The origin of black colouration in onyx agate from Mali

Natural onyx agate from Mali was investigated in an integrated mineralogical and chemical study to reveal the origin of the unusual black colouration. Detailed studies by polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy showed that the colour of the dark bands is related to the incorporation of small particles of carbon (low-crystalline graphite) up to 200 nm in size into the cryptocrystalline silica matrix. The dark bands have carbon contents of 1.88 wt.%. The location of the graphite particles is closely related to the primary structural banding in the chalcedony. Cathodoluminescence data shows that the banding is interrupted by small fissures containing secondary hydrothermal quartz. The carbon isotope composition (delta C-13 value of -31.1+/-0.2 parts per thousand) of the carbonaceous material points to an organic precursor. Both the direct hydrothermal formation of graphite from methane under elevated temperature and the graphitization of organic precursors by secondary hydrothermal or metamorphic overprint are possible explanations for the colour of the dark bands. The graphitization of organic precursors results in an intense electron spin resonance line at g(eff) = 2.0026.

Le courtier du virtuel : l'accès controversé aux informations médicales en ligne au Mali

La télémédecine occupe une place de choix dans les discours internationaux et les initiatives pour la promouvoir foisonnent, notamment dans les pays du Sud. En dépit de cet engouement, il n'existe que peu d'informations concernant l'accès à Internet par le personnel de santé dans ces pays et les usages sociaux de ce média. Cet article présente les résultats d'une recherche qualitative réalisée en 2007 au Mali sur les pratiques associées à la télémédecine. Il montre, d'une part, que ces pratiques sont structurées par la hiérarchie existant au sein du personnel de santé. D'autre part, de nombreux intermédiaires s'interposent entre l'univers d'Internet et les professionnels de la santé, faisant ainsi apparaître une nouvelle figure, celle du « courtier du virtuel ». Aussi, la dimension des rapports de pouvoir est essentielle pour comprendre l'appropriation de la télémédecine par le personnel de la santé.

Oikeustieteen opiskelijat Sulo Heiskari Tuomas Laurinen ja Matti Hokkinen 25/9 1968

Kirje 25.9.1968

Tuomas Tallgrénin päiväkirja

Ritva Puro

Jalkaset eivät olekaan Hännisiä : oliko Tuomas Sianjalka edes sukua Kauppi Hänniselle?

Pentti J. Voipio

Argemone mexicana decoction versus artesunate-amodiaquine for the management of malaria in Mali: policy and public-health implications.

A classic way of delaying drug resistance is to use an alternative when possible. We tested the malaria treatment Argemone mexicana decoction (AM), a validated self-prepared traditional medicine made with one widely available plant and safe across wide dose variations. In an attempt to reflect the real situation in the home-based management of malaria in a remote Malian village, 301 patients with presumed uncomplicated malaria (median age 5 years) were randomly assigned to receive AM or artesunate-amodiaquine [artemisinin combination therapy (ACT)] as first-line treatment. Both treatments were well tolerated. Over 28 days, second-line treatment was not required for 89% (95% CI 84.1-93.2) of patients on AM, versus 95% (95% CI 88.8-98.3) on ACT. Deterioration to severe malaria was 1.9% in both groups in children aged </=5 years (there were no cases in patients aged >5 years) and 0% had coma/convulsions. AM, now government-approved in Mali, could be tested as a first-line complement to standard modern drugs in high-transmission areas, in order to reduce the drug pressure for development of resistance to ACT, in the management of malaria. In view of the low rate of severe malaria and good tolerability, AM may also constitute a first-aid treatment when access to other antimalarials is delayed.

Parasitism on Eriosoma lanigerum (Homoptera: Aphididae) by Aphelinus mali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on apple orchards, in Fraiburgo county, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

The parasitism of the woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann) by Aphelinus mali (Hald.) was evaluated in apple orchards cultivated with the varieties Gala and Fuji in Fraiburgo County, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Colonies of the woolly apple aphid were evaluated during one year on 16 apple trees of each variety, starting in August 1999. The number of aphids at the mummy stage or presenting the orifice of the parasitoid emergence was recorded. Results have shown that A. mali parasitized more than 50% of the woolly apple aphids and occurred during the four seasons. It was concluded that that under these conditions no chemical control against the aphid is necessary for the apple varieties Gala and Fuji.