Simultaneous determination of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and p,p'-DDT in medicinal plant extracts using a novel high performance liquid chromatography method

A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of five organochlorine pesticides (aldrin, p,p’-DDT, dieldrin, endrin, and heptachlor) was developed. The method was used to determine the levels of these pesticides in medicinal plant samples. Analysis was carried out using a Merck LiChrospher 100 RP C18 (5 μm) column with a gradient solvent system of acetonitrile-water and PDA UV detection (224 nm). Quantification was carried out by the external standard method. The limit of detection for the utilized method was below the local legal limits (ANZFA) for similar plant materials for all 5 pesticides excepting endrin. Medicinal plant extracts were further analyzed by conventional GC-ECD and GC-NPD means using SPE and GPC cleanup as required.

Papaya as a Medicinal Plant

Papaya has been used medicinally to treat an extremely broad range of ailments including intestinal worms, dengue fever, diabetes, hypertension, wound repair, and as an abortion agent. Although papaya is most commonly consumed as a ripe fruit, the plant tissues used as curatives are mainly derived from the seeds, young leaves, latex, or green immature fruit. The agents responsible for action have not been conclusively identified for all uses, but there is increasing evidence that activity may be attributable to benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) in the case of anthelmintic and abortifacient action, and to the protease papain, and possibly chymopapain, in relation to wound repair. The location of these compounds in papaya tissues is likely to explain why different tissues are used for different ailments. Seeds, young leaves, and latex are good sources of BITC and are consequently used as a curative for intestinal worms. Immature green fruit is a good source of protease and is used as a topical application for burn wounds to accelerate tissue repair. The type of papaya tissue used may therefore provide a clue as to the active agent in ailments where papaya extracts have exhibited some activity (diabetes, hypertension, dengue fever). However, the compound(s) responsible for action remains to be identified. Modes of action of papaya extracts vary, but may include lowering blood glucose levels (diabetes), vascular muscle relaxation (hypertension), increasing blood cell count (dengue fever), stimulation of cell proliferation (wound healing), spasmodic contraction of uterine muscles (abortion), and induction of phase 2 enzymes (cancer chemoprevention). Although there has been increased study over the last decade into the physiological mode of action of papaya extracts, further increase in the knowledge of the compounds responsible for curative action will help to transfer the use of papaya from folklore remedies to mainstream medicinal use.

Predictive distribution modeling for rare Himalayan medicinal plant Berberis aristata DC

Predictive distribution modelling of Berberis aristata DC, a rare threatened plant with high medicinal values has been done with an aim to understand its potential distribution zones in Indian Himalayan region. Bioclimatic and topographic variables were used to develop the distribution model with the help of three different algorithms viz. GeneticAlgorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP), Bioclim and Maximum entroys(MaxEnt). Maximum entropy has predicted wider potential distribution (10.36%) compared to GARP (4.63%) and Bioclim (2.44%). Validation confirms that these outputs are comparable to the present distribution pattern of the B. atistata. This exercise highlights that this species favours Western Himalaya. However, GARP and MaxEnt's prediction of Eastern Himalayan states (i.e. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Manipur) are also identified as potential occurrence places require further exploration.

Anti-HIV-1 activities of extracts from the medicinal plant Rhus chinensis

Rhus chinensis, a species used in folk medicine by Chinese native people, the anti-HIV-1 activities of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous extract of Rhus chinensis, named as RC-1, RC-2, RC-3 and RC-4, respectively, was evaluated. The

Anti-HIV-1 activities of compounds isolated from the medicinal plant Rhus chinensis

Aim of the study: Previously, we reported that the petroleum ether fraction, RC-1, and EtOAc fraction, RC-2, of the medicinal plant Rhus chinensis showed potent anti-HIV-1 activities. To address anti-HIV-1 constituents of RC-1 and RC-2, 17 compounds were

Antioxidative principals of Jussiaea repens: an edible medicinal plant

Jussiaea repens L. (JRL) is an edible medicinal plant and is also used as a vegetable by the local people in southwestern China. The crude extract and its four fractions derived from JRL were evaluated for the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity and the potassium ferricyanide reduction property. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction (EAF) and EAF6 (a subfraction derived from EAF) were the most valuable fraction and subfraction, respectively. Furthermore, bioactivity-guided chromatographic fractionation revealed that three pure compounds greatly contributed to the antioxidant activities. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the major antioxidant constituents in the extract were systematically conducted by NMR, mass spectral analyses and RP-HPLC. The result demonstrated that rosmarinic acid (2.00 mg g(-1) JRL dry weight) quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9.88 mg g(-1) JRL dry weight), and kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1.85 mg g(-1) JRL dry weight) were the major antioxidative constituents in JRL. These compounds are reported for the first time from this plant.

Molecular authentication of the traditional Tibetan medicinal plant Swertia mussotii

Swertia mussotii is an important species in Tibetan folk medicine. However, it is quite expensive and frequently adulterated, so reliable methods for authentication of putative specimens and preparations of the species are needed to protect consumers and to support conservation measures. We show here that the chloroplast (cp) DNA rpl16 intron has limited utility for differentiating S. mussotii from closely related species, since the cpDNA rpl16 sequences are identical in S. mussotii and two other species of Swertia. However, the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences differ significantly between S. mussotii and all of 13 tested potential adulterants. Thus, the ITS region provides a robust molecular marker for differentiating the medicinal S. mussotii from related adulterants. Therefore, a pair of allele-specific diagnostic primers based on the divergent ITS region was designed to distinguish S. mussotii from the other species. Authentication by allele-specific diagnostic PCR using these primers is convenient, effective and both simpler and less time-consuming than sequencing the ITS region.

Triterpenoid saponins from the cytotoxic root extract of Sideroxylon foetidissimum, an endemic Yucatecan medicinal plant

The flora of the Yucatan peninsula (Mexico) includes approximately 3000 plant species. Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. subsp. gaumeri (Sapotaceae) is an endemic plant to the Yucatan peninsula; its fruit is edible and local people use the plant for medicinal purposes, although no details on its preparation or application are available [1,2]. A preliminary cytotoxic evaluation of the ethanolic root extract of S. foetidissimum revealed a potent activity against murine macrophage like cell line RAW 264.7 (IC50=39.54±4.11µg/mL). The systematic bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract resulted in the identification of the active saponin-containing fraction (IC50=33.69±6.19µg/mL). Four new triterpenoid saponins and a 1:1 mixture of two saponins were isolated from the active saponin- containing fraction. The evaluation of their cytotoxic activity revealed no activity for the tested pure saponins; however, the 1:1 mixture of saponins showed a potent activity (IC50=11.91±1.49µg/mL). The isolation of the saponins was carried out using semi-preparative HPLC. The structural assignments of the pure saponins were based on 1D (1H and 13C and DEPT-135) and 2D (COSY, HMBC, HSQC and TOCSY) NMR and mass spectrometry analyses. In this presentation, the isolation, identification and cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds is discussed in more detail.

Inter and intra-specific differences in medicinal plant use for the treatment of type II diabetes symptoms by the Cree Elders of Eeyou Istchee (QC)

Au Canada, nous remarquons une prédominance du diabète de type 2 au sein des communautés autochtones. Une approche ethnobotanique est utilisée en collaboration avec la Nation Crie de Eeyou Istchee afin de déterminer quels traitements à base de plantes peuvent être utilisés pour contrer les différentes conditions qui, collectivement, forment le diabète. Les pharmacopées de deux communautés cries, soit celles de Waskaganish et de Nemaska, ont été établies puis comparées à celles de étudiées antérieurement : communautés Whapmagoostui et Mistissini. Malgré les différences géographiques de ces groupes, leurs utilisations sont majoritairement semblables, avec pour seule exception le contraste entre les communautés de Nemaska et de Whapmagoostui. De plus, nous avons complété l’évaluation du taux cytoprotecteur des aiguilles, de l’écorce et des cônes de l’épinette noire (Picea mariana). Les extraits provenant de tous les organes des plantes démontrent une protection qui dépend de la concentration. La réponse spécifique d’organes peut varier selon l’habitat; ainsi, les plantes poussant dans les tourbières ou dans les forêts, sur le littoral ou à des terres l’intérieur démontrent des différences quant à leur efficacité. Bref, l’écorce démontre une relation dose-effet plus forte dans la forêt littorale, tandis que les aiguilles n’indiquent pas de changements significatifs selon leur environnement de croissance. La bioactivité observée démontre une corrélation avec le contenu phénolique et non avec l’activité de l’agent antioxydant. Ces résultats contribuent à péciser les activités antidiabétiques des plantes de la forêt boréale canadienne, telles qu’identifiées au niveau cellulaire par les guérisseurs Cries.

Antidiabetic activity of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, a medicinal plant from the traditional pharmacopeia of the James Bay Cree

L’incidence du diabète chez les premières nations du Canada est plus de trois fois celle du reste du pays, dû, en partie, aux traitements culturellement inappropriés. Notre projet vise à traiter le diabète chez ces populations à partir de leur pharmacopée de médicine traditionnelle afin d’améliorer l’acceptation des traitements. En utilisant une approche ethnobotanique, notre équipe a identifié 17 plantes médicinales utilisées pour traiter des symptômes du diabète par les Cris d'Eeyou Istchee (Baie James, Québec). Parmi eux, l'extrait éthanolique de baies de Vaccinium vitis-idaea a montré un effet stimulateur sur le transport du glucose dans les cellules musculaires squelettiques et les adipocytes en culture. Le but de cette thèse était d’élucider les mécanismes par lesquels cet extrait exerce ses effets anti-hyperglycémiants, d’identifier ses principes actifs et de confirmer in vivo, son efficacité. Les résultats démontrent que V.vitis a augmenté le transport du glucose dans les cellules musculaires en cultures, C2C12 et L6 et a stimulé la translocation des transporteurs GLUT4 dans les cellules L6. L'extrait a également inhibé la respiration dans les mitochondries isolées du foie du rat. Cet effet est semblable à celui de la metformine et en lien avec la production du stress métabolique et l'activation de l'AMPK. De plus, la voie de signalisation de l’insuline ne semble pas être impliquée dans le mécanisme d’action de V. vitis. Le fractionnement guidé par la stimulation du transport du glucose a mené à l'isolation des principes actifs; la quercétine, la quercétine-3-O-galactoside, et la quercétine-3-O-glucoside. Comparable à l'extrait brut, ses composés ont stimulé la voie AMPK. Cependant, la quércetine était la seule à inhiber la respiration mitochondriale. Pour valider l'effet de V.vitis in vivo, l'extrait (1% dans l'eau de boisson) a été administré aux souris KKAy pendant 10 jours. La glycémie et le poids corporel ont été significativement réduits par V.vitis. Ces effets ont été associés à une diminution de la prise alimentaire, ce qui suggère que V.vitis diminue l'appétit. L'étude pair-fed a confirmé que les effets de V.vitis sont, majoritairement, dû à la réduction de l’appétit. De plus, V.vitis a augmenté la teneur en GLUT4 dans le muscle squelettique, a stimulé la iv phosphorylation de l'ACC et a augmenté les niveaux de PPAR-α dans le foie des souris KKAy. Ces effets se voient être additifs à l’effet anorexigène de V. vitis. Au cours du fractionnement bioguidé de l’extrait, l’ester méthylique de l'acide caféique (CAME), un produit formé lors de la procédure du fractionnement, a démontré un effet stimulateur puissant sur le transport du glucose dans les celules C2C12 et donc un potentiel anti-diabétique. Pour identifier d'autres acides caféique active (AC) et pour élucider leurs relations structure-activité et structure-toxicité, vingt dérivés AC ont été testés. Outre CAME, quatre composés ont stimulé le transport du glucose et ont activé l'AMPK suite au stress métabolique résultant d'un découplage de la phosphorylation oxydative mitochondriale. L’activité nécessite une fonction d’AC intacte dépourvu de groupements fortement ionisés et ceci était bien corrélée avec la lipophilicite et la toxicité. Les résultats de cette thèse soutiennent le potentiel thérapeutique de V. vitis, ses composés actifs ainsi que de la famille de l’AC et pour la prévention et le traitement du diabète.

Assessment of the anthelmintic activity of medicinal plant extracts and purified condensed tannins against free-living and parasitic stages of Oesophagostomum dentatum

Background: Plant-derived condensed tannins (CT) show promise as a complementary option to treat gastrointestinal helminth infections, thus reducing reliance on synthetic anthelmintic drugs. Most studies on the anthelmintic effects of CT have been conducted on parasites of ruminant livestock. Oesophagostomum dentatum is an economically important parasite of pigs, as well as serving as a useful laboratory model of helminth parasites due to the ability to culture it in vitro for long periods through several life-cycle stages. Here, we investigated the anthelmintic effects of CT on multiple life-cycles stages of O. dentatum. Methods: Extracts and purified fractions were prepared from five plants containing CT and analysed by HPLC-MS. Anthelmintic activity was assessed at five different stages of the O. dentatum life cycle; the development of eggs to infective third-stage larvae (L3), the parasitic L3 stage, the moult from L3 to fourth-stage larvae (L4), the L4 stage and the adult stage. Results: Free-living larvae of O. dentatum were highly susceptible to all five plant extracts. In contrast, only two of the five extracts had activity against L3, as evidenced by migration inhibition assays, whilst three of the five extracts inhibited the moulting of L3 to L4. All five extracts reduced the motility of L4, and the motility of adult worms exposed to a CT-rich extract derived from hazelnut skins was strongly inhibited, with electron microscopy demonstrating direct damage to the worm cuticle and hypodermis. Purified CT fractions retained anthelmintic activity, and depletion of CT from extracts by pre-incubation in polyvinylpolypyrrolidone removed anthelmintic effects, strongly suggesting CT as the active molecules. Conclusions: These results suggest that CT may have promise as an alternative parasite control option for O. dentatum in pigs, particularly against adult stages. Moreover, our results demonstrate a varied susceptibility of different life-cycle stages of the same parasite to CT, which may offer an insight into the anthelmintic mechanisms of these commonly found plant compounds.

Proteomic analysis of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua: data from leaf and trichome extracts

This article contains raw and processed data related to research published by Bryant et al. [1]. Data was obtained by MS-based proteomics, analysing trichome-enriched, trichome-depleted and whole leaf samples taken from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua and searching the acquired MS/MS data against a recently published contig database [2] and other genomic and proteomic sequence databases for comparison. The processed data shows that an order-of-magnitude more proteins have been identified from trichome-enriched Artemisia annua samples in comparison to previously published data. Proteins known to have a role in the biosynthesis of artemisinin and other highly abundant proteins were found which imply additional enzymatically driven processes occurring within the trichomes that are significant for the biosynthesis of artemisinin.