Evaluation Of The Mutagenicity And Antimutagenicity Of Ziziphus Joazeiro Mart. Bark In The Micronucleus Assay.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenicity (clastogenicity/aneugenicity) of a glycolic extract of Ziziphus joazeiro bark (GEZJ) by the micronucleus assay in mice bone marrow. Antimutagenic activity was also assessed using treatments associated with GEZJ and doxorubicin (DXR). Mice were evaluated 24-48 h after exposure to positive (N-nitroso-N-ethylurea, NEU - 50 mg.kg(-1) and DXR - 5 mg.kg(-1)) and negative (150 mM NaCl) controls, as well as treatment with GEZJ (0.5-2 g.kg(-1)), GEZJ (2 g.kg(-1)) + NEU and GEZJ (2 g.kg(-1)) + DXR. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mice treated with GEJZ and GEJZ + DXR compared to the negative controls, indicating that GEZJ was not mutagenic. Analysis of the polychromatic:normochromatic erythrocyte ratio revealed significant differences in the responses to doses of 0.5 g.kg(-1) and 1-2 g.kg(-1) and the positive control (NEU). These results indicated no systemic toxicity and moderate toxicity at lower and higher doses of GEZJ. The lack of mutagenicity and systemic toxicity in the antimutagenic assays, especially for treatment with GEZJ + DXR, suggested that phytochemical compounds in Z. joazeiro bark attenuated DXR-induced mutagenicity and the moderate systemic toxicity of a high dose of Z. joazeiro bark (2 g.kg(-1)). Further studies on the genotoxicity of Z. joazeiro extracts are necessary to establish the possible health risk in humans and to determine the potential as a chemopreventive agent for therapeutic use.

Morfoanatomia da raiz tuberosa de Vernonia oxylepis Sch. Bip. in Mart. ex Baker - Asteraceae

Several native herbaceous and subshrub species native to the Cerrado in Brazil are geophytes, that is, they survive the unfavorable dry season and low temperatures, that sometimes coincide with fire, with only the underground system intact. Vernonia oxylepis is one of these species and the aim of this study was to describe the morpho-anatomy of the tuberous root and bud formation on this structure. The main axis of this root is perpendicular to the soil surface, and from which aerial shoots arise periodically throughout the life cycle. On the upper portion of the root, self-grafting of the shoots occurs. The root stores lipids and fructans, exhibits contraction and produces reparatory buds; adventitious buds arise from proliferated pericycle. These characteristics may be related to adaptation of this species to conditions in the Cerrado.

Unusual branching in the palm Euterpe edulis Mart

The unusual development of branches along the stem of Euterpe edulis is described for the first time. Branches originated at 2 to 190 cm from the ground. Ramified individuals and branches were able to produce reproductive structures and some branches produced roots. A plausible cause for the observed anomaly could be genetic problems due to small population sizes. The better agreement of this process can have a positive effect in the harvest of the heart of palm through the artificial induction of sprouts, what would prevent the death of the individual.

Physiological and biochemical characterization of the assai palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) during seed germination and seedling growth under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Physiological and biochemical aspects of assai palm during seed germination and early seedling growth were investigated. Seeds collected from plants growing in flooded and upland forests were used to determine the influence of normoxic (aerobic) and anoxic (anaerobic) conditions in germination and the initial and average time of development in the roots and shoots. After 75 days, seedlings germinated under normoxia were transferred to trays and submitted to flooding. Seed reserves (lipids, proteins, soluble sugars and starch) were monitored for quiescent and germinated seeds maintained under normoxic and anoxic conditions, as well as after 5, 10 and 20 days of seedling growth. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was quantified in roots and leaves of seedlings without or with flooding (partial and total). Seeds were not able to germinate under anoxia. Different strategies of storage mobilization of lipids, proteins, soluble sugars and starch were observed in seeds of each environment. ADH activity was induced by anoxia, with the highest level observed in the leaves. This study showed that, under normoxic conditions, the best developmental performance of assai palm seeds, from flooded or upland forest areas, during germination was associated with primary metabolites mobilization and seedling flooding tolerance with increased ADH activity. We conclude that the assai palm is well adapted to the anoxic conditions provoked by flooding.

Spatial genetic structure of Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne assessed with chloroplast microsatellite markers

The use of chloroplast DNA markers (cpDNA) helps to elucidate questions related to ecology, evolution and genetic structure. The knowledge of inter-and intra-population genetic structure allows to design effective conservation and management strategies for tropical tree species. With the aim to help the conservation of Hymenaea stigonocarpa of the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) in Sao Paulo State, an analysis of the spatial genetic structure (SGS) was conducted in two populations using five universal chloroplast microsatellite loci (cpSSR). The population of 68 trees of H. stigonocarpa in the Ecological Station of Itirapina (ESI) had a single haplotype, indicating a strong founder effect. In turn, the population of 47 trees of H. stigonocarpa in a contiguous area that includes the Ecological Station of Assis and the Assis State Forest (ESA), showed six haplotypes ((n) over cap (h) = 6) with a moderate haplotype diversity ((h) over cap = 0667 + 0094), revealing that it was founded by a small number of maternal lineages. The SGS analysis for the population ESA/ASF, using Moran`s I index, indicated limited seed dispersal. Considering SGS, for ex situ conservation strategies in the population ESA/ASF, seed harvesting should require a minimum distance of 750 m among seed-trees.

Genetic structure and mating system of Euterpe edulis Mart. populations: A comparative analysis using microsatellite and allozyme markers

A comparative study between microsatellite and allozyme markers was conducted on the genetic structure and mating system in natural populations of Euterpe edulis Mart. Three cohorts, including seedlings, saplings, and adults, were examined in 4 populations using 10 allozyme loci and 10 microsatellite loci. As expected, microsatellite markers had a much higher degree of polymorphism than allozymes, but estimates of multilocus outcrossing rate ((t) over cap (m) = 1.00), as well as estimates of genetic structure (F(IS), G(ST)), were similar for the 2 sets of markers. Estimates of R(ST), for microsatellites, were higher than those of GST, but results of both statistics revealed a close agreement for the genetic structure of the species. This study provides support for the important conclusion that allozymes are still useful and reliable markers to estimate population genetic parameters. Effects of sample size on estimates from hypervariable loci are also discussed in this paper.

Negative ion `chip-based` nanospray tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of flavonoids in glandular trichomes of Lychnophora ericoides Mart. (Asteraceae)

This paper reports a method for the analysis of secondary metabolites stored in glandular trichomes, employing negative ion `chip-based` nanospray tandem mass spectrometry. The analyses of glandular trichomes from Lychnophora ericoides, a plant endemic to the Brazilian `cerrado` and used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, led to the identification of five flavonoids (chrysin, pinocembrin, pinostrobin, pinobanksin and 3-O-acetylpinobanksin) by direct infusion of the extracts of glandular trichomes into the nanospray ionisation source. All the flavonoids have no oxidation at ring B, which resulted in a modification of the fragmentation pathways compared with that of the oxidised 3,4-dihydroflavonoids already described in the literature. The absence of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant di-C-glucosylflavone vicenin-2, or any other flavonoid glycosides, in the glandular trichomes was also demonstrated. The use of the,`chip-based` nanospray QqTOF apparatus is a new fast and useful tool for the identification of secondary metabolites stored in the glandular trichomes, which can be useful for chemotaxonomic studies based on metabolites from glandular trichomes. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Online identification of chlorogenic acids, sesquiterpene lactones, and flavonoids in the Brazilian arnica Lychnophora ericoides Mart. (Asteraceae) leaves by HPLC-DAD-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/MS and a validated HPLC-DAD method for their simultaneous analysis

Lychnophora ericoides Mart. (Asteraceae, Vernonieae) is a plant, endemic to Brazil, with occurrence restricted to the ""cerrado"" biome. Traditional medicine employs alcoholic and aqueous-alcoholic preparations of leaves from this species for the treatment of wounds, inflammation, and pain. Furthermore, leaves of L. ericoides are also widely used as flavorings for the Brazilian traditional spirit ""cachaca"". A method has been developed for the extraction and HPLC-DAD analysis of the secondary metabolites of L. ericoides leaves. This analytical method was validated with 11 secondary metabolites chosen to represent the different classes and polarities of secondary metabolites occurring in L. ericoides leaves, and good responses were obtained for each validation parameter analyzed. The same HPLC analytical method was also employed for online secondary metabolite identification by HPLC-DAD-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, leading to the identification of di-C-glucosylflavones, coumaroylglucosylflavonols, flavone, flavanones, flavonols, chalcones, goyazensolide, and eremantholide-type sesquiterpene lactones and positional isomeric series of chlorogenic acids possessing caffeic and/or ferulic moieties. Among the 52 chromatographic peaks observed, 36 were fully identified and 8 were attributed to compounds belonging to series of caffeoylferuloylquinic and diferuloylquinic acids that could not be individualized from each other.

The Protective Role of Lychnophora ericoides Mart. (Brazilian Arnica) in 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis

Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colon rectal mucosal epithelial cell proliferation have been shown to be increased in patients with colon cancer and have been largely used for early detection of factors that influence colorectal carcinogenesis in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. The groups G1 to G4 were given 4 injections of the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). The G2 group received Lychnophora ericoides (LE) extracts for 6 wk. The groups G3 and G4 received LE for 4 wk and 2 wk, respectively, at the postinitiation and initiation phases of colonic carcinogenesis. The group G5 was the control. Forty-two days after the first injections of DMH for the neoplasic induction, we observed a statistically significant decrease in the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and an attenuation of the increase in cell proliferation induced by DMH in all the LE-treated groups. Thus, we concluded that Lychnophora ericoides extracts were effective against the development of cancer. These data suggest that LE has a protective influence on the process of colon carcinogenesis, suppressing both the initiation and the promotion of colonic carcinogenesis.

Evaluation of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects after acute and subacute treatments with acai pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) on mice using the erythrocytes micronucleus test and the comet assay

Acai, the fruit of a palm native to the Amazonian basin, is widely distributed in northern South America, where it has considerable economic importance. Whereas individual polyphenolics compounds in Acai have been extensively evaluated, studies of the intact fruit and its biological properties are lacking. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the in vivo genotoxicity of Acai and its possible antigenotoxicity on doxorubicin (DXR)-induced DNA damage. The Acai pulp doses selected were 3.33, 10.0 and 16.67 g/kg b.w. administered by gavage alone or prior to DXR (16 mg/kg b.w.) administered by intraperitoneal injection. Swiss albino mice were distributed in eight groups for acute treatment with acai pulp (24 h) and eight groups for subacute treatment (daily for 14 consecutive days) before euthanasia. The negative control groups were treated in a similar way. The results of chemical analysis suggested the presence of carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic. and flavonoids in Acai pulp. The endpoints analyzed were micronucleus induction in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells polychromatic erythrocytes, and DNA damage in peripheral blood, liver and kidney cells assessed using the alkaline (pH > 13) comet assay. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the negative control and the groups treated with the three doses of Acai pulp alone in all endpoints analyzed, demonstrating the absence of genotoxic effects. The protective effects of Acai pulp were observed in both acute and subacute treatments, when administered prior to DXR. In general, subacute treatment provided greater efficiency in protecting against DXR-induced DNA damage in liver and kidney cells. These protective effects can be explained as the result of the phytochemicals present in Acai pulp. These results will be applied to the developmental of food with functional characteristics, as well as to explore the characteristics of Acai as a health promoter. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anticonvulsant profile of the alkaloids (+)-erythravine and (+)-11-alpha-hydroxy-erythravine isolated from the flowers of Erythrina mulungu Mart ex Benth (Leguminosae-Papilionaceae)

Neural mechanisms underlying the onset and maintenance of epileptic seizures involve alterations in inhibitory and/or excitatory neurotransmitter pathways. Thus, the prospecting of novel molecules from natural products that target both inhibition and excitation systems has deserved interest in the rational design of new anticonvulsants. We isolated the alkaloids (+)-erythravine and ( +)-11-alpha-hydroxyerythravine from the flowers of Erythrina mulungu and evaluated the action of these compounds against chemically induced seizures in rats. Our results showed that the administration of different doses of (+)-erythravine inhibited seizures evoked by bicuculline, pentylenetetrazole, and kainic acid at maximum of 80, 100, and 100%, respectively, whereas different doses of (+)-11-alpha-hydroxy-erythravine inhibited seizures at a maximum of 100% when induced by bicuculline, NMDA, and kainic acid, and, to a lesser extent, PTZ (60%). The analysis of mean latency to seizure onset of nonprotected animals, for specific doses of alkaloids, showed that (+)-erythravine increased latencies to seizures induced by bicuculline. Although (+)-erythravine exhibited very weak anticonvulsant action against seizures induced by NMDA, this alkaloid increased the latency in this assay. The increase in latency to onset of seizures promoted by (+)-11-alpha-hydroxy-erythravine reached a maximum of threefold in the bicuculline test. All animals were protected against death when treated with different doses of (+)-11-alpha-hydroxy-erythravine in the tests using the four chemical convulsants. Identical results were obtained when using (+)-erythravine in the tests of bicuculline, NMDA, and VIZ, and, to a lesser extent, kainic acid. Therefore, these data validate the anticonvulsant properties of the tested alkaloids, which is of relevance in consideration of the ethnopharmacological/biotechnological potential of E. mulungu. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Data Mart para apoio ?? capacita????o em gest??o de pol??ticas p??blicas voltado para uma Escola de Administra????o P??blica

Este trabalho consiste num estudo de caso que se destina ao desenvolvimento de um Data Mart que possibilite a Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica ??? ENAP conhecer o perfil e o panorama geral da situa????o funcional dos servidores p??blicos federais que se capacitaram na Escola nos ??ltimos 7 anos. O aplicativo foi desenvolvido cruzando o banco de dados do sistema gerenciador dos cursos ministrados pela ENAP, onde est??o armazenadas informa????es sobre os alunos capacitados, os cursos realizados, os resultados alcan??ados, o perfil dos docentes e demais informa????es relativas ??s atividades da Escola, com os dados gerados pelo Sistema Integrado de Administra????o de Recursos Humanos ??? SIAPE, cuja extra????o de dados foi direcionada para os registros sobre a situa????o funcional, cargos, carreiras, fun????es, ??rg??os e alguns dados pessoais dos alunos, servidores p??blicos federais que se encontram registrados no SIAPE

Influência da luminosidade na fisiologia e morfoanatomia de jequitibá branco (Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi.) Kuntze) e jequitibá rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze)

Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi.) Kuntze e C. legalis (Mart.) Kuntze são arbóreas nativas do Brasil que, além de possuírem alto poder econômico, são objeto de interesse em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas e em plantios comerciais. A escassez de informações relacionadas ao desempenho ecofisiológico dessas espécies em condições ambientais estressantes dificultam o manejo e conservação das mesmas. Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a ecofisiologia das espécies em um gradiente de irradiância, por meio de dois experimentos. No experimento 1, plantas de C. estrellensis com 12 meses de idade foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos: 40%, 50%, 70% e 100% de irradiância, durante 104 dias. Ao final desse período foram feitas análises de crescimento, do conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos, de trocas gasosas, da fluorescência da clorofila a, do conteúdo foliar de carboidratos solúveis, das características anatômicas foliares e caulinares e da plasticidade fenotípica da espécie. No experimento 2, plantas de C. estrellensis e C. legalis com 14 meses de idade foram submetidas a dois tratamentos: 30% e 100% de irradiância (sombra e sol, respectivamente), durante 30 dias. Ao final desse período foram feitas análises do estresse oxidativo das espécies, por meio da quantificação da atividade das enzimas catalase e peroxidase do ascorbato e por meio da quantificação do conteúdo foliar de pigmentos fotossintéticos. No experimento 1, em 70% de irradiância, as plantas apresentaram melhor crescimento em altura e diâmetro, maior massa seca de folhas (MSF), de caule (MSC) e de raiz (MSR). Em 70% e 100% de irradiância, as plantas apresentaram folhas menores (AFU) e mais espessas (AFE e MFE) resultando em menor área foliar total (AFT). Nesses tratamentos as plantas também apresentaram menor conteúdo foliar de clorofila a (Chl a) e b (Chl b), porém, maior razão Chl a/b e maior conteúdo de carotenóides, o que implicou em menor razão Chl a/Carot. Taxas fotossintéticas maiores foram encontradas nas plantas em 70% e inibidas em 40% e 50%, em função da baixa irradiância solar, e em 100%, possivelmente pela ocorrência de fotoinibição, como mostraram os parâmetros do fluxo de energia do fotossistema II. De acordo com a análise da fluorescência da clorofila a, em pleno sol, as plantas apresentaram menor densidade de centros de reação ativos (RC/ABS) e maior dissipação de energia (DI0/ABS), culminando com menor desempenho do fotossistema II (PIabs) e desempenho total (PITotal). O conteúdo foliar de carboidratos solúveis foi maior nas plantas em 70%, seguido das plantas em 100% de irradiância, com exceção da glicose, que não variou entre os tratamentos. A maior espessura encontrada nas folhas sob 100% de irradiância foi em função da maior espessura das epidermes adaxial e abaxial e dos parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso. E o maior diâmetro do caule em 70% de irradiância se deu pela maior espessura do xilema e floema secundários. No experimento 2, as plantas em pleno sol de ambas as espécies também apresentaram menor conteúdo foliar de clorofila a (Chl a) e b (Chl b) e maior razão Chl a/b. No entanto, o conteúdo de carotenóides foi maior, o que implicou em menores razões Chl a/Carot. A atividade da catalase (CAT) variou em função do tempo e da espécie, apresentando uma queda em C. estrellensis aos 16 dias, possivelmente em função de fotoinativação, e um aumento em C. legalis aos 30 dias. Já a atividade da peroxidase do ascorbato (APX) não variou em função do tempo, da espécie ou dos tratamentos. O estudo da plasticidade fenotípica mostrou que C. estrellensis é uma espécie plástica, principalmente em função das variáveis de fotossíntese e trocas gasosas, sendo capaz de sobreviver no gradiente de irradiância testado, o que viabiliza o seu uso em projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas. E, uma vez que as análises ecofisiológicas mostraram que C. estrellensis e C. legalis apresentaram melhor desempenho em luminosidade moderada, sugere-se que ambas comportaram-se como espécies intermediárias no processo de sucessão florestal. No entanto, uma vez que a concentração de pigmentos foliares e a produção de enzimas antioxidantes inferiram maior susceptibilidade de C. estrellensis à fotoinibição em alta irradiância, sugere-se maior viabilidade do uso de C. legalis em projetos de recuperação de áreas degradas.

Iogurte simbiótico de açaí (Euterpe edulis Mart.): caracterização físico-química e viabilidade de bactérias láticas e probióticas

Os iogurtes simbióticos, que combinam microrganismos probióticos e substâncias prebióticas, adicionados de polpa de frutas são uma tendência crescente no mercado. O fruto açaí (Euterpe edulis) se destaca pela presença de compostos bioativos, como as antocianinas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar os parâmetros físico-químicos e a viabilidade microbiológica de iogurte simbiótico de açaí enriquecido com inulina e adicionado de cultura probiótica de Bifidobacterium animallis subsp. lactis BB-12. As formulações de iogurte atenderam aos requisitos físico-químicos exigidos pela IN no 46/2007 do MAPA apresentando teor de cinzas de 0,86 % ± 0,10, extrato seco total de 23,18 % ± 2,59, teor de gordura de 4,16 % ± 0,31, acidez de 0,70 % ± 0,05 e pH de 4,45 ± 0,10. Entre as formulações o conteúdo fenólico total variou de 18,17 a 117,84 mg de AGE/100 g, teor de antocianinas de 1,92 a 47,88 mg/100 g e atividade antioxidante de 0,71 a 6,95 μmol Trolox/g, observando-se um aumento de acordo com o aumento do teor de polpa de açaí adicionada. Ao final de 28 dias de armazenamento a 5 °C, observou-se uma redução no teor de antocianinas e da atividade antioxidante. Verificou-se a contribuição positiva da polpa de açaí na viabilidade das bactérias láticas totais, cujas contagens variaram de 4,56 a 7,04 log UFC.g-1 e de B. lactis BB-12 que variou de 3,17 a 6,34 log UFC.g-1, favorecendo a multiplicação dessas bactérias nos iogurtes. Nas formulações com 20 e 25 % de polpa de açaí as contagens das bactérias láticas totais e probiótica mantiveram-se viáveis de acordo com a IN no 46/2007 do MAPA e a Lista de Alegação de Propriedade Funcional (Anvisa), durante os 28 dias de armazenamento a 5 oC. Concluiu-se que a adição de polpa de açaí E. edulis, inulina e B. lactis BB-12 foi tecnologicamente viável na elaboração de iogurte simbiótico de açaí, sendo uma excelente alternativa de diversificação do produto no mercado.