Study of unions, management rights, and the publilc (sic) interest in mass transit : final report,

"Report no. : DOT-TST-76T-31."

The arbitration of two "management rights" issues; work assignments and contracting out, labor-management conference, New York City, February 4, 1960.

Mode of access: Internet.

Protecting management's rights in labor relations /

Cover title.

Vie privée et bon usage des NTIC au travail : risques et responsabilités

Un nombre croissant de salariés ont aujourd’hui accès à l’Internet et à la messagerie électronique sur leur lieu de travail. Ils sont parfois tentés d’utiliser ces outils à des fins autres que professionnelles, ce qui constitue une source potentielle de conflits. En effet, sous prétexte d’assurer la protection de leurs biens et équipements, de vérifier que les salariés exécutent leurs obligations et de prévenir les risques de responsabilité, les entreprises contrôlent de plus en plus souvent – et parfois subrepticement – l’utilisation qui est faite des ressources ainsi fournies. Les employés, de leur côté, revendiquent leur droit à ce que leurs activités personnelles en ligne demeurent privées, même lorsqu’elles sont réalisées durant leur temps de travail et avec le matériel de l’employeur. Peuvent-ils raisonnablement voir leurs droits protégés, bien que le droit à la vie privée soit traditionnellement atténué en milieu de travail et que les entreprises aient accès à des technologies offrant des possibilités d’espionnage toujours plus intrusives? Comment trouver un équilibre viable entre le pouvoir de direction et de contrôle de l’employeur et les droits des salariés? Il s’agit d’une problématique à laquelle les tribunaux sont de plus en plus souvent confrontés et qui les amène régulièrement à réinterpréter les balises établies en matière de surveillance patronale, au regard des spécificités des technologies de l’information. Ce contexte conflictuel a également entraîné une évolution des pratiques patronales, dans la mesure où un nombre grandissant d’employeurs se dotent d’outils techniques et juridiques leur permettant de se protéger contre les risques, tout en s’aménageant un droit d’intrusion très large dans la vie privée des salariés.

La constitutionnalisation du droit du travail et le pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur en contexte syndiqué : incidence des libertés fondamentales et des droits à l’intégrité, à la dignité et à la vie privée

Problématique : Les effets de la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail sur le contrôle arbitral du pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur. La problématique de notre projet de recherche consiste à évaluer les effets du phénomène de la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail sur le pouvoir de l’employeur d’établir de la réglementation d’entreprise relative au travail, lequel pouvoir est une manifestation concrète de ses droits de direction. Notre projet de recherche, qui se limite au contexte syndiqué, met donc en relation deux grandes dimensions lesquelles sont le pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur et le phénomène de la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail. Mentionnons que notre projet de recherche s’attarde aux limites, se trouvant tant dans la législation que dans la convention collective, permettant l’encadrement du pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur. Concernant le phénomène de la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail, notre projet de recherche s’attarde tant à ses fondements qu’à ses effets sur le pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur, ces derniers effets découlant principalement de la décision Parry Sound, laquelle est à l’effet que tous les droits et obligations prévus dans les lois sont contenus implicitement dans chaque convention collective, quelles que soient les intentions des parties contractantes. Ainsi, notre projet de recherche vise à démontrer empiriquement, en observant la jurisprudence arbitrale, dans quelle mesure le phénomène de la constitutionnalisation du droit du travail, en contexte syndiqué, modifie l’encadrement du pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur puisque ce dernier doit dorénavant composer avec des normes étatiques fondamentales qu’il n’a ni négociées, ni déterminées. Mentionnons que le concept central de notre recherche se trouve à être le contrôle arbitral du pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur relativement à la réglementation d’entreprise susceptible de faire intervenir les dispositions 1, 3, 4 et 5 de la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne et qu’il vise la classification dudit contrôle arbitral en deux grandes logiques : la logique I préalablement à la décision Parry Sound et la logique II postérieurement à cette même décision. Ainsi, notre hypothèse dominante est à l’effet qu’en matière de contrôle arbitral du pouvoir de réglementation de l’employeur, deux logiques existent et que dans une logique II, le contrôle arbitral est modifié en ce que les arbitres, situent au sommet de la hiérarchie des aspects à évaluer, la conformité de la réglementation d’entreprise aux dispositions de la Charte susmentionnées.

The rights approach to local public management: experiences from Brazil

The Fundação Getulio Vargas, São Paulo, Public Management and Citizenship Program was set up in 1996 with Ford Foundation support to identify and disseminate Brazilian subnational government initiatives in service provision that have a direct effect on citizenship. Already, the program has 2,500 different experiences in its data bank, the results of four annual cycles. The article draws some initial conclusions about the possibilities of a rights-based approach to public management and about the engagement of other agencies and civil society organizations.

Spatial planning to the test of property rights in Switzerland : an innovative land management approach to coordinate spatial planning goals with property rights interests

In Switzerland, the land management regime is characterized by a liberal attitude towards the institution of property rights, which is guaranteed by the Constitution. Under the present Swiss constitutional arrangement, authorities (municipalities) are required to take into account landowners' interests when implementing their spatial planning policy. In other words, the institution of property rights cannot be restricted easily in order to implement zoning plans and planning projects. This situation causes many problems. One of them is the gap between the way land is really used by the landowners and the way land should be used based on zoning plans. In fact, zoning plans only describe how landowners should use their property. There is no sufficient provision for handling cases where the use is not in accordance with zoning plans. In particular, landowners may not be expropriated for a non-conforming use of the land. This situation often leads to the opening of new building areas in greenfields and urban sprawl, which is in contradiction with the goals set into the Federal Law on Spatial Planning. In order to identify legal strategies of intervention to solve the problem, our paper is structured into three main parts. Firstly, we make a short description of the Swiss land management regime. Then, we focus on an innovative land management approach designed to implement zoning plans in accordance with property rights. Finally, we present a case study that shows the usefulness of the presented land management approach in practice. We develop three main results. Firstly, the land management approach brings a mechanism to involve landowners in planning projects. Coordination principle between spatial planning goals and landowners' interests is the cornerstone of all the process. Secondly, the land use is improved both in terms of space and time. Finally, the institution of property rights is not challenged, since there is no expropriation and the market stays free.

A web ontologies framework for digital rights management

In order to improve the management of copyright in the Internet, known as Digital Rights Management, there is the need for a shared language for copyright representation. Current approaches are based on purely syntactic solutions, i.e. a grammar that defines a rights expression language. These languages are difficult to put into practise due to the lack of explicit semantics that facilitate its implementation. Moreover, they are simple from the legal point of view because they are intended just to model the usage licenses granted by content providers to end-users. Thus, they ignore the copyright framework that lies behind and the whole value chain from creators to end-users. Our proposal is to use a semantic approach based on semantic web ontologies. We detail the development of a copyright ontology in order to put this approach into practice. It models the copyright core concepts for creation, rights and the basic kinds of actions that operate on content. Altogether, it allows building a copyright framework for the complete value chain. The set of actions operating on content are our smaller building blocks in order to cope with the complexity of copyright value chains and statements and, at the same time, guarantee a high level of interoperability and evolvability. The resulting copyright modelling framework is flexible and complete enough to model many copyright scenarios, not just those related to the economic exploitation of content. The ontology also includes moral rights, so it is possible to model this kind of situations as it is shown in the included example model for a withdrawal scenario. Finally, the ontology design and the selection of tools result in a straightforward implementation. Description Logic reasoners are used for license checking and retrieval. Rights are modelled as classes of actions, action patterns are modelled also as classes and the same is done for concrete actions. Then, to check if some right or license grants an action is reduced to check for class subsumption, which is a direct functionality of these reasoners.

Violations of children's rights in armed conflicts : international treaties, observations by peacekeepers and crisis management training in Finland

Ninety-nine Finnish peacekeepers, who had been serving in 15 different operations around the world, participated in the study (8 women, 27-52 years old, m = 37.4, SD = 8.9; and 91 men, 21-69 years old, m = 41.4, SD = 10.2). Three military crisis management trainers from the Finnish Defence Forces International Centre also participated in the study. The data was collected with two webbased questionnaires. In addition two interviews were made with specialists of civilian crisis management in Finland. The study also provides an overview of international treaties concerning children’s rights in armed conflict. The results show that 48.7 % of dangers for children in conflicts reported by the peacekeepers were related to physical injury (e.g. landmines and traffic), and 27.4 % were related to social problems (e.g. poverty, child soldiers, and trafficking). 24.1 % of the peacekeepers had made observations of children’s rights violations either often or very often during peacekeeping operations. 49.6 % of the observations were related to social problems (e.g. child labour or being forced to beg), and 33.0 % were related to physical injury (e.g. assault). Frequency of observation of children’s rights violations was not associated with either sex or military degree of the peacekeepers; instead it was significantly correlated with the peacekeepers’ degree of knowledge of EU’s child protection guidelines. On the basis of the results, it is recommended that knowledge about children’s rights and protection should be included in the training of Finnish crisis management personnel to a much higher degree than at the present.

INFO2009 Assignment 2 (Group 11) - An Interactive Tutorial on Digital Rights Management

This resource contains an interactive tutorial slide, a set of multiple choice questions and a poster that Group 11 composed for INFO2009 Assignment 2. The topic area for the resource is Digital Rights Management.

Digital rights management, concorrência e acesso ao conhecimento no mercado de livros digitais

Os livros digitais facilitam o acesso aos livros, por meio de fatores como a diminuição de barreiras geográficas e financeiras, constituindo um importante instrumento para a promoção do acesso ao conhecimento no século XXI. Como forma de combater a pirataria na rede, os ebooks são protegidos por digital rights management (DRM), uma trava tecnológica que permite que os titulares de direitos autorais protejam seus direitos por meio do controle do que os usuários conseguem fazer com os arquivos digitais. O DRM pode determinar variáveis como em quais circunstâncias, quantas vezes, por quanto tempo e em quais plataformas o um arquivo pode ser acessado. Essa trava, por sua vez, é protegida por leis anticircunvenção que proíbem que os usuários a alterem ou a removam. Em regra, essas leis não exigem que a arquitetura dos sistemas de DRM observe os mesmos limites e exceções impostos ao direito autoral. Por conta disso, é possível que os sistemas de DRM estabeleçam novas regras para o uso de trabalhos artísticos, que ultrapassam a proteção conferida pelas leis de propriedade intelectual. No mercado de livros digitais, tais regras têm um impacto particular na concorrência. Uma vez que as livrarias usam diferentes sistemas proprietários de DRM em seus livros digitais, compatíveis com um número limitado de dispositivos de leitura, o leitor enfrenta problemas de interoperabilidade para adquirir e-books em uma loja diferente daquela em que seu dispositivo de leitura foi comprado. Essa baixa interoperabilidade vincula os leitores a um determinado ecossistema e aumenta os efeitos de rede, custos de mudança e barreiras à entrada nesse mercado, propiciando a concentração. Como resultado, as livrarias são capazes de exercer um grande poder sobre o fluxo de informações nesse mercado, minando o potencial dos e-books para difundir o conhecimento e promover a leitura. Assim, esta pesquisa examina como os sistemas de DRM e as normas anticircunvenção afetam a concorrência no mercado de livros digitais e como essa dinâmica concorrencial, por sua vez, impacta no acesso aos livros. A análise inicia-se com a descrição do mercado de livros digitais e avança à discussão teórica, consistente na revisão da literatura especializada sobre direito autoral, direito da concorrência e acesso ao conhecimento. Sob uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento como liberdade, conclui-se que a revisão das leis anticircunvenção é essencial para fomentar a concorrência nesse mercado, garantir a autonomia dos indivíduos e concretizar o potencial dos e-books para a expansão do acesso ao conhecimento.

Comparative Study of Digital Rights Management Systems for Music and Text Files

Digital Rights Management Systems (DRMS) are seen by content providers as the appropriate tool to, on the one hand, fight piracy and, on the other hand, monetize their assets. Although these systems claim to be very powerful and include multiple protection technologies, there is a lack of understanding about how such systems are currently being implemented and used by content providers. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it provides a theoretical basis through which we present shortly the seven core protection technologies of a DRMS. Second, this paper provides empirical evidence that the seven protection technologies outlined in the first section of this paper are the most commonly used technologies. It further evaluates to what extent these technologies are being used within the music and print industry. It concludes that the three main Technologies are encryption, password, and payment systems. However, there are some industry differences: the number of protection technologies used, the requirements for a DRMS, the required investment, or the perceived success of DRMS in fighting piracy.