Coeficientes de difusão de metais em materiais não convencionais (agarose e acetato de celulose) usados na técnica de difusão em filmes finos por gradientes de concentração

The DGT technique allows one to measure quantitatively free and labile metal species in aquatic systems. Nevertheless, for this approach, knowledge is required of the diffusion coefficients of the analytes in a diffusive layer. In this study, the diffusion coefficients of Hg(II), As(III), Mn(II), Mg(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) were determined in agarose gel and those of Ba(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Mn(II) e Zn(II) in cellulose acetate membranes. These materials presented good performance and the reported results can be used as a data base for further DGT studies.

Coeficientes de difusão de metais em materiais não convencionais (agarose e acetato de celulose) usados na técnica de difusão em filmes finos por gradientes de concentração

The DGT technique allows one to measure quantitatively free and labile metal species in aquatic systems. Nevertheless, for this approach, knowledge is required of the diffusion coefficients of the analytes in a diffusive layer. In this study, the diffusion coefficients of Hg(II), As(III), Mn(II), Mg(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) were determined in agarose gel and those of Ba(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Mn(II) e Zn(II) in cellulose acetate membranes. These materials presented good performance and the reported results can be used as a data base for further DGT studies.

Coeficientes de difusão de metais em materiais não convencionais (agarose e acetato de celulose) usados na técnica de difusão em filmes finos por gradientes de concentração

The DGT technique allows one to measure quantitatively free and labile metal species in aquatic systems. Nevertheless, for this approach, knowledge is required of the diffusion coefficients of the analytes in a diffusive layer. In this study, the diffusion coefficients of Hg(II), As(III), Mn(II), Mg(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) were determined in agarose gel and those of Ba(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Mn(II) e Zn(II) in cellulose acetate membranes. These materials presented good performance and the reported results can be used as a data base for further DGT studies.

Materiais compósitos com incorporação de cânhamo industrial

Projeto de Investigação integrado de mestrado Internacional em Sustentabilidade do Ambiente Construído

Development of composite auxetic structures for civil engineering applications

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Têxtil

Compósitos poliméricos a base de fibras de licuri: efeitos da hibridização e do envelhecimento ambiental acelerado

The gradual replacement of conventional materials by the ones called composite materials is becoming a concern about the response of these composites against adverse environmental conditions, such as ultraviolet radiation, high temperature and moist. Also the search for new composite using natural fibers or a blend of it with synthetic fibers as reinforcement has been studied. In this sense, this research begins with a thorough study of microstructural characterization of licuri fiber, as a proposal of alternative reinforcement to polymeric composites. Thus, a study about the development of two composite laminates was done. The first one, involving only the fiber of licuri and the second comprising a hybrid composite based of fiber glass E and the fiber of licuri, in order to know the performance of the fiber when of fiber across the hybridization process. The laminates were made in the form of plates using the tereftálica ortho-polyester resin as matrix. The composite laminate made only by licuri fiber had two reinforcing fabric layers of unidirectional licuri and the hybrid composite had two reinforcing layers of unidirectional licuri fabric and three layers of fiber short glass-E mat. Finally, both laminates was exposed to aging acceleration in order to study the influence of environmental degradation involving the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics thereof. Regarding the mechanical properties of composites, these were determined through uniaxial tensile tests, uniaxial compression and three bending points for both laminates in original state, and uniaxial tensile tests and three bending points after accelerated aging. As regards the study of structural degradation due to aging of the laminates, it was carried out based on microscopic analysis and microstructure, as well as measuring weight loss. The characteristics of the fracture was performed by macroscopic and microscopic (optical and SEM) analysis. In general, the laminated composites based on fiber licuri showed some advantages in their responses to environmental aging. These advantages are observed in the behavior related to stiffness as well as the microstructural degradation and photo-oxidation processes. However, the structural integrity of this laminate was more affected in case the action of uniaxial tensile loads, where it was noted a lower rate of withholding his last resistance property

Efeitos da radiação uv, temperatura e vapor aquecido nos compósitos poliméricos: monitoramento, instabilidade estrutural e fratura

The application of composite materials and in particular the fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) has gradually conquered space from the so called conventional materials. However, challenges have arisen when their application occurs in equipment and mechanical structures which will be exposed to harsh environmental conditions, especially when there is the influence of environmental degradation due to temperature, UV radiation and moisture in the mechanical performance of these structures, causing irreversible structural damage such as loss of dimensional stability, interfacial degradation, loss of mass, loss of structural properties and changes in the damage mechanism. In this context, the objective of this thesis is the development of a process for monitoring and modeling structural degradation, and the study of the physical and mechanical properties in FRP when in the presence of adverse environmental conditions (ageing). The mechanism of ageing is characterized by controlled environmental conditions of heated steam and ultraviolet radiation. For the research, it was necessary to develop three polymer composites. The first was a lamina of polyester resin reinforced with a short glass-E fiber mat (representing the layer exposed to ageing), and the other two were laminates, both of seven layers of reinforcement, one being made up only of short fibers of glass-E, and the other a hybrid type reinforced with fibers of glass-E/ fibers of curaua. It should be noted that the two laminates have the lamina of short glass-E fibers as a layer of the ageing process incidence. The specimens were removed from the composites mentioned and submitted to environmental ageing accelerated by an ageing chamber. To study the monitoring and modeling of degradation, the ageing cycles to which the lamina was exposed were: alternating cycles of UV radiation and heated steam, a cycle only of UV radiation and a cycle only of heated steam, for a period defined by norm. The laminates have already undergone only the alternating cycle of UV and heated steam. At the end of the exposure period the specimens were subjected to a structural stability assessment by means of the developed measurement of thickness variation technique (MTVT) and the measurement of mass variation technique (MMVT). Then they were subjected to the mechanical tests of uniaxial tension for the lamina and all the laminates, besides the bending test on three points for the laminates. This study was followed by characterization of the fracture and the surface degradation. Finally, a model was developed for the composites called Ageing Zone Diagram (AZD) for monitoring and predicting the tensile strength after the ageing processes. From the results it was observed that the process of degradation occurs Abstract Raimundo Nonato Barbosa Felipe xiv differently for each composite studied, although all were affected in certain way and that the most aggressive ageing process was that of UV radiation, and that the hybrid laminated fibers of glass-E/curaua composite was most affected in its mechanical properties

Desenvolvimento de têxteis técnicos para reforço de compósitos poliméricos

Materials denominated technical textiles can be defined as structures designed and developed with function to fulfill specific functional requirements of various industrial sectors as are the cases of the automotive and aerospace industries. In this aspect the technical textiles are distinguished from conventional textile materials, in which the aesthetic and of comfort needs are of primordial importance. Based on these considerations, the subject of this dissertation was established having as its main focus the study of development of textile structures from aramid and glass fibers and acting in order to develop the manufacture of composite materials that combine properties of two different structures, manufactured in an identical operation, where each structure contributes to improving the properties of the resulting composite material. Therefore were created in laboratory scale, textile structures with low weight and different composition: aramid (100%), glass (100%) and aramid /glass (65/35%), in order to use them as a reinforcing element in composite materials with polyester matrix. These composites were tested in tension and its fracture surface, evaluated by MEV. Based on the analysis of mechanical properties of the developed composites, the efficiency of the structures prepared as reinforcing element were testified by reason of that the resistance values of the composites are far superior to the polyester matrix. It was also observed that hybridization in tissue structure was efficient, since the best results obtained were for hybrid composites, where strength to the rupture was similar to the steel 1020, reaching values on the order of 340 MPa

Explorar o grafismo e a matéria expressiva da criança através de processos criados por artistas modernistas e contemporâneos

O tema escolhido para este estudo, intitulado “Exploração do grafismo e da matéria expressiva da criança através de processos criados por artistas modernistas e contemporâneos”, pretende desenvolver alguns conceitos e investigar as várias metodologias artísticas relacionadas com a evolução gráfica, a matéria expressiva da criança e o experimentalismo nas expressões plásticas, explorando a matéria e a técnica. Para tal, enquadrou-se nesta proposta as teorias e métodos da Educação pela Arte e Educação Artística, no âmbito das nas Artes Plásticas, em particular na Educação Pré-Escolar. Teve-se a intenção de traçar um projeto de investigação prático direcionado a três grupos de jardim-de-infância, dos 3 aos 6 anos, em contexto escolar. Esta investigação tem como base notas de campo, entrevistas, fotografias, análise documental e de conteúdo. Pretendeu-se verificar através dos resultados da investigação teórica e prática que a introdução das Artes Visuais é uma mais-valia no contexto educacional, no sentido do estudo centrar-se na compreensão da evolução gráfica individual, seguindo o percurso de cada criança e o tempo das sessões) e a sua própria linguagem artística, pois através dela se pode analisar várias perspetivas: como as crianças produzem e aprendem a criar expressões plásticas – produção artística; qual a importância da expressão artística e da criatividade; bem como a aprendizagem dos conhecimentos empíricos das Artes Visuais através do processo de criação dos artistas, ensinando indiretamente à História da Arte. Consideramos relevante a inovação do ensino artístico na Educação Pré-Escolar através dos materiais não convencionais das artes plásticas, inspirados na “arte pobre”, isto é, empregar elementos naturais - como título de exemplo: a cortiça, folhas, ouriços das castanhas, areia da praia; as matérias da cozinha (papel de cozinha, chocolate, farinha, cereais, beterraba) e da higiene (espuma de barbear) e, por fim, os materiais reutilizáveis e recuperáveis como o cartão, tecidos, entre outros. Neste sentido, torna-se relevante entender que estas formas de linguagens artísticas permitem desenvolver determinadas capacidades da criança como ser criador, explorador, autêntico, capaz de expressar ideias e sentimentos recorrendo aos seus próprios códigos.

Compósitos poliméricos a base de fibras de licuri: efeitos da hibridização e do envelhecimento ambiental acelerado

The gradual replacement of conventional materials by the ones called composite materials is becoming a concern about the response of these composites against adverse environmental conditions, such as ultraviolet radiation, high temperature and moist. Also the search for new composite using natural fibers or a blend of it with synthetic fibers as reinforcement has been studied. In this sense, this research begins with a thorough study of microstructural characterization of licuri fiber, as a proposal of alternative reinforcement to polymeric composites. Thus, a study about the development of two composite laminates was done. The first one, involving only the fiber of licuri and the second comprising a hybrid composite based of fiber glass E and the fiber of licuri, in order to know the performance of the fiber when of fiber across the hybridization process. The laminates were made in the form of plates using the tereftálica ortho-polyester resin as matrix. The composite laminate made only by licuri fiber had two reinforcing fabric layers of unidirectional licuri and the hybrid composite had two reinforcing layers of unidirectional licuri fabric and three layers of fiber short glass-E mat. Finally, both laminates was exposed to aging acceleration in order to study the influence of environmental degradation involving the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics thereof. Regarding the mechanical properties of composites, these were determined through uniaxial tensile tests, uniaxial compression and three bending points for both laminates in original state, and uniaxial tensile tests and three bending points after accelerated aging. As regards the study of structural degradation due to aging of the laminates, it was carried out based on microscopic analysis and microstructure, as well as measuring weight loss. The characteristics of the fracture was performed by macroscopic and microscopic (optical and SEM) analysis. In general, the laminated composites based on fiber licuri showed some advantages in their responses to environmental aging. These advantages are observed in the behavior related to stiffness as well as the microstructural degradation and photo-oxidation processes. However, the structural integrity of this laminate was more affected in case the action of uniaxial tensile loads, where it was noted a lower rate of withholding his last resistance property

Comparação entre o sistema Autoścan-4 e métodos convencionais na identificação de bacilos Gram-negativos não fermentadores, isolados de materiais clínicos de pacientes em Presidente Prudente - SP

Ninety eight strains of glucose-nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli were analyzed and isolated from several clinical materials of 95 patients admitted at the Dr. Domingos Leonardo Cerávolo University Hospital and three from outpatients. All of them were assisted in the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of Unoeste University, Presidente Prudente, SP, from the period of October of 1999 to April of 2001. In this work, the level of agreement between the semi-automated commercial system AutoScan-4 and the conventional system for the identification of those bacteria were studied comparatively. There was agreement in 81 (82.7%), showing that both methodologies are useful for identification; partial agreement in six strains (6.1%) and disagreement in 11 (11.2%). The comercial system did not identify nine (9.2%) of the strains and reported them as very rare biotypes.

Testes convencionais e empregando Micro-CT na avaliação de propriedades físico-químicas de materiais retrobturadores e cimentos endodônticos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Biocompatibilidade de materiais empregados na confecção de próteses cardiovasculares: comparação entre pericárdio bovino e Dacron(R)

Durante os últimos 25 anos, numerosos estudos têm sido efetuados visando a biocompatibilidade de materiais de uso médico-hospitalar. Isto se deve ao desenvolvimento de materiais destinados às próteses particularmente na área cardiovascular, o que motivou pesquisas relativas à problemática da compatibilidade entre superfícies biológicas ou sintéticas e o sangue. O presente trabalho objetivou comparar a avaliação da biocompatibilidade do pericárdio bovino, um dos materiais mais empregados na fabricação de válvulas cardíacas protéticas, após tratamento com glutaraldeído e formaldeído, com o material sintético conhecido como "tricot" de Dacron(R). Tanto fragmentos de pericárdio submetidos a diferentes tratamentos, como os de Dacron(R) foram implantados subcutaneamente na região abdominal de ratos Wistar, por períodos de 1 a 3 meses. O exame de cortes histológicos obtidos por métodos convencionais evidenciou ausência de biocompatibilidade principalmente para o pericárdio tratado com formaldeído. Para o Dacron(R), foi constatado, comparativamente, uma perfeita biocompatibilidade. A cultura de células in vitro, com o uso de linhagens RC-IAL e Hela pelo método de revestimento com ágar, foi empregada exclusivamente para o material de origem biológica e evidenciou um grau intenso de toxicidade associado ao resíduo do agente de tratamento. Concluiu-se que existe a necessidade do aperfeiçoamento da técnica de lavagem da prótese biológica antes da implantação.

Contribuição para o estudo da incorporação de materiais poliméricos em membranas betuminosas

A realização deste trabalho inseriu-se na contribuição para o estudo da incorporação de novos materiais poliméricos em membranas betuminosas, mais concretamente na modificação de misturas betuminosas. Para o efeito, foram sintetizados novos poliésteres polióis semelhantes estruturalmente, mas com diferentes pesos moleculares, baseados na utilização de ácidos diméricos de fonte renovável (tall-oil), que serviram de suporte para a produção de prepolímeros de isocianato para a modificação de betumes. A caracterização dos póliesteres polióis e dos polímeros produzidos foi realizada através de espectroscopia de infravermelhos. Ensaios de engenharia e qualidade, especificados para misturas betuminosas, foram realizados a diversos betumes convencionais e modificados, nos laboratórios industriais das empresas Imperalum e Probigalp como parte integrante no conhecimento dos procedimentos para este tipo de ensaios, nomeadamente o ensaio de penetração, ponto de amolecimento, viscosidade cinemática e dinâmica, apoiando igualmente um estudo de reprodutibilidade inter-laboratorial. Betumes 160/220 previamente modificados com teores de 1% e 3% de prepolímeros reactivos e, modificados com APP e SBS, foram caracterizados reologicamente a várias temperaturas na zona de viscoelasticidade linear. Os ensaios foram realizados em regime dinâmico através do varrimento em frequência a várias temperaturas. Pela análise dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que as modificações consideradas aumentam o carácter elástico dos betumes, confirmado pelo aumento do módulo elástico (G’(ω)). Os betumes modificados com teores de 1% de prepolímeros foram caracterizados microestruturalmente através de microscopia de força atómica. As imagens topográficas obtidas confirmam a existência de três fases distintas, designadamente a fase catana, perifase e parafase. A avaliação das proporções de cada fase revelou dependências entre a estrutura dos modificadores e a alteração efectiva da microestrutura dos betumes.

Desenvolvimento de materiais poliméricos com vista à sua incorporação em membranas betuminosas

O principal objectivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da incorporação de novos materiais poliméricos em membranas betuminosas. Assim, foram sintetizados novos poliésteres polióis, com pesos moleculares semelhantes, analisados através das titulações dos grupos hidroxilo e ácido carboxílico terminais, e estruturas diferentes. Os polímeros foram sintetizados com base em ácidos diméricos, Unidyme 18 e glicóis, monopropilenoglicol e neopentilglicol no caso do polímero linear, já para o polímero tri-funcional utilizou-se trimetilolpropano e monopropilenolglicol. Estas matérias-primas servem de suporte à produção dos prepolímeros e quasi-prepolímeros reactivos de isocianato terminal para a modificação dos betumes, sendo as suas caracterizações realizadas através de espectroscopia de infravermelhos e ensaios de viscosidade. Foram preparadas as misturas com o betume de grade 160/220, provenientes da refinaria de Sines e do Porto com adição de teores de 5%, 10& e 15% de um prepolímero PRP1 e de um quasi-prepolímero. Ensaios de engenharia e qualidade, foram realizados a diversos betumes convencionais e modificados, nos laboratórios industriais das empresas Lusasfal e Probigalp como parte integrante no conhecimento dos procedimentos normativos para este tipo de ensaios, nomeadamente o ensaio de penetração, ponto de amolecimento, viscosidade dinâmica, apoiando igualmente um estudo de reprodutibilidade inter-laboratorial. Os betumes 160/220 previamente modificados com aPP e SBS, foram caracterizados reologicamente à temperatura ambiente na zona da viscoelasticidade linear.