Systematic review of the Taiwanese macaque, Macaca cyclopis, Swinhoe, 1863 / Jack Fooden, Hai-Yin Wu.

n.s. no.98(2001)

Comparative review of Fascicularis-group species of macaques (Primates: Macaca) / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.107(2006)

Germinação de sementes e inoculação de mudas de Macacaúba (Platymiscium Trinitatis Benth. - Leguminosae Papilionoideae) com rizóbios em latossolo amarelo

Foram obtidas informações silviculturais sobre a macacaúba - Platymiscium trinitatis Benth (Leguminosae Papilionoideae), abordando aspectos da germinação das sementes e do efeito da inoculação com rizóbios na formação de mudas. A semeadura foi efetuada em areia, acompanhada por 45 dias, e as plântulas repicadas para sacos com latossolo amarelo coletado após a queima da vegetação, no horizonte A (0-20 cm), distribuído em recipientes plásticos com capacidade para 2,0 kg de solo. As mudas foram submetidas a tratamentos de adubação com Ν mineral (50 kg/ha) ou a inoculação com estirpes de rizóbios da coleção do INPA/CPCA. O desenvolvimento das mudas foi acompanhado com avaliação mensal do comprimento do caule e diâmetro do colo das plantas. Aos 126 dias estas foram colhidas e avaliadas. As sementes apresentaram elevada viabilidade com 86% de germinação, iniciada aos 4 dias e distribuindo-se por 37 dias. O índice de Velocidade de Emergência foi de 21,9 (n = 200). A repicagem das plantas para sacos pode ser feita em 40 dias. Os rizóbios utilizados como inoculante formaram colônias brancas, com até 4 mm de diâmetro após a incubação, com características morfológicas e culturais bastante variadas. No viveiro as mudas apresentaram crescimento lento e não apresentaram resposta à inoculação, o que foi relacionado aos níveis elevados de matéria orgânica presentes, o que, entretanto, não favoreceu o seu desenvolvimento. O incremento mensal de comprimento do caule e diâmetro do colo das plantas foi de 2,49 cm e 0,45 mm, respectivamente.

Systematic review of Philippine macaques (Primates, Cercopithecidae: Macaca fascicularis subspp.) / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.64(1991)

Taxonomy and evolution of the sinica group of macaques. 4. Species account of Macaca thibetana / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.17(1983)

Taxonomy and evolution of the Sinica group of macaques. 3, species and subspecies accounts of Macaca assamensis / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.10(1982)

Taxonomy and evolution of the Sinica group of macaques. 2, Species and subspecies accounts of the Indian bonnet macaque, Macaca radiata / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.9(1981)

Systematic review of Southeast Asian longtail macaques, Macaca fascicularis (Raffles, [1821]) / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.81(1995)

Systematic review of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata (Gray, 1870) / Jack Fooden, Mitsuru Aimi.

n.s. no.104(2005)

Estudo do comportamento da população de Macaca mulatta Zimmermann, 1780 na Ilha do Pinheiro, RJ, Brasil: organização social, levantamento da população e condições de alimentação

Os AA. realizaram um trabalho com a finalidade de aumentar a população de Macaca mulatta na ilha do Pinheiro, RJ, através do conhecimento de dados comportamentais desta colônia. Neste estudo inicial são empregadas técnicas etológicas de observação direta visando a esclarecer aspectos da organização social, determinar a quantidade de animais discriminada por sexo e levantar as condições de alimentação. A população é constituída de 91 animais distribuídos em três grupos sociais, havendo 22 machos, 40 fêmeas e 29 filhotes.

Cell populations in lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis of leishmania (L.) amazonensis- infected rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta

The cellular nature of the infiltrate in cutaneous lesion of rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis was characterized by immunohistochemistry. Skin biopsies from infected animals with active or healing lesions were compared to non-infected controls (three of each type) to quantitate inflammatory cell types. Inflammatory cells (composed of a mixture of T lymphocyte subpopulations, macrophages and a small number of natural killer cells and granulocytes) were more numerous in active lesions than in healing ones. T-cells accounted for 44.7 ± 13.1% of the infiltrate in active lesions (versus CD2+= 40.3 ± 5.7% in healing lesions) and T-cell ratios favor CD8+ cells in both lesion types. The percentage of cells expressing class II antigen (HLA-DR+) in active lesions (95 ± 7.1%) was significantly higher (P < 0.005) from the healing lesions (42.7 ± 12.7%). Moreover, the expression of the activation molecules CD25 (@ 16%), the receptor for interleukin-2, suggests that many T cells are primed and proliferating in active lesions. Distinct histopathological patterns were observed in lesions at biopsy, but healing lesions contained more organized epithelioid granulomas and activated macrophages, followed by fibrotic substitution. The progression and resolution of skin lesions appears to be very similar to that observed in humans, confirming the potential for this to be used as a viable model to study the immune response in human cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Leishmania (Leishmania) major-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) develop varying levels of resistance against homologous re-infections

Seven rhesus macaques were infected intradermally with 10(7) promastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) major. All monkeys developed a localized, ulcerative, self-healing nodular skin lesion at the site of inoculation of the parasite. Non-specific chronic inflammation and/or tuberculoid-type granulomatous reaction were the main histopathological manifestations of the disease. Serum Leishmania-specific antibodies (IgG and IgG1) were detected by ELISA in all infected animals; immunoblot analyses indicated that numerous antigens were recognized. A very high degree of variability was observed in the parasite-specific cell-mediated immune responses [as detected by measuring delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production] for individuals over time post challenge. From all the recovered monkeys (which showed resolution of the lesions after 11 weeks of infection), 57.2% (4/7) and 28.6% (2/7) animals remained susceptible to secondary and tertiary infections, respectively, but the disease severity was altered (i.e. lesion size was smaller and healed faster than in the primary infection). The remaining monkeys exhibited complete resistance (i.e. no lesion) to each rechallenge. Despite the inability to consistently detect correlates of cell-mediated immunity to Leishmania or correlation between resistance to challenge and DTH, lymphocyte transformation or IFN-gamma production, partial or complete acquired resistance was conferred by experimental infection. This primate model should be useful for measuring vaccine effectiveness against the human disease.

Study of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of attenuated and killed Leishmania (Leishmania) major vaccines in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) model of the human disease

We have compared the efficacy of two Leishmania (Leishmania) major vaccines, one genetically attenuated (DHFR-TS deficient organisms), the other inactivated [autoclaved promastigotes (ALM) with bacillus Calmete-Guérin (BCG)], in protecting rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) against infection with virulent L. (L.) major. Positive antigen-specific recall proliferative response was observed in vaccinees (79% in attenuated parasite-vaccinated monkeys, versus 75% in ALM-plus-BCG-vaccinated animals), although none of these animals exhibited either augmented in vitro gamma interferon (IFN-g) production or positive delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to the leishmanin skin test prior to the challenge. Following challenge, there were significant differences in blastogenic responses (p < 0.05) between attenuated-vaccinated monkeys and naïve controls. In both vaccinated groups very low levels of antibody were found before challenge, which increased after infective challenge. Protective immunity did not follow vaccination, in that monkeys exhibited skin lesion at the site of challenge in all the groups. The most striking result was the lack of pathogenicity of the attenuated parasite, which persisted in infected animals for up to three months, but were incapable of causing disease under the conditions employed. We concluded that both vaccine protocols used in this study are safe in primates, but require further improvement for vaccine application.