Determination and persistence of methiocarb in artichokes

A simple and rapid method for the determination of methiocarb in artichokes by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection is described. No derivatization is needed and the limit of determination (0.01 ppm) is analogous to that of fluorometric detection. The results of trials carried out with granular and liquid formulations of this active ingredient are also reported. Immediately after treatment with the liquid formulation methiocarb residues averaged 1.47 ppm, while after treatment with the granular formulation residues were considered fortuitous. The decay rate of methiocarb residues in artichokes shows that the decrease and eventual disappearance of this active ingredient can chiefly be ascribed to the dilution effect due to head growth.

METHIOCARB, A CHEMICAL BIRD REPELLENT: A REVIEW OF ITS EFFECTIVENESS ON CROPS

Since 1964, when the effectiveness of methiocarb for preventing pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) from damaging sprouting corn was proven in South Dakota, an aggressive program has been carried out by personnel of the Denver Wildlife Research Center and many cooperators to develop methiocarb as a broad spectrum avian repellent. The successful use of methiocarb for preventing damage caused by several species of birds to sprouting corn in several states and to sprouting soybeans in South America is reviewed. Recent results obtained from spraying methiocarb on ripening rice in California, ripening sorghum in Colorado and Oklahoma, cherries in Michigan, and grapes in New Hampshire are summarized.

Insect induced bud fall in cultivated hibiscus and aspects of the biology of Macroura concolor (Macleay) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

The influence of insect attack on bud fall and subsequent poor flowering in cultivated hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) was studied in cages and in the field in southern Queensland. Three species of Hemiptera (most importantly Aulacosternum nigrorubrum but also Nezara viridula and Tectocoris diophthalmus) caused some bud fall in 2 plantations studied. Adults of Macroura concolor suppressed flowering for long periods in spring and summer. Data from white funnel traps and counts in flowers showed that M. concolor was most active in these seasons. Methiocarb (0.75 g a.i./litre) reduced beetle numbers and increased flowering. When 15 or more adults of M. concolor occurred per bud (or flower) most buds fell and few flowers were produced, but when beetles declined to 10 or fewer many buds survived and widespread flowering occurred. Larvae fed in fallen buds and flowers and the mean duration of development of the combined immature stages was 14 days at 26 deg C. The preference of adults of M. concolor for pale coloured flowers was examined. Hibiscus plants produced most buds from December to June with lower numbers in winter and spring (July to November). Bud production in spring and early summer (September-December) varied greatly and probably contributed to poor flowering, however, even when large numbers of buds occurred very few flowers were produced because of the activities of M. concolor.

A column method for determination of soil organic partition coefficients of eight pesticides

A column method was developed to conveniently and reliably determine the soil organic partition coefficients (K-oc) of three insecticides (methiocarb, azinphos-methyl, fenthion), four fungicides (triadimenol, fuberidazole, tebuconazole, pencycuron), and one herbicide (atrazine), in which real soil acted as a stationary phase and the water solution of pesticide as an eluent. The processes of sorption equilibrium were directly shown through a breakthrough curve(BTC). The log K-oc values are 1.69, 1.95, 2.25, 2.55, 2.69, 2.67, 3.10, and 3.33 for atrazine, triadimenol, methiocarb, fuberidazole, azinphos-methyl, tebuconazole, fenthion and pencycuron, respectively.

A column method for determination of soil organic partition coefficients of eight pesticides

A column method was developed to conveniently and reliably determine the soil organic partition coefficients (K-oc) of three insecticides (methiocarb, azinphos-methyl, fenthion), four fungicides (triadimenol, fuberidazole, tebuconazole, pencycuron), and one herbicide (atrazine), in which real soil acted as a stationary phase and the water solution of pesticide as an eluent. The processes of sorption equilibrium were directly shown through a breakthrough curve(BTC). The log K-oc values are 1.69, 1.95, 2.25, 2.55, 2.69, 2.67, 3.10, and 3.33 for atrazine, triadimenol, methiocarb, fuberidazole, azinphos-methyl, tebuconazole, fenthion and pencycuron, respectively.

Soil column chromatography for correlation between capacity factors and soil organic partition coefficients for eight pesticides

A soil column chromatographic method was developed to measure the capacity factors (k') of pesticides, in which soil acted as a stationary phase and methanol-water mixture as an eluent. The k' values of eight pesticides, including three insecticides (methiocarb, azinphos-methyl, fenthion), four fungicides (triadimenol, fuberidazole, tebuconazole, pencycuron), and one herbicide (atrazine), were found to be well fitted to a retention equation, ln k'=ln k(w)'-S-phi. Due to similar interactions of solutes with soil and solvent in both sorption determination and retention experiment, log k' has a good linear correlation with log K-oc for the eight pesticides from different classes, in contrast with poor correlation between log k' from C-18 column and log K-oc. So the method provides a tool for rapid estimation of K-oc from experimental k'. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A new method for determination of adsorption and desorption coefficients of pesticides with soil column liquid chromatography

The adsorption and desorption coefficients of atrazine, methiocarb and simazine on a sandy loam soil were measured in this study with soil column liquid chromatographic (SCLC) technique. The adsorption and desorption data of all the three pesticides followed Freundlich isotherms revealing the existence of hysteresis. In comparing with other methods, SCLC method showed some characteristics such as rapidity, online and accuracy.

Ecotoxicological evaluation of pesticide mixtures

Neste trabalho o risco da aplicação de moluscicidas (metaldeído e metiocarbe) para o isópode terrestre Porcellionides pruinosus foi avaliado usando como parâmetros a mortalidade e biomarcadores de exposição. O tempo até à morte dos isópodes (após contacto com os moluscicidas) foi muito curto, especialmente no caso da exposição ao metiocarbe. Os vários biomarcadores revelaram-se úteis para a compreensão do modo de acção dos dois moluscicidas neste isópode, particularmente o efeito do carbamato metiocarbe na inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Os efeitos de combinações binárias de três produtos de protecção das plantas (PPP) dimetoato, glifosato e espirodiclofeno foram avaliados testando o comportamento de evitamento de P. pruinosus, o sucesso reprodutivo do colêmbolo Folsomia candida e o crescimento das plantas Brassica rapa e Triticum aestivum, usando os dois modelos de referência de concentração de adição (CA) e acção independente (IA). O modelo MIXTOX foi usado para avaliar possíveis desvios (devido a interacções entre os pesticidas) dos dois modelos de referência. Os resultados obtidos permitem constatar que estes PPP quando aplicados segundo a dose recomendada não acarretam efeitos perniciosos para os organismos testados. Foi detectado sinergismo na mistura feita com glifosato e espirodiclofeno no isópode P. pruinosus e na mistura com glifosato e dimetoato na planta T. aestivum. Um ecossistema terrestre em pequena escala (“STEM”) foi desenvolvido, contendo um solo agrícola mediterrânico. Nestes STEM, minhocas (Eisenia andrei), P. pruinosus, B. rapa e “bait-lamina” foram incorporados no sentido de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de dimetoato com espirodiclofeno e glifosato com dimetoato. A dose recomendada de aplicação dos PPP, quer na exposição individual quer nas misturas binárias não teve quaisquer efeitos nas espécies testadas. As minhocas foram sensíveis à aplicação conjunta de dimetoato com espirodiclofeno (10 vezes a dose recomendada) na sua distribuição vertical ao longo da coluna do STEM, e foi detectado sinergismo (i.e. mais minhocas escaparam do que a predição feita pelo modelo IA). Em todas as misturas binárias feitas com glifosato e dimetoato registou-se um decréscimo no consumo de “bait-lamina”, indicando sinergismo (menos “bait-lamina” consumidos que o esperado). Dos quatro biomarcadores (Catalase, AChE, GST e LPO) avaliados nos isópodes, verificaram-se diferenças significativas na actividade da enzima AChE (quando dimetoato foi aplicado no solo) e LPO (aumento da actividade devido à aplicação de glifosato e dimetoato).