5 resultados para Magnetosome


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The mechanical properties of cytoskeletal networks are intimately involved in determining how forces and cellular processes are generated, directed, and transmitted in living cells. However, determining the mechanical properties of subcellular molecular complexes in vivo has proven to be difficult. Here, we combine in vivo measurements by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy with theoretical modeling to decipher the mechanical properties of the magnetosome chain system encountered in magnetotactic bacteria. We exploit the magnetic properties of the endogenous intracellular nanoparticles to apply a force on the filament-connector pair involved in the backbone formation and stabilization. We show that the magnetosome chain can be broken by the application of external field strength higher than 30 mT and suggest that this originates from the rupture of the magnetosome connector MamJ. In addition, we calculate that the biological determinants can withstand in vivo a force of 25 pN. This quantitative understanding provides insights for the design of functional materials such as actuators and sensors using cellular components.

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地磁场伴随着生命的起源、发生和进化,地球上的一切生命无时无刻不处于地球磁场中。地球自诞生以来,地磁场的强度一直在细微变化,但地磁场强度减弱会对植物产生什么样的直接影响尚知之甚少。随着对太空探索的不断发展,人类越来越需要了解处于零磁场环境的太空中生物的适应性。近零磁场是地磁场的恒定组分降低为零或者接近零的空间。本论文利用近零磁场环境探索了地磁场减弱对拟南芥整个生长周期的影响,开展了近零磁场下拟南芥短期生长试验,主要包括种子的萌发、暗培养、根生长、幼苗鲜重和根向重性分析,以及对近零磁场下拟南芥整个生长周期的表型进行了观察统计分析。结果发现(1)无论在光照还是暗培养的环境中,近零磁场对拟南芥种子的萌发、幼苗根的伸长、鲜重变化以及根向重性等的影响较小。(2)对拟南芥整个生长周期过程中表型变化进行的观察和统计分析发现:近零磁场环境中,拟南芥可以完成正常的生活史;但植株开花时间推迟、开花持续时间延长、枝条数减少、植株高度受到了抑制,种子千粒重降低。表明近零磁场对拟南芥营养生长的影响较小,而对生殖生长的影响较明显,暗示地磁场作为环境因子可能参与影响植物的生殖生长。 趋磁细菌(Magnetospirillum magneticum)是一种可以沿磁力线方向运动的特殊的细菌,其胞内铁含量是菌体干重的3%,是非磁性细菌的数百倍,其中的铁主要以Fe3O4/Fe3S4 形式存在于磁小体(magnetosome) 中。趋磁细菌主要通过分泌转铁载体吸收环境中的三价铁。在磁小体合成过程中,三价铁还原为二价是一个必需的过程,因而铁还原酶在趋磁细菌的铁还原过程中可能起着重要的作用。我们以趋磁细菌AMB-1 为材料,克隆了预测的铁还原酶基因,命名为MmFre ,并在内源铁还原酶活性较低的酵母突变株S288C fre1 fre2 中进行异源超表达,对其铁还原活性进行了初步分析;同时结合GFP 融合蛋白技术对该基因的表达产物进行了酵母的亚细胞定位。结果表明:(1)利用生物信息学分析发现,MmFre 基因编码区含有1335 bp,编码444 个氨基酸残基;氨基酸序列中含有一个FAD 结合位点,并具有6 个跨膜结构域;(2)该基因在酵母表达后利用酵母活体进行酶活性检测发现,其铁还原酶活性是对照组的4 倍,暗示该基因在真核生物中的表达产物可以执行铁还原的功能;(3)利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现该基因的表达产物与GFP 构成的融合蛋白广泛的定位在细胞的膜上。因而,MmFre 基因的表达产物确实具有铁还原酶活性,且没有膜特异性分布,其对趋磁细菌磁小体生物合成中铁的还原可能起着重要作用。

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趋磁细菌(Magnetotactic bacteria)的研究是国际微生物学研究热点之一。趋磁细菌体内含有纳米单磁畴的氧化铁/硫化铁(Fe3O4或Fe3S4)晶体,称为磁小体。由于趋磁细菌营养条件要求苛刻,在环境中需要微好氧条件,且营养类型属于化能自养,使得培养趋磁细菌时常遇到问题。 本研究首先通过正交试验优化趋磁细菌AMB-1菌株培养条件,在培养条件铁源为奎尼酸铁0.02 mmol/L,装瓶量75% ,pH值6.7,温度25 ℃时,AMB-1 OD600达到0.440(1.166×109 cells/ml)。同时运用磁收集传代法,使带有磁小体的AMB-1细胞比例占95%以上(Cmag值稳定在1.9-2.0)。 在AMB-1具有较好的生物量,同时又具有较好的含磁小体细胞比例后,研究磁小体的变化过程。通过透射电镜观察磁小体变化过程,发现培养24 h细菌体内已有较小晶体形成(平均27 nm,n=188)且沿长轴分布;48 h晶体长大(平均43 nm,n=203)且形成分段链沿长轴排列;72 h晶体进一步成熟(平均50 nm,n=191)仍以分段链沿长轴排列;随后细菌逐渐衰亡磁小体变小,168 h可见部分自溶细菌中仍有磁小体链(平均37 nm,n=186);192 h细菌自溶磁小体链(平均33 nm,n=184)分散到环境中。 通过透射电镜在细胞水平上研究趋磁细菌细胞分裂时发现,磁小体在细菌分裂时采用两种分离方式:一种为磁小体分配到两个子细胞;另一种为磁小体只分配到一个子细胞。无磁小体的子细胞,在随后的生长过程又分为两种情况:一种为细胞逐渐产生磁小体,另一种为不再产生磁小体。这种现象的发现,解释了随着传代次数的增多,细菌磁性有所下降的原因(Cmag值降低)。 在对趋磁细菌磁小体合成机制的研究中,常使用基因敲除的办法获得缺陷型,并与野生型对比进行研究。但是,利用基因敲除获得缺陷型不仅操作繁琐并且所得缺陷型不稳定。本研究利用特殊的磁富集传代法,先将带有磁小体的菌体收集并连续传代,筛选获得了高磁菌株;利用这种方法,收集不含磁小体的菌体并连续传代,筛选获得了无磁菌株。 趋磁细菌磁小体在医疗、环保等领域具有广阔应用价值,但是目前由于趋磁细菌难以大规模培养,并且磁小体纯化存在成本高等原因,将磁小体真正实际应用尚有一段距离。通过研究磁小体在趋磁细菌中的变化过程发现,AMB-1菌株在培养192 h后自溶,并且磁小体随着细胞的破碎释放到环境中去。

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Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. Because of their fastidious requirements for growth conditions, only very few axenic MTB cultures have been obtained worldwide. In this study, we report a novel marine magnetotactic spirillum axenic culture, designated as QH-2, isolated from the China Sea. It was able to grow in semi-solid or liquid chemically defined medium. The cells were amphitrichously flagellated and contained one single magnetosome chain with an average number of 16 magnetosomes per cell. Phosphate and lipid granules were also observed in the cells. Both rock magnetism and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy characterizations indicated that the magnetosomes in QH-2 were single-domain magnetites (Fe3O4). QH-2 cells swam mostly in a straight line at a velocity of 20-50 mu m/s and occasionally changed to a helical motion. Unlike other magnetotactic spirilla. QH-2 cells responded to light illumination. As a consequence of illumination, the cells changed the direction in which they swam from parallel to the magnetic field to antiparallel. This response appears to be similar to the effect of an increase in [O-2]. Analysis of the QH-2 16S rRNA sequence showed that it had greater than 11% sequence divergence from freshwater magnetotactic spirilla. Thus, the marine QH-2 strain seems to be both phylogenetically and magnetotactically distinct from the freshwater Magnetospirillum spp. studied previously. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.