Genetic improvement of the herbivorous blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Selection experiments with the herbivorous blunt snout bream or Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) were started in 1985. Mass selection for size and length/depth ratio resulted in a significant increase in growth and better shape, while inbreeding led to a significant decrease in growth. The total selection ratio from fry to mature brooders was about 0.03 per cent per generation. In the grow out stage, the average daily body weight gains of two lines of fifth generation (F5) fish were 29 per cent and 20 per cent respectively more than the control group, with an average of 5.8 per cent and 4 per cent improvements per generation, respectively. The body was 4 per cent deeper in ratio of standard length/body depth. The effects of inbreeding were examined by crossing full-sibs, the offspring of which were kept without selection. The third generation inbred fish showed 17 per cent lower growth as compared to the control group, with an average of 7.5 per cent per generation. The results demonstrate that selection is a powerful tool to improve the economic traits of the blunt snout bream, but inbreeding can rapidly lead to a reduction in performance. In 2000, the 6th generation of selected bream was certified by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture as a good breed for aquaculture.

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) is an economically important fish in China. From a (GT)(13)-enriched genomic library, 20 microsatellites were developed. Nine of these 20 loci were polymorphic in a test population with allele numbers ranging from two to four, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.2609 to 0.7826 and from 0.3739 to 0.7546, respectively. In the cross-species amplifications, six of these nine loci were also polymorphic in white amur bream (Parabramis pekinensis). These polymorphic microsatellite loci are potentially useful for population genetics of Wuchang bream and its closely related species.

团头鲂寄生吸管虫一新种,双泡毛管虫的研究

描述了寄生在团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)鳃上的一吸管虫新种,双泡毛管虫。活体无色透明至淡黄色,正面观为卵圆形至长椭圆形,稍扁平;侧面观为棒状或香肠状,常附着在鳃小片上。身体的表膜中有不明显的细小颗粒。吸管指状,一束,着生在虫体前端,一般有4—8根,最多达23根,收缩时其表面出现明显的螺旋纹8—11个。两个伸缩泡,交替地进行伸缩,彼此间隔约为10μm,位于吸管基部的胞质中。大核短杆状或椭圆形,核膜明显,染色质均匀。小核圆球形。成虫和幼虫没有固着柄,游泳幼虫的纤毛带宽6.0—7.

我国淡水优质草食性鱼类的营养和能量学的研究——Ⅲ.草鱼、团头鲂对食物选择性的初步研究

<正> 本研究在特定的实验条件下,以不同种类食物等量混合饲养草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala),根据各类食物的投饵量和摄饵量之间的百分比,求得各类食物选食指数,并以鱼日增重率和饵料系数探讨这两种鱼对动物和植物性食物的营养要求。为研究草食性鱼类的营养和能量学提供基本参数。

人工诱导白鲫(♀)×红鲤(■)异源四倍体鱼的初步研究

<正> 人工诱导鱼类多倍体是动物染色体工程的重要课题。鉴于三倍体鱼的不育性和成活率高、生长快等特点,国内外采用理化手段直接诱导三倍体鱼已在三棘刺鱼(Gasterosleus aculeatus(L.))、鲽鱼(Pleuronectes platessa)、鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio L.)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidellus)、草鱼(♀)×团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)(♂)杂种,以及白鲢(Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix),等十

团头鲂染色体的研究

<正> 团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)自1960年开始试养,现不仅已在全国许多省市推广,而且也已移殖到国外。由于各地养殖场在进行人工繁殖时对亲鱼的选育注意不够,因而出现“退化“现象,目前提纯复壮、品种改良工作已逐步展开。团头鲂染色体的研

Seasonal variations of estrogenic compounds and their estrogenicities in influent and effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant in China

The seasonal variations of estrogenic compounds and the estrogenicities of influent and effluent were investigated by OF chemical analysis and in vitro assay in a municipal sewage treatment plant in Wuhan (China). The levels of eight estrogenic compounds, including 17 beta-estradiol (E-2) estrone (E-1), estriol (E-3) diethylstilbestrol (DES), 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol, nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA), were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total estrogenic activity of sewage was quantitatively assessed using primary cultured hepatocytes of male Megalobrama amblycephala Yih using vitellogenin as a biomarker. The E-2 equivalents (EEQs) obtained from the chemical analysis were consistent with those measured by bioassay. The natural (E-1, E-2, and E-3) and synthetic (DES) estrogens, as well as NP, were the main contributors of the total EEQs of influent and effluent in the present study. The levels of natural estrogens E-1 and E-3 in the influent and effluent were higher in winter than in summer, whereas the situation for NP and OP was the reverse. The levels of E-2, DES, and BPA varied little among different seasons. 17 alpha-Ethinylestradiol was not detected in the influent and effluent. The estrogenicities of the influent and of the primary and secondary effluents were all higher in summer than in winter. Estrogenic activities in winter mainly originated from natural (E-1, E-2, and E-3) and synthetic (DES) estrogens, whereas the increase of EEQs in summer was contributed by NP The results from chemical analysis and bioassay demonstrate that estrogenic compounds cannot be entirely removed by the existing sewage treatment process, which should be further improved to protect aquatic ecosystems and human health.

Nonylphenol, bisphenol-A and DDTs in Lake Donghu, China

A preliminary survey was carried out in April 2003 to estimate the levels of nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol-A (BPA) and residual DDTs in Lake Donghu. After then, the sediments of some areas of the lake were moved out for clearing the lake by the local government. Therefore, the variance of NP and BPA after the clearance of sediment in the surface water was determined from December 2003 to May 2004. Sediments, surface water and fish were collected from four sub-lake areas and the analytes were qualified by GC/MS in SIM mode after concentration onto an Oasis solid phase extraction cartridge. NP and BPA values ranged between 5.46-119.10 and 0.9913.42 mg/kg dw, respectively, in sediments, 75.2-179.6 and 15.1-62.5 mu g/L in surface water. Meanwhile, the bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) of NP and BPA were calculated in fish livers. Plasma vitellogenin (VTG), a sensitive biomarker showing oestrogenicity was detected in the captured male Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala Yih) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). After sediment clearance, the concentrations of NP and BPA decreased to 0.65-25.04 and 0.04-21.32 mu g/L. The results indicate the presence of high-dose xenoestrogenic NP and BPA, probably major contributors which associate with VTG induction in Lake Donghu male fish.

Reproduction mode of an artificial allotetraploid carp (Pisces; Cyprinidae)

Mature eggs of allotetraploid carp were activated by inactive sperm or crossed with normal sperms of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), crucian carp (Carassius auratus), Chinese blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), Hemiculter leucisculus and Pseudorasbora parva. Chromosome counts showed that all offspring of these crosses presented a mode number of 200 chromosomes (4n = 200), and their morphological traits are much like maternal. Microsatelite marker and RAPD patterns between allotetraploid maternal and its offspring, reproduced from different paternal species, were identical. Cytological, morphological and molecular evidences suggested that allotetraploid carp female nucleus would not fuse with any male nucleus and its reproduction mode might be gynogenesis and therefore their offspring are retaining their tetraploidy and give origin to clonal individuals.

Factors affecting the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transplantation in the fish embryo

Procedures to improve somatic cell nuclear transplantation in fish were evaluated. We reported effects of nonirradiated recipient eggs, inactivated recipient eggs, different combinations between recipient eggs and donor cells, duration of serum starvation, generation number, and passage number of donor cells on developmental rates of nuclear transplant (NT) embryos. Exposure to 25,000 R of gamma-rays inactivated recipient eggs. Single nucleus of cultured, synchronized somatic cell from gynogenetic bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was transplanted into nonirradiated or genetically inactivated unfertilized egg of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). There was no significant difference in developmental rate between nonirradiated and inactivated recipient eggs (27.27% vs. 25.71%, respectively). Chromosome count showed that 70.59% of NT embryos contained 48 chromosomes. It showed that most NT embryos came from donor nuclei of bighead carp, which was supported by microsatellite analysis of NT embryos. But 23.53% of NT embryos contained more than 48 chromosomes. It was presumed that those superfluous chromosomes came from nonirradiated recipient eggs. Besides, 5.88% of NT embryos were chimeras. Eggs of blunt-snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) and gibel carp were better recipient eggs than those of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) (25% and 18.03% vs. 8.43%). Among different duration of serum starvation, developmental rate of NT embryos from somatic nuclei of three-day serum starvation was the highest, reaching 25.71% compared to 14.14% (control), 20% (five-day), and 21.95% (seven-day). Cultured donor cells of less passage facilitated reprogramming of NT embryos than those of more passage. Recloning might improve the developmental rate of NT embryos from the differentiated donor nuclei. Developmental rate of fourth generation was the highest (54.83%) and the lowest for first generation (14.14%) compared to second generation (38.96%) and third generation (53.01%). (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)的繁殖生物学特征

从长江上游一级支流龙溪河收集了1382尾厚颌鲂开展繁殖生物学研究。结果表明,厚颌鲂繁殖期为4～7月份,盛期为4～5月份,在繁殖季节可借第二性征辨别性别。繁殖群体主要由2、3龄个体组成,总性比♀∶♂=1∶1.83。厚颌鲂2龄初次性成熟(♀∶75%;♂∶94.7%),3龄个体全部成熟。最小性成熟雌性全长189.0mm,体长158.0mm,体重72.1g,成熟系数2.7%;雄性全长179.0mm,体长149.0mm,体重57.1g,成熟系数2.2%。厚颌鲂绝对怀卵量为(59587.22±59018)粒,相对怀卵

Acoustic Observation of the Spawning Aggregation of Megalobrama hoffmanni in the Pearl River

Using the Simrad EY60 split-beam echosounder, the spawning aggregation of Megalobrama hoffmanni was observed at the Luopang spawning grounds in the Pearl River, China, from April 19 to 22 2006. With the boat anchored, the transducer was stationary and was aimed horizontally to monitor the migration of the fish. Using fishery information, the echoes of M. hoffmanni were identified. The results showed that the spawning aggregation of M. hoffmanni at Luopang was obvious and easy to discriminate. The target strength of M hoffmanni in situ ranged from -33.8 dB to -52.3 dB (average 42.2dB). The aggregation of M. hoffmanni was obviously affected by light. With a speed of -0.31 m/s, 88.9% of the spawning stocks migrated upstream. Most M hoffmanni were recorded moving near the bottom. Their distinctive acoustic signature demonstrated the suitability of the stationary acoustic observation for M. hoffmanni identification and discrimination.

6种常用渔药对厚颌鲂鱼苗的急性毒性试验

在水温29~30℃条件下,用硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂(比例5:2)、高锰酸钾、晶体敌百虫、强氯精、溴氯菊脂、甲醛共6种药物对厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)鱼苗进行急性毒性试验。试验结果显示,6种药物48h的半致死浓度分别为5.78、6.50、4.90、2.55、0.042、120mg/L,安全浓度分别为0.445、0.528、0.268、0.190、0.003、7.500mg/L,厚颌鲂鱼苗对药物敏感性比一般鱼类高,实际用药时应根据具体情况确定用药时间和用药量,溴氯菊脂不宜作为治疗药物

厚颌鲂的年龄结构及生长特性

以鳞片作为鉴定年龄的材料,对龙溪河厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)种群开展年龄结构与生长特性的研究。结果表明,厚颌鲂鳞片年轮结构呈疏密切割型,年轮特征显著,可用于年龄鉴定,3~4月是年轮形成高峰时间。种群由0~7龄共8个龄组组成,以低龄个体为主,1~3龄个体占83.14%,体长分布主要集中在130~250 mm间(77.71%)。体质量分布主要集中在50~250 g(64.33%)。群体总性比为♀∶♂=1∶1.03,符合1∶1理论比值。体长和鳞径呈直线关系,体长和体质量呈幂函数关系且

鲂属鱼类的分类整理

<正> 鲂属(Megalobrama)隶属于鲤科(Cyprinidae)的鲌亚科(Cultrinae),是一群较大型的经济鱼类,有的种已作为淡水养殖对象。关于鲂属的分类,虽经一些作者整理,但存在不少问题,因而长期未能使用正确的种名。易伯鲁和吴清江(1964)将鲂属鱼类归纳为3种,但个别种的种名厘订有误。Bǎnǎrescu(1970)将华鳊属(Sinibrama)划归为鲂属下的1个亚属,使鲂属共含5个种和亚种。华鳊属的鳔为2室,与鲂属有显著差别,