Remoção de matéria orgânica, de nutrientes e de coliformes no processo anaeróbio em dois estágios (reator compartimentado seguido de reator UASB) para o tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura

Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito das águas residuárias de suinocultura, com concentrações médias de sólidos suspensos totais variando de 4.591 a 13.001 mg L-1, no desempenho de processo anaeróbio, em dois estágios, compostos por reator compartimentado (ABR) e reator de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB), instalados em série, em escala- -piloto (volumes de 530 e 120 L, respectivamente), submetidos a tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 60; 36 e 24 h no primeiro reator, e de 13,6; 8,2 e 5,4 h no segundo reator. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQOtotal variaram de 69 a 84% no reator ABR e de 39 a 58% no reator UASB, resultando em valores médios de 87 a 94% para o sistema de tratamento anaeróbio em dois estágios, com carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) na faixa de 11,5 a 18,0 g DQOtotal (L d)-1 no reator ABR, e de 4,2 a 13,4 g DQOtotal (L d)-1 no reator UASB. A produção volumétrica máxima de metano de 0,227 m³ CH4 (m³ reator d)-1 ocorreu no reator UASB, com COV de 10,6 g DQOtotal (L d)-1 e TDH de 5,4 h. As maiores eficiências de remoção de coliformes totais e termotolerantes (99,7%), DQOdiss (94%), SST (96%), NTK (71%), P-total (61%) e outros nutrientes, no sistema de tratamento anaeróbio em dois estágios, foram obtidas com o TDH de 73,6 h e temperatura climatológica média de 24,6 °C, aplicando-se a menor COV (de 11,5 g DQOtotal (L d)-1 no reator ABR, e de 4,2 g DQOtotal (L d)-1 no reator UASB) com a maior concentração de SST do afluente (13.001 mg L-1).

Remoção de íons Cd2+ de soluções aquosas por eletrodeposição em eletrodos de carbono vítreo reticulado

As soluções aquosas obtidas após o tratamento final de efluentes de processos de eletrodeposição de Cd contém baixas concentrações de íons Cd2+. Neste trabalho determinaram-se as melhores condições para a utilização de eletrodos de carbono vítreo reticulado (CVR) no polimento destas soluções. A eletrodeposição do íon Cd2+ sobre eletrodo de carbono vítreo reticulado de porosidades distintas, 30, 60 e 100 ppi, com e sem recobrimento com polipirrol, foi investigada em soluções aquosas aeradas de ácido sulfúrico e sulfato de potássio em pH 4,8. Sob condições potenciostáticas, uma elevada eficiência de remoção foi obtida para soluções contendo 5 e 10 mg L-1 de íon Cd2+, na faixa de potenciais entre –0,9 e –1,1 V para CVR e em –3,0 V para CVR recoberto com polipirrol (CVR-PPy0). Após cada experimento de eletrodeposição, a diminuição da concentração do íon Cd2+ no eletrólito foi monitorada por voltametria de redissolução anódica. Neste experimenteo, empregando um eletrodo de gota pendente de mercúrio sendo estes resultados comparados com medidas por espectrometria de emissão atômica (ICP). Para o eletrodo de CVR, neste intervalo de potenciais, -0,9 e –1,1 V, a eletrodeposição do íon cádmio é controlada por transporte de massa e a concentração de íons cádmio varia exponencialmente com o tempo, seguindo uma cinética de pseudo primeira ordem. Para a concentração 10 mg L-1 e usando eletrodo de CVR 30 ppi, as eficiências de corrente e de remoção determinadas a -1,1 V após 30 minutos de eletrólise foram, 38 % e 97% , respectivamente. Para eletrodo de CVR 60 ppi foram encontrados 30 % e 99 %, respectivamente. Para o eletrodo de CVR-PPy0 a maior eficiência de remoção encontrada foi de 84% após 90 minutos de eletrólise em –3,0 V, sendo a eficiência de corrente menor do que 2%. A presença de Cd metálico depositado na superfície do eletrodo de CVR e CVR-PPy0 depois da redução em –1,1 V e –3,0 V, respectivamente, foi confirmada por análise de Microscopia Eeletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e espectrometria de energia dispersiva (EDS).

Desempenho de reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente alimentado com lodo de estação de tratamento de água e esgoto sanitário

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização da remoção de metais pesados na ETAR da Charneca (Óbidos), Águas do Oeste

Este trabalho teve como objectivos a quantificação analítica de quatro metais pesados (chumbo, níquel, crómio e cádmio) nas diferentes etapas da ETAR da Charneca (Óbidos) identificando, através dos coeficientes de partição, os principais mecanismos de remoção dos metais em cada etapa de tratamento. Foram também determinados os parâmetros mais importantes na caracterização de águas residuais (pH, CQO, ST, STV, SS e SSV). Foram realizadas duas campanhas de amostragem, uma primeira com o objectivo de aperfeiçoamento dos planos de amostragem e selecção dos métodos analíticos a adoptar e uma segunda para o cumprimento dos objectivos do trabalho. A determinação de metais pesados foi efectuada por Espectrometria de Absorção Atómica de Chama (FAAS) e Espectrometria de Absorção Atómica de Câmara de Grafite (GFAAS). Os restantes parâmetros analíticos foram determinados pelos métodos de referência (APHA, 1998). No período de amostragem, o afluente à ETAR apresentou concentrações reduzidas dos metais em estudo com valores médios de 11,78 µg/L. De entre os metais destacavam-se, no entanto, o crómio e de níquel, com concentrações respectivamente 27,83 µg/L e 17,50 µg/L. As amostras de areias, extraídas na obra de entrada, apresentaram concentrações mais significativas de chumbo e crómio, enquanto as amostras de gorduras, recolhidas no mesmo ponto, apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas de níquel e crómio. As amostras do efluente final revelaram concentrações muito reduzidas dos quatro metais estudados com a concentração média a situar-se nos 7,34 µg/L. Verificou-se uma remoção na fase líquida do efluente de cerca de 85% para o chumbo, 39% para o níquel e 34% para o crómio. No cádmio não se verificou remoção na fase líquida. Concluiu-se que a remoção dos metais é determinada por uma transferência destes para a fase sólida e que ocorre fundamentalmente no reactor biológico onde uma parte significativa dos metais pesados é absorvida pela biomassa presente. Nas lamas desidratadas, os metais encontrados em maior concentração foram o chumbo e o crómio com concentrações de respectivamente 130,64 mg/Kgmat.seca e 87,99 mg/Kg mat.seca, embora todos os metais pesados estudados apresentem uma situação de conformidade com os requisitos de lamas para valorização agrícola, estabelecidos na legislação nacional.

Remoção de metais usando casca de amendoim

Mestrado em Engenharia Química

Remoção de metais pesados de efluentes industriais por aluminossilicatos

This review had as aim the bibliography research for the use of aluminosilicates to remove heavy metals from wastewaters. Advanced studies based on parameters that have influence for removal of heavy metals as pH, metal concentration, effect of ligants and removal capacity of zeolites and clays, were reported. These studies demonstrate that aluminosilicates can be successfully used for the removal of heavy metals under the optimized conditions.

Remoção de metais pesados de efluentes aquosos pela zeólita natural escolecita - influência da temperatura e do pH na adsorção em sistemas monoelementares

Cation exchange capabilities of a Brazilian natural zeolite, identified as scolecite, were evaluated for application in wastewater control. We investigated the process of sorption of chromium(III), nickel(II), cadmium(II) and manganese(II) in synthetic aqueous effluents, including adsorption isotherms of single-metal solutions. The natural zeolite showed the ability to take up the tested heavy metals in the order Cr(III) > Cd(II) > Ni(II) > Mn(II), and this could be related to the valence and the hydration radius of the metal cations. The influence of temperature (25, 40 and 60 ºC) and initial pH value (from 4 to 6) was also evaluated. It was found that the adsorption increased substantially when the temperature was raised to 60 ºC and that maximum adsorption capacity was observed at pH 6. These results demonstrate that scolecite can be used for removal of heavy metals from aqueous effluents, under optimized conditions.

Materiais magnéticos baseados em diferentes zeólitas para remoção de metais em água

In this work the adsorption features of zeolites (NaY, Beta, Mordenite and ZSM-5) have been combined with the magnetic properties of iron oxides in a composite to produce a magnetic adsorbent. These magnetic composites can be used as adsorbents for contaminants in water and subsequently removed from the medium by a simple magnetic process. The magnetic zeolites were characterized by XRD, magnetization measurements, chemical analyses, N2 adsorption isotherms and Mössbauer spectroscopy. These magnetic adsorbents show remarkable adsorption capacity for metal ion contaminants in water.

Uso da casca de coco verde como adsorbente na remoção de metais tóxicos

Green coconut shells were treated with acid, base and hydrogen peroxide solutions for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h for removing toxic metals from synthetic wastewater. The removal of ions by the adsorbent treated with 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH/ 3h was 99.5% for Pb2+ and 97.9% for Cu2+. The removal of Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, using adsorbent treated with 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH/3 h, was 98.5, 90.3 and 95.4%, respectively. Particle size, adsorbent concentration and adsorption kinetics were also studied. An adsorbent size of 60-99 mesh and a concentration of 30-40 g/L for 5 min exposure were satisfactory for maximum uptake of Pb2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ and can be considered as promising parameters for treatment the aqueous effluents contaminated with toxic metals.

Remoção de metais de solução aquosa usando bagaço de caju

The metal ions removal on cashew bagasse, a low-cost material, has been studied by batch adsorption. The parameters chemical treatment, particle size, biosorbent concentration, and initial pH were studied. In this study the maximum ions removal was obtained on the cashew bagasse treated with 0.1 mol/L NaOH/3 h, at optimum particle size (20-59 mesh), biosorbent concentration (50 g/L) and initial solution pH 5. The kinetic study indicated that the adsorption metal follows pseudo-second order model for a multielementary system and equilibrium time was achieved in 60 min for all metal ions.

Aplicação da zeólita natural escolecita na remoção de metais pesados de efluentes industriais: competição entre os cátions e processo de dessorção

Efluentes aquosos industriais são a principal causa de contaminação das águas com metais pesados. Diante de uma legislação cada vez mais rígida para o descarte desses metais, o desenvolvimento de procedimentos eficientes e de baixo custo para o tratamento de efluentes contendo metais pesados torna-se de grande interesse. Um estudo sobre a capacidade de retenção de metais pesados pela zeólita natural escolecita foi realizado, de modo a se avaliar a viabilidade desta aplicação. Os cátions utilizados foram Mn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II) e Cr(III). Nesta etapa do trabalho, foi avaliado o comportamento da zeólita na adsorção seletiva de cátions presentes nos pares Cd/Mn, Cr/Ni, Cr/Cd e Ni/Mn, bem como a possibilidade de dessorção dos cátions metálicos adsorvidos em sua estrutura. A escolecita apresentou uma seletividade que pode ser relacionada, na maioria dos casos, à valência e ao raio iônico das espécies hidratadas. Os cátions Cr(III) e Ni(II) foram fortemente adsorvidos, não podendo ser substancialmente removidos por troca com cátions sódio ou cálcio. Dos cátions testados, apenas o Cd(II) apresentou comportamento de adsorção e de dessorção atípicos, demonstrando uma elevada labilidade no processo de troca iônica.

Remoção de metais pesados em efluentes sintéticos utilizando vermiculita como adsorvente

Heavy metals are used in many industrial processestheirs discard can harm fel effects to the environment, becoming a serious problem. Many methods used for wastewater treatment have been reported in the literature, but many of them have high cost and low efficiency. The adsorption process has been used as effective for the metal remoal ions. This paper presents studies to evaluate the adsorption capacity of vermiculite as adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in a synthetic solution. The mineral vermiculite was characterized by differents techniques: specific surface area analysis by BET method, X-ray diffraction, raiosX fluorescence, spectroscopy in the infraredd region of, laser particle size analysis and specific gravity. The physical characteristics of the material presented was appropriate for the study of adsorption. The adsorption experiments weredriveal finite bath metod in synthetic solutions of copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc. The results showed that the vermiculite has a high potential for adsorption, removing about 100% of ions and with removal capacity values about 85 ppm of metal in solution, 8.09 mg / g for cadmium, 8.39 mg/g for copper, 8.40 mg/g for lead, 8.26 mg/g for zinc and 8.38 mg/g of nickel. The experimental data fit in the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The kinetic datas showed a good correlation with the pseudo-second order model. It was conducteas a competition study among the metals using vermiculiti a adsorbent. Results showed that the presence of various metals in solution does not influence their removal at low concentrations, removing approximat wasely 100 % of all metals present in solutions

Estudo de adsorvente obtido de terras diatomáceas para remoção de metais pesados em águas produzidas: processamento, caracterização e dinâmica em leito fixo

The acceleration of industrial growth in recent decades on all continents aroused the interest of the companies to counter the impacts produced on the environment, spurred primarily by major disasters in the petroleum industry. In this context, the water produced is responsible for the largest volume of effluent from the production and extraction of oil and natural gas. This effluent has in its composition some critical components such as inorganic salts, heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, ), presence of oil and chemicals added in the various production processes. In response to impact, have been triggered by research alternative adsorbent materials for water treatment and water produced, in order to removing oils and acids and heavy metals. Many surveys of diatomaceous earth (diatomite) in Brazil involve studies on the physico-chemical, mineral deposits, extraction, processing and applications. The official estimated Jazi are around 2.5 million tonnes, the main located in the states of Bahia (44%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37,4%). Moreover, these two states appear as large offshore producers, earning a prominent role in research of adsorbents such as diatomite for treatment of water produced. Its main applications are as an agent of filtration, adsorption of oils and greases, industrial load and thermal insulator. The objective of this work was the processing and characterization of diatomite diatomaceous earth obtained from the municipality of Macaíba-RN (known locally as tabatinga) as a low cost regenerative adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in the application of water produced treatment. In this work we adopted a methodology for batch processing, practiced by small businesses located in producing regions of Brazil. The characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). Research conducted showed that the improvement process used was effective for small volume production of diatomite concentrated. The diatomite obtained was treated by calcination at temperature of 900 oC for 2 hours, with and without fluxing Na2CO3 (4%), according to optimal results in the literature. Column adsorption experiments were conducted to percolation of the in nature, calcined and calcined fluxing diatomites. Effluent was used as a saline solution containing ions of Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Mg simulating the composition of produced waters in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The breakthrough curves for simultaneous removal of copper ions and zinc as a result, 84.3% for calcined diatomite and diatomite with 97.3 % for fluxing. The calcined fluxing diatomite was more efficient permeability through the bed and removal of copper and zinc ions. The fresh diatomite had trouble with the permeability through the bed under the conditions tested, compared with the other obtained diatomite. The results are presented as promising for application in the petroleum industry

Desenvolvimento de nanocompósito (hidroxiapatita/ poliuretano) pela gelação (gelling) de poli ( álcool vinílico) (PVA) para remoção de metais pesados

Removing microcontaminants from effluents is a challenge today, because of its high cost and low efficiency, especially in the treatment of effluents containing heavy metals. An alternative that has emerged is the use of biodegradable nanocomposites, which exhibit good removal and recovery performances, in addition to its low cost. With this in mind, the present study aimed to develop and characterize a nanocomposite based on hydroxyapatite (HAP), polyurethane (PU) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for removing heavy metals. Thus, the research was conducted in several steps: i)- Physico-chemical and microbiological hospital effluent characterization; ii)- Production of hydroxyapatite by aqueous precipitation technique, and their characterization; iii)- Production of the nanocomposite in which the hydroxyapatite was added to the polyurethane prepolymers and then the polyvinyl alcohol/hydroxyapatite film was produced; iv)- Polyvinyl composite without film PU/HAp was also produced in the proportions of 20 and 40% HAp; v)- The composites was characterized by the techniques of XRD, FTIR, SEM / EDS, BET, Zeta Potential and TGA; vi)- The sisal and coconut fibres were washed and dried for comparative tests of adsorption; vii)- Adsorption tests for evaluating the removal of heavy metals (nickel and cadmium). Initial screening adsorption capacity (HAp; PU/HAp - 20 and 40%; PU / HAp / PVA), kinetic studies of adsorption of Cd (II) by HAp; multifactorial design analysis (factorial design) for identifying the most important variables in the adsorption of Cd (II) by composite PU/HAp. Also comparative analysis of adsorption of Cd and Ni by composite PU/HAp were conducted, as well as comparative tests of adsorption of Cd (coconut fibre) and Ni (sisal fibre). It was possible to verify that the composite PU/HAp 40% showed better effectiveness for the removal of Cd (II) and Ni (II), above 80%, equivalent to the lignocellulosic fibre used and HAp produced. As main conclusion, it can be referred that the composite PU/HAp 40% is an effective adsorvent to wastewater treatment for heavy metal removal, with low cost and high efficiency

Remoção conjugada de metais e óleo de água produzida

Petroleum can be associated or not with natural gas, but in both cases water is always present in its formation. The presence of water causes several problems, such as the difficulty of removing the petroleum from the reservoir rock and the formation of waterin-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. The produced water causes environmental problems, which should be solved to reduce the effect of petroleum industry in the environment. The main objective of this work is to remove simultaneously from the produced water the dispersed petroleum and dissolved metals. The process is made possible through the use of anionic surfactants that with its hydrophilic heads interacts with ionized metals and with its lipophilic tails interacts with the oil. The studied metals were: calcium, magnesium, barium, and cadmium. The surfactants used in this research were derived from: soy oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, and a soap obtained from a mixture of 5wt.% coconut oil and 95wt.% animal fat. It was used a sample of produced water from Terminal de São Sebastião, São Paulo. As the concentration of the studied metals in produced water presented values close to 300 mg/L, it was decided to use this concentration as reference for the development of this research. Molecular absorption and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to determine petroleum and metals concentrations in the water sample, respectively. A constant pressure filtration system was used to promote the separation of solid and liquid phases. To represent the behavior of the studied systems it was developed an equilibrium model and a mathematical one. The obtained results showed that all used surfactants presented similar behavior with relation to metals extraction, being selected the surfactant derived from soy oil for this purpose. The values of the partition coefficients between the solid and liquid phases " D " for the studied metals varied from 0.2 to 1.1, while the coefficients for equilibrium model " K " varied from 0.0002 and 0.0009. The removal percentile for oil with all metals associated was near 100%, showing the efficiency of the process