870 resultados para Meta-analises


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Fisiopatologia em Clínica Médica - FMB

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Pós-graduação em Fisiopatologia em Clínica Médica - FMB

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O aumento do número de pessoas com demência e dos custos associados aos cuidados de saúde, levam à crescente necessidade de providenciar apoio efetivo aos familiares cuidadores (FCs), no sentido de potenciar as capacidades destes e diminuir os riscos de morbilidade. Objetivo: A presente revisão sistemática da literatura (RSL) tem como objetivo identificar as intervenções de enfermagem eficazes no apoio ao FC de pessoa com demência, não institucionalizada. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa eletrónica de artigos, nas bases de dados CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, e Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal, no intervalo de tempo de 2006 – 2014. Foram considerados estudos experimentais e quase-experimentais, RSL e meta-analises, publicados em português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: No total 11 estudos foram incluídos na revisão, cinco estudos primários e seis estudos secundários. De entre os estudos primários, todas as intervenções implementadas foram de caráter psicoeducacional e mostraram-se, de um modo geral, mais eficazes na melhoria da perceção do FC quanto à sua competência no desempenho do papel. Os resultados mostraram-se inconclusivos acerca do benefício destas intervenções na diminuição da depressão, da sobrecarga e do stress do FC. Quanto aos estudos secundários, foram vários os tipos de intervenções estudados: intervenções implementadas através da internet; intervenções psicoeducacionais; intervenções de suporte/ aconselhamento; e multicomponentes. A maioria dos estudos avaliaram os resultados depressão/ sintomas depressivos, perceção de competência ou autoeficácia, sobrecarga e qualidade de vida. De uma forma geral, os resultados em que as intervenções de apoio aos cuidadores se mostraram mais eficazes foram a autoeficácia, a sobrecarga e a depressão/ sintomas depressivos. Conclusão: As intervenções psicoeducacionais, pelo impacto que têm e pelo potencial de desenvolvimento de competências no FC, apresentam-se como uma mais valia a longo prazo. A sobrecarga poderá surgir, mas será lícito questionarmos se o processo não será retardado. Importa assim, desenvolver estudos que possam mostrar estas relações.

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The aim of this paper is to provide a contemporary summary of statistical and non-statistical meta-analytic procedures that have relevance to the type of experimental designs often used by sport scientists when examining differences/change in dependent measure(s) as a result of one or more independent manipulation(s). Using worked examples from studies on observational learning in the motor behaviour literature, we adopt a random effects model and give a detailed explanation of the statistical procedures for the three types of raw score difference-based analyses applicable to between-participant, within-participant, and mixed-participant designs. Major merits and concerns associated with these quantitative procedures are identified and agreed methods are reported for minimizing biased outcomes, such as those for dealing with multiple dependent measures from single studies, design variation across studies, different metrics (i.e. raw scores and difference scores), and variations in sample size. To complement the worked examples, we summarize the general considerations required when conducting and reporting a meta-analysis, including how to deal with publication bias, what information to present regarding the primary studies, and approaches for dealing with outliers. By bringing together these statistical and non-statistical meta-analytic procedures, we provide the tools required to clarify understanding of key concepts and principles.

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Aims: To assess the effectiveness of current treatment approaches to assist benzodiazepine discontinuation. Methods: A systematic review of approaches to benzodiazepine discontinuation in general practice and out-patient settings was undertaken. Routine care was compared with three treatment approaches: brief interventions, gradual dose reduction (GDR) and psychological interventions. GDR was compared with GDR plus psychological interventions or substitutive pharmacotherapies. Results: Inclusion criteria were met by 24 studies, and a further eight were identified by future search. GDR [odds ratio (OR) = 5.96, confidence interval (CI) = 2.08–17.11] and brief interventions (OR = 4.37, CI = 2.28–8.40) provided superior cessation rates at post-treatment to routine care. Psychological treatment plus GDR were superior to both routine care (OR = 3.38, CI = 1.86–6.12) and GDR alone (OR = 1.82, CI = 1.25–2.67). However, substitutive pharmacotherapies did not add to the impact of GDR (OR = 1.30, CI = 0.97– 1.73), and abrupt substitution of benzodiazepines by other pharmacotherapy was less effective than GDR alone (OR = 0.30, CI = 0.14–0.64). Few studies on any technique had significantly greater benzodiazepine discontinuation than controls at follow-up. Conclusions: Providing an intervention is more effective than routine care. Psychological interventions may improve discontinuation above GDR alone. While some substitutive pharmacotherapies may have promise, current evidence is insufficient to support their use.

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Indigenous men’s support groups are designed to empower men to take greater control and responsibility for their health and wellbeing. They provide health education sessions, counselling, men’s health clinics, diversionary programs for men facing criminal charges, cultural activities, drug- and alcohol-free social events, and advocacy for resources. Despite there being ~100 such groups across Australia, there is a dearth of literature on their strategies and outcomes. This paper is based on participatory action research involving two north Queensland groups which were the subject of a series of five ‘phased’ evaluative reports between 2002 and 2007. By applying ‘meta-ethnography’ to the five studies, we identified four themes which provide new interpretations of the data. Self-reported benefits included improved social and emotional wellbeing, modest lifestyle modifications and willingness to change current notions of ‘gendered’ roles within the home, such as sharing housework. Our qualitative research to date suggests that through promoting empowerment, wellbeing and social cohesion for men and their families, men’s support groups may be saving costs through reduced expenditure on health care, welfare, and criminal justice costs, and higher earnings. Future research needs to demonstrate this empirically.