiosis of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil submitted to biochar application.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which is intrinsically present or may be introduced in soils by inoculation, is an example of natural and renewable resource to increase plant nutrient uptake. This kind of fungi produces structures (hyphae, arbuscles and sometimes vesicles) inside the plant root cortex. This mutualistic relationship promotes plant gains in terms of water and nutrient absorption (mainly phosphorus). Biochar can benefit plant interaction with AMF, however, it can contain potentially toxic compounds such as heavy metals and organic compounds (e.g. dioxins, furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), depending on the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, which may damage organisms. For these reasons, the present work will approach the impacts of biochar application on soil attributes, AMF-plant symbiosis and its responses in plant growth and phosphorus uptake. Eucalyptus biochar produced at high temperatures increases sorghum growth; symbiosis with AMF; and enhances spore germination. Enhanced plant growth in the presence of high temperature biochar and AMF is a response of root branching stimulated by an additive effect between biochar characteristics and root colonization. Biochar obtained at low temperature reduces AMF spore germination; however it does not affect plant growth and symbiosis in soil.

Estabelecimento de metodologia para análise e quantificação da colonização por fungo micorrízico arbuscular em milho.

2016

Pre-cropping with canola decreased Pratylenchus thornei populations, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and yield of wheat.

Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) significantly reduces wheat yields in the northern Australian grain region. Canola is thought to have a 'biofumigation' potential to control nematodes; therefore, a field experiment was designed to compare canola with other winter crops or clean-fallow for reducing P. thornei population densities and improving growth of P. thornei-intolerant wheat (cv. Batavia) in the following year. Immediately after harvest of the first-year crops, populations of P. thornei were lowest following various canola cultivars or clean-fallow (1957-5200 P. thornei/kg dry soil) and were highest following susceptible wheat cultivars (31 033-41 294/kg dry soil). Unexpectedly, at planting of the second-year wheat crop, nematode populations were at more uniform lower levels (<5000/kg dry soil), irrespective of the previous season's treatment, and remained that way during the growing season, which was quite dry. Growth and grain yield of the second-year wheat crop were poorest on plots previously planted with canola or left fallow due to poor colonisation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, with the exception of canola cv. Karoo, which had high AM fungal colonisation and low wheat yields. There were significant regressions between growth and yield parameters of the second-year wheat and levels of AMF following the pre-crop treatments. Thus, canola appears to be a good crop for reducing P. thornei populations, but AM fungal-dependence of subsequent crops should be considered, particularly in the northern Australian grain region.

Stunted cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fully recovers biomass and yield of seed cotton after delayed root inoculation with spores of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae)

In the northern grain and cotton region of Australia, poor crop growth after long periods of fallow, called 'long-fallow' disorder, is caused by a decline of natural arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). When cotton was grown in large pots containing 22 kg of Vertisol from a field recently harvested from cotton in Central Queensland, plants in pasteurised soil were extremely stunted compared with plants in unpasteurised soil. We tested the hypothesis that this extreme stunting was caused by the absence of AMF and examined whether such stunted plants could recover from subsequent treatment with AMF spores and/or P fertiliser. At 42 days after sowing, the healthy cotton growing in unpasteurised soil had 48% of its root-length colonised with AMF, whereas the stunted cotton had none. After inoculation with AMF spores (6 spores/g soil of Glomus mosseae) and/or application of P fertiliser (50 mg P/kg soil) at 45 days after sowing, the stunted plants commenced to improve about 25 days after treatment, and continued until their total dry matter and seed cotton production equalled that of plants growing in unpasteurised soil with natural AMF. In contrast, non-mycorrhizal cotton grown without P fertiliser remained stunted throughout and produced no bolls and only 1% of the biomass of mycorrhizal cotton. Even with the addition of P fertiliser, non-mycorrhizal cotton produced only 64% of the biomass and 58% of the seed cotton (lint + seed) of mycorrhizal cotton plants. These results show that cotton is highly dependent on AMF for P nutrition and growth in Vertisol (even with high rates of P fertiliser), but can recover from complete lack of AMF and consequent stunting during at least the first 45 days of growth when treated with AMF spores and/or P fertiliser. This corroborates field observations in the northern region that cotton may recover from long-fallow disorder caused by low initial levels of AMF propagules in the soil as the AMF colonisation of its roots increases during the growing season.

Field inoculation with arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi overcomes phosphorus and zinc deficiencies of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) in a vertisol subject to long-fallow disorder

Long-fallow disorder is expressed as exacerbated deficiencies of phosphorus (P) and/or zinc (Zn) in field crops growing after long periods of weed-free fallow. The hypothesis that arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve the P and Zn nutrition, and thereby biomass production and seed yield of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) was tested in a field experiment. A factorial combination of treatments consisting of +/- fumigation, +/- AMF inoculation with Glomus spp., +/- P and +/- Zn fertilisers was used on a long-fallowed vertisol. The use of such methods allowed an absolute comparison of plants growing with and without AMF in the field for the first time in a soil disposed to long-fallow disorder. Plant biomass, height, P and Zn concentrations and contents, boll number and final seed yield were (a) least in fumigated soil with negligible AMF colonisation of the roots, (b) low initially in long-fallow soil but increased with time as AMF colonisation of the roots developed, and (c) greatest in soil inoculated with AMF cultures. The results showed for the first time in the field that inflows of both P and Zn into linseed roots were highly dependent on %AMF-colonisation (R-2 = 0.95 for P and 0.85 for Zn, P < 0.001) in a soil disposed to long-fallow disorder. Relative field mycorrhizal dependencies without and with P+Zn fertiliser were 85 % and 86 % for biomass and 68 % and 52 % for seed yield respectively. This research showed in the field that AMF greatly improved the P and Zn nutrition, biomass production and seed yield of linseed growing in a soil disposed to long-fallow disorder. The level of mycorrhizal colonisation of plants suffering from long-fallow disorder can increase during the growing season resulting in improved plant growth and residual AMF inoculum in the soil, and thus it is important for growers to recognise the cause and not terminate a poor crop prematurely in order to sow another. Other positive management options to reduce long fallows and foster AMF include adoption of conservation tillage and opportunity cropping.