My scrapbook of medicine : a series of squibs in prose and verse, presented in popular medicine style, that are calculated to throw a few highlights on some of the personages and some of the events that have made medical history : with bibliography and index /

"Some of these squibs have appeared in the monthly 'Bulletin' which is the official organ of the Academy of medicine of Toledo and Lucas county. They ran under the caption 'Medical phflugg'." - Pref.

History of medicine and surgery and physicians and surgeons of Chicago, endorsed by and published under the supervision of the council of the Chicago Medical Society.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of veterinary medicine at Iowa State College. 1879 - Semi-centennial - 1929.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of medicine from the earliest ages to the commencement of the nineteenth century.

Mode of access: Internet.

The European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine : the past, the present and the future [Europejska Rada Medycyny Fizykalnej i Rehabilitacji: przeszłość, teraźniejszość i perspektywy]

Right from the beginning of the development of the medical specialty of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) the harmonization of the fields of competence and the specialist training across Europe was always an important issue. The initially informal European collaboration was formalized in 1963 under the umbrella of the European Federation of PRM. The European Academy of PRM and the UEMS section of PRM started to contribute in 1969 and 1974 respectively. In 1991 the European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (EBPRM) was founded with the specific task of harmonizing education and training in PRM in Europe. The EBPRM has progressively defined curricula for the teaching of medical students and for the postgraduate education and training of PRM specialists. It also created a harmonized European certification system for medical PRM specialists, PRM trainers and PRM training sites. European teaching initiatives for PRM trainees (European PRM Schools) were promoted and learning material for PRM trainees and PRM specialists (e-learning, books and e-books, etc.) was created. For the future the Board will have to ensure that a minimal specific undergraduate curriculum on PRM based on a detailed European catalogue of learning objectives will be taught in all medical schools in Europe as a basis for the general medical practice. To stimulate the harmonization of national curricula, the existing postgraduate curriculum will be expanded by a syllabus of competencies related to PRM and a catalogue of learning objectives to be reached by all European PRM trainees. The integration of the certifying examination of the PRM Board into the national assessment procedures for PRM specialists will also have to be promoted.

Phytotherapy: an introduction to its history, use and application

There has been a great advance in the pharmacognosy field, which has increased the use of medicinal plants by health professionals and practitioners of folk medicine. This systematic review explored the history and the present day application of phytotherapeutic medicines. We searched the databases Cochrane Library, Embase, Lilacs, PubMed, Scielo and a specialized bibliography. We concluded that there are many therapeutic potentialities in the use of phytotherapeutic medicines and medicinal plants. We also concluded that despite the increasing number of publications in the field each year, there is still a lack of reviews and meta-analyses that could promote a better integration of the knowledge produced. In addition, research about pharmacological interactions and multidisciplinary studies may promote a quicker and safer process from the workbench up to the clinical trials.

Medicine, disease, and death; being an enquiry into the progress of medicine as a practical art.

Microfilmed for preservation

History of the veterinary service, World War II, 1939-1945.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of animal plagues of North America. With occasional reference to other diseases and diseased conditions.

Parts I and III of typescript.

Traços da medicina na azulejaria de Lisboa

RESUMO: A presente abordagem procura estabelecer uma relação entre a Medicina e a Azulejaria. Um conjunto de composições produzidas entre o século XVII e a década de 90 do século XX, localizado na área de Lisboa e seus arredores, organiza-se em torno de oito vectores que ilustram a presença de alusões à Medicina na Azulejaria da referida área. São estes, aspectos relacionados com a higiene, marcos da história da assistência, ciclos temáticos relacionados com os quatro elementos primordiais e com os cinco sentidos, representações ligadas à ideia de morte, episódios bíblicos, referências hagiográficas e elementos ligados à acção médica, como objectos, patologias, instituições ou acontecimentos, associados à Medicina, que atestam esta relação entre Arte e Ciência, de forma geral, e entre a Azulejaria e a Medicina, de forma particular. À análise destes vectores, antecede uma resenha histórica relativa à ligação entre Arte e Ciência e um apontamento histórico acerca da história da Azulejaria. Pretende-se demonstrar esta conexão interdisciplinar e reforçar a importância da vertente humanista da Medicina, na sua história, na sua aprendizagem e na sua prática.-------------------------------------ABSTRACT: The present approach aims at establishing a relation between Medicine and Tile Art. A group of compositions produced between the 17th century and the 1990s, located in the Lisbon area and its surroundings, is organized around eight vectors that illustrate the presence of allusions to Medicine in the Tile Art in the mentioned areas. These are related with hygiene aspects, landmarks in the history of assistance, thematic cycles related with the four main elements and with the five senses, representations connected to the idea of death, biblical episodes, hagiographic references and elements connected to the medical intervention, such as objects, pathologies, institutions or events related to Medicine that testify this relation between Art and Science in a broad context, and between Tile Art and Medicine in a strict sense. Prior to the analysis of these vectors there is a historic contextualization concerning the relationship between Art and Science and a historical note about the history of Tile Art. The aim is to demonstrate the interdisciplinary relation and reinforce the importance of the humanistic side of Medicine, in its history, its learning and its practice.------------------------------------RÉSUMÉ: Cet étude vise établir une relation entre la Médecine et l’Art de l’ « Azulejaria ». Un ensemble de compositions produites entre le XVII ème siècle et le dernier quart du XX ème siècle, dans la région de Lisbonne, s’organise autour de huit axes qui illustrent des références à la médecine. Nous avons récupéré des motifs allusifs à l’hygiène, à l’histoire de l’assistance, aux cycles thématiques des quatre éléments primordiaux et des cinq sens, à la mort, aux épisodes bibliques ou hagiographiques mais aussi aux motifs qui reproduisent des objets, des pathologies, des institutions ou des évènements médicaux. Tous ces exemples mettent à jour la relation entre l’Art et la Science, en général, et entre l’ « Azulejaria» et la Médecine, en particulier. Avant d’analyser ces huit axes, nous établirons un parcours historique pour expliquer la relation entre Art et Science, ainsi qu’une brève histoire de l’ «azulejaria». Nous prétendons démontrer cette relation interdisciplinaire et renforcer l’importance de la vertu humaniste des Sciences Médicales dans son histoire, son apprentissage et sa pratique.

'Hearts and bones': the ups and downs of 'plasticity' in stem cell biology.

More than a decade ago, 'plasticity' suddenly became a 'fashionable' topic with overemphasized implications for regenerative medicine. The concept of 'plasticity' is supported by old transplantation work, at least for embryonic cells, and metaplasia is a classic example of plasticity observed in patients. Nevertheless, the publication of a series of papers showing rare conversion of a given cell type into another unrelated cell raised the possibility of using any unaffected tissue to create at will new cells to replace a different failing tissue or organ. This resulted in disingenuous interpretations and a reason not to fund anymore research on embryonic stem cells (ESc). Moreover, many papers on plasticity were difficult to reproduce and thus questioned; raising issues about plasticity as a technical artefact or a consequence of rare spontaneous cells fusion. More recently, reprogramming adult differentiated cells to a pluripotent state (iPS) became possible, and later, one type of differentiated cell could be directly reprogrammed into another (e.g. fibroblasts into neurons) without reverting to pluripotency. Although the latter results from different and more robust experimental protocols, these phenomena also exemplify 'plasticity'. In this review, we want to place 'plasticity' in a historical perspective still taking into account ethical and political implications.

The noble enigma: Chagas' nominations for the Nobel Prize

Carlos Chagas, a Brazilian physician, discovered the American trypanosomiasis in 1909. Like other remarkable discoveries of those days, his work helped to articulate the insect-vector theory and other theoretical guidelines in tropical medicine. Unlike all other discoveries, all the stages of this work were accomplished in a few months and by a single man. Chagas' discovery was widely recognized at home and abroad. He was twice nominated for the Nobel Prize - in 1913 and in 1921-, but never received the award. Evidence suggests that the reasons for this failure are related to the violent opposition that Chagas faced in Brazil. The contentions towards Chagas were related to a rejection of the meritocratic procedures that gave him prominence, as well as to local petty politics.