Notizie sulla vita e sulle opere de Monsignore Gaetano Marini primo custode della biblioteca vaticana e prefetto degli archivj segreti della Santa Sede /

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Letters to Aaron Levy from Isaac M. Gomez

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Théatre des grecs /

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Théatre des grecs /

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Théatre des grecs /

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El Excmo. Sr. José de Iturrigaray virrey que fue de Nueva Espanya vindicado en forma legal contra falsas imputaciones de infidencia propuestas por el Acuerdo de México y apoyadas por Juan López Cancelada en sus dos manifiestos /

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A vindication of Bishop Cleaver's edition of the Decretum Lacedæmoniorum contra Timotheum, from the strictures of R.P. Knight, esq.,

The alleged decree of the Spartans against Timotheus of Miletus, quoted by Boethius, Inst. mus. I, 1. is a forgery by a grammarian of unknown date. The present work includes reproductions from various mss. of Boethius, Latin and English translations, and also a discussion of I. John, v. 7.

Histoire naturelle des minéraux, contenant leur description, celle de leur gîte, la théorie de leur formation, leurs rapports avec la géologie ou histoire de la terre, le détail de leurs propriétés et de leurs usages leur analyse chimque, etc.

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Lettres a Sophie : sur la physique, la chimie et l'histoire naturelle, /

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The state of the United Kingdom at the peace of Paris, November 20, 1815 : respecting the people : their domestic energies : their agriculture : their trade : their shipping and their finances.

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Blücher and the uprising of Prussia against Napoleon, 1806-1815,

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Beautés de l'histoire des Etats-Unis de l'Amérique Septentrionale; ou, Précis des événemens les plus remarquables concernant ces différens états, jusques et compris les deux derniéres guerres, et la paix de 1815;

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Discorso recitato nella basilica di S. Pietro in Vaticano nel dì I. agosto dell'anno 1815 /

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Le pape et l'empereur, 1804-1815.

Introduction.--Le sacre.--L'occupation de Rome.--Le conseil ecclésiastique de 1809.--Le conseil ecclésiastique de 1811.--Le concile national de 1811.--L'intrigue de Savone.--Le concordat de Fontainebleau.--Les derniers jours à Fontainebleau.--Le retour à Rome.

Across the Oceans : Development of Overseas Business Information Transmission, 1815-1875

Earlier studies have shown that the speed of information transmission developed radically during the 19th century. The fast development was mainly due to the change from sailing ships and horse-driven coaches to steamers and railways, as well as the telegraph. Speed of information transmission has normally been measured by calculating the duration between writing and receiving a letter, or between an important event and the time when the news was published elsewhere. As overseas mail was generally carried by ships, the history of communications and maritime history are closely related. This study also brings a postal historical aspect to the academic discussion. Additionally, there is another new aspect included. In business enterprises, information flows generally consisted of multiple transactions. Although fast one-way information was often crucial, e.g. news of a changing market situation, at least equally important was that there was a possibility to react rapidly. To examine the development of business information transmission, the duration of mail transport has been measured by a systematic and commensurable method, using consecutive information circles per year as the principal tool for measurement. The study covers a period of six decades, several of the world's most important trade routes and different mail-carrying systems operated by merchant ships, sailing packets and several nations' steamship services. The main sources have been the sailing data of mail-carrying ships and correspondence of several merchant houses in England. As the world's main trade routes had their specific historical backgrounds with different businesses, interests and needs, the systems for information transmission did not develop similarly or simultaneously. It was a process lasting several decades, initiated by the idea of organizing sailings in a regular line system. The evolution proceeded generally as follows: originally there was a more or less irregular system, then a regular system and finally a more frequent regular system of mail services. The trend was from sail to steam, but both these means of communication improved following the same scheme. Faster sailings alone did not radically improve the number of consecutive information circles per year, if the communication was not frequent enough. Neither did improved frequency advance the information circulation if the trip was very long or if the sailings were overlapping instead of complementing each other. The speed of information transmission could be improved by speeding up the voyage itself (technological improvements, minimizing the waiting time at ports of call, etc.) but especially by organizing sailings so that the recipients had the possibility to reply to arriving mails without unnecessary delay. It took two to three decades before the mail-carrying shipping companies were able to organize their sailings in an optimal way. Strategic shortcuts over isthmuses (e.g. Panama, Suez) together with the cooperation between steamships and railways enabled the most effective improvements in global communications before the introduction of the telegraph.