A review of the relationships between implication, negation and aggregation functions from the point of view of material implication

Implication and aggregation functions play important complementary roles in the field of fuzzy logic. Both have been intensively investigated since the early 1980s, revealing a tight relationship between them. However, the main results regarding this relationship, published by Fodor and Demirli DeBaets in the 1990s, have been poorly disseminated and are nowadays somewhat obsolete due to the subsequent advances in the field. The present paper deals with the translation of the classical logical equivalence p → q = ¬pvq, often called material implication, to the fuzzy framework, which establishes a one-to-one correspondence between implication functions and disjunctors (the class of aggregation functions that extend the Boolean disjunction to the unit interval). The construction of implication functions from disjunctors via negation functions, and vice versa, is reviewed, stressing the properties of disjunctors (respectively, implication functions) that ensure certain properties of implication functions (disjunctors).

Contribución al estudio y clasificación de las funciones de implicación borrosas

La tesis doctoral "Contribución al estudio y clasificación de las funciones de implicación borrosas" constituye a la vez una revisión y un conjunto de aportaciones a la modelización de enunciados condicionales, o enunciados del tipo "Si P, entonces Q". Dentro del marco de la lógica borrosa, tradicionalmente, se considera que la mayor parte de las funciones de implicación, que modelizan los enunciados condicionales, deberían generalizar la implicación material booleana. En esta memoria se apoya el argumento de que la implicación material booleana no es siempre el modelo más adecuado para la modelización de los enunciados condicionales, por lo que se definen y estudian clases o grupos de funciones de implicación que se adecúen a las necesidades de cada caso de aplicación. Así pues, tras un capítulo introductorio, en el capítulo 2 se plantean clases de funciones de implicación que sirvan de apoyo en la definición de aplicaciones de carácter borroso más allá de las funciones de implicación borrosas derivadas de la implicación material booleana. Así se llega a la conclusión de que son necesarios, por lo menos, cuatro clases de funciones de implicación de las que se estudian sus propiedades. En el tercer capítulo se aborda el estudio de la verificación tanto de la regla del Modus Ponens como de la regla del Modus Tollens por parte de las funciones de implicación pertenecientes a cada una de las clases planteadas. Por último, en el capítulo 4 se presenta un estudio de los operadores citados como implicaciones borrosas en la literatura bajo el enfoque presentado en esta memoria, ampliándose estudios realizados por otros autores. ---ABSTRACT--- The Ph.D. Thesis "Contribution al estudio y clasificacion de las funciones de implication borrosas" is a revision and a set of contributions to the conditional statements or statements of the type "If P then Q" modelization. It has been usually considered in Fuzzy Logic, that implication functions that model conditional statements should generalize the boolean material implication. The present memory supports the argument that boolean material implication is not always the most appropiated model for conditional statements, so implication function groups or clusters are denned in order to fit in each application. Therefore, after an introductory chapter, in chapter 2 groups or clusters of implication functions are given in order to bear out fuzzy applications definitions further on from implication functions coming from boolean material implication. Then, it has been reached the conclusion that, at least, four types of implication functions are needed so their properties are studied.

Decoration of active sites to create bimetallic surfaces and its implication for electrochemical processes

The creation of electrocatalysts based on noble metals has received a significant amount of research interest due to their extensive use as fuel cell catalysts and electrochemical sensors. There have been many attempts to improve the activity of these metals through creating nanostructures, as well as post-synthesis treatments based on chemical, electrochemical, sonochemical and thermal approaches. In many instances these methods result in a material with active surface states, which can be considered to be adatoms or clusters of atoms on the surface that have a low lattice co-ordination number making them more prone to electrochemical oxidation at a wide range of potentials that are significantly less positive than those of their bulk metal counterparts. This phenomenon has been termed pre-monolayer oxidation and has been reported to occur on a range of metallic surfaces. In this work we present findings on the presence of active sites on Pd that has been: evaporated as a thin film; electrodeposited as nanostructures; as well as commercially available Pd nanoparticles supported on carbon. Significantly, advantage is taken of the low oxidation potential of these active sites whereby bimetallic surfaces are created by the spontaneous deposition of Ag from AgNO3 to generate Pd/Ag surfaces. Interestingly this approach does not increase the surface area of the original metal but has significant implications for its further use as an electrode material. It results in the inhibition or promotion of electrocatalytic activity which is highly dependent on the reaction of interest. As a general approach the decoration of active catalytic materials with less active metals for a particular reaction also opens up the possibility of investigating the role of the initially present active sites on the surface and identifying the degree to which they are responsible for electrocatalytic activity.

Conversion of n-type CuTCNQ into p-type nitrogen-doped CuO and the implication for room temperature gas sensing

Sensors to detect toxic and harmful gases are usually based on metal oxides that are operated at elevated temperature. However, enabling gas detection at room temperature (RT) is a significant ongoing challenge. Here, we address this issue by demonstrating that microrods of semiconducting CuTCNQ (TCNQ=7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) with nanostructured features can be employed as conductometric gas sensors operating at 50°C for detection of oxidizing and reducing gases such as NO2 and NH3. The sensor is evaluated at RT and up to 200°C. It was found that CuTCNQ is transformed into a N-doped CuO material with p-type conductivity when annealed at the maximum temperature. This is the first time that such a transformation, from a semiconducting charge transfer material into a N-doped metal oxide is detected. It is shown here that both the surface chemistry and the type of majority charge carrier within the sensing layer is critically important for the type of response towards oxidizing and reducing gases. A detailed physical description of NO2 and NH3 sensing mechanism at CuTCNQ and N-doped CuO is provided to explain the difference in the response. For the N-doped CuO sensor, a detection limit of 1 ppm for NO2 and 10 ppm for NH3 are achieved.

Implication of scaling hierarchy associated with nonequilibrium: field and particulate

The advent of nanotechnology has necessitated a better understanding of how material microstructure changes at the atomic level would affect the macroscopic properties that control the performance. Such a challenge has uncovered many phenomena that were not previously understood and taken for granted. Among them are the basic foundation of dislocation theories which are now known to be inadequate. Simplifying assumptions invoked at the macroscale may not be applicable at the micro- and/or nanoscale. There are implications of scaling hierrachy associated with in-homegeneity and nonequilibrium. of physical systems. What is taken to be homogeneous and equilibrium at the macroscale may not be so when the physical size of the material is reduced to microns. These fundamental issues cannot be dispensed at will for the sake of convenience because they could alter the outcome of predictions. Even more unsatisfying is the lack of consistency in modeling physical systems. This could translate to the inability for identifying the relevant manufacturing parameters and rendering the end product unpractical because of high cost. Advanced composite and ceramic materials are cases in point. Discussed are potential pitfalls for applying models at both the atomic and continuum levels. No encouragement is made to unravel the truth of nature. Let it be partiuclates, a smooth continuum or a combination of both. The present trend of development in scaling tends to seek for different characteristic lengths of material microstructures with or without the influence of time effects. Much will be learned from atomistic simulation models to show how results could differ as boundary conditions and scales are changed. Quantum mechanics, continuum and cosmological models provide evidence that no general approach is in sight. Of immediate interest is perhaps the establishment of greater precision in terminology so as to better communicate results involving multiscale physical events.

Baserrietara egindako eskola bisitak: lehen hezkuntzarako material didaktikoen diseinua, ezarpena eta ebaluazioa

58 p.

Material Logistics in Urban Construction Sites: A Structural Equation Model

Aim: The aim of this paper is to identify best practice relating to the effective management of materials in an urban, confined construction site, using structural equation modelling.

Methodology: A literature review, case study analysis and questionnaire survey are employed, with the results scrutinised using confirmatory factor analysis in the form of structural equation modelling.

Results: The following are the leading strategies in the management of materials in a confined urban site environment; (1) Consult and review the project programme, (2) Effective communication and delivery, (3) Implement site safety management plans, and (4) Proactive spatial monitoring and control.

Implication for Practice: With the relentless expansion of urban centres and the increasing high cost of materials, any potential savings made on-site would translate into significant monetary concessions on completion of a development.

Originality/Value: As on-site project management professionals successfully identify and implement the various strategies in the management of plant and materials on a confined urban site, successful resource management in this restrictive environment is attainable.

Innovative Aspect of Paper: An empirical study of three different construction sites in three different countries (Ireland, England and USA) together with a questionnaire survey from the industry, investigating the managerial strategies in the management of plant and material in confined urban site environments

Gas composition of the main volatile elements in protoplanetary discs and its implication for planet formation

Context. Direct observations of gaseous exoplanets reveal that their gas envelope has a higher C/O ratio than that of the host star (e.g., Wasp 12-b). This has been explained by considering that the gas phase of the disc could be inhomogeneous, exceeding the stellar C/O ratio in regions where these planets formed; but few studies have considered the drift of the gas and planet migration. Aims. We aim to derive the gas composition in planets through planet formation to evaluate if the formation of giant planets with an enriched C/O ratio is possible. The study focusses on the effects of different processes on the C/O ratio, such as the disc evolution, the drift of gas, and planet migration. Methods. We used our previous models for computing the chemical composition, together with a planet formation model, to which we added the composition and drift of the gas phase of the disc, which is composed of the main volatile species H2O, CO, CO2, NH3, N2, CH3OH, CH4, and H2S, H2 and He. The study focusses on the region where ice lines are present and influence the C/O ratio of the planets. Results. Modelling shows that the condensation of volatile species as a function of radial distance allows for C/O enrichment in specific parts of the protoplanetary disc of up to four times the solar value. This leads to the formation of planets that can be enriched in C/O in their envelope up to three times the solar value. Planet migration, gas phase evolution and disc irradiation enables the evolution of the initial C/O ratio that decreases in the outer part of the disc and increases in the inner part of the disc. The total C/O ratio of the planets is governed by the contribution of ices accreted, suggesting that high C/O ratios measured in planetary atmospheres are indicative of a lack of exchange of material between the core of a planet and its envelope or an observational bias. It also suggests that the observed C/O ratio is not representative of the total C/O ratio of the planet.

Tratamiento de superficie de las restauraciones de porcelana feldespática y su implicancia en la propagación de las fallas estructurales propias del material

Durante el proceso de elaboración de las porcelanas feldespáticas se producen en su interior micro rajaduras las cuales se propagan a través de la matriz vítrea aumentando la fragilidad del material cuando se lo expone a los esfuerzos mecánicos. Las restauraciones rígidas de porcelanas feldespáticas son sometidas a distintos tratamientos en su superficie para aumentar la adhesión a las estructuras dentarias cuando son cementadas. Estos tratamientos son acondicionamiento con ácido fluorhídrico y microarenado. Objetivos de este trabajo: 1. Evaluar la resistencia flexural de este material mediante ensayo mecánico en máquina Instron, previo tratamiento en su superficie con ácido fluorhídrico y microarenado. 2. Observar al MEB las alteraciones de superficie producidas por el microarenado y el ácido fluorhídrico. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que el tratamiento de microarenado produjo una reducción de la resistencia flexural. El MEB confirmó la presencia de mayor cantidad de microgrietas que podrían ser responsables de la disminución de la resistencia flexural.