L'épigénétique, moteur de l'évolution d'un vertébré asexué

L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer l’étendue de la variabilité épigénétique, plus particulièrement du polymorphisme de méthylation de l’ADN, non liée à la variabilité génétique dans les populations asexuées en milieu naturel. Cette évaluation nous a permis de mieux cerner l’importance que peuvent avoir les processus épigénétiques en écologie et en évolution. Le modèle biologique utilisé est l’hybride clonal du complexe gynogénétique Chrosomus eos-neogaeus. Malgré une homogénéité génétique, une importante variabilité phénotypique est observée entre les hybrides d’une même lignée clonale mais retrouvés dans des environnements différents. L’influence des processus épigénétiques apporte une explication sur ce paradoxe. L’épigénétique se définit comme une modification de l’expression des gènes sans changement de la séquence d’ADN. La diversité des phénotypes peut entre autre s’expliquer par des patrons de méthylation différentiels des gènes et/ou des allèles des gènes entre les hybrides génétiquement identiques. La diversité des lignées épiclonales peut quant à elle s’expliquer par la colonisation de plusieurs lignées épiclonales, s’établir en réponse à l’environnement ou de façon aléatoire. Plusieurs méthodes seront utilisées afin de survoler le génome des hybrides clonaux pour mettre en évidence le polymorphisme de méthylation de l’ADN à l’échelle de l’individu et entre les individus de différentes populations.

Progressive erosion of genetic and epigenetic variation in callus-derived cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plants

Relatively little is known about the timing of genetic and epigenetic forms of somaclonal variation arising from callus growth. We surveyed for both types of change in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plants regenerated from calli of various ages, and also between tissues from the source trees. For genetic change, we used 15 single sequence repeat (SSR) markers from four source trees and from 233 regenerated plants. For epigenetic change, we used 386 methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) markers on leaf and explant (staminode) DNA from two source trees and on leaf DNA from 114 regenerants. Genetic variation within source trees was limited to one slippage mutation in one leaf. Regenerants were far more variable, with 35% exhibiting at least one mutation. Genetic variation initially accumulated with culture age but subsequently declined. MSAP (epigenetic) profiles diverged between leaf and staminode samples from source trees. Multivariate analysis revealed that leaves from regenerants occupied intermediate eigenspace between leaves and staminodes of source plants but became progressively more similar to source tree leaves with culture age. Statistical analysis confirmed this rather counterintuitive finding that leaves of ‘late regenerants’ exhibited significantly less genetic and epigenetic divergence from source leaves than those exposed to short periods of callus growth.

Search for methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphisms in mutant figs

Fig (Ficus carica) breeding programs that use conventional approaches to develop new cultivars are rare, owing to limited genetic variability and the difficulty in obtaining plants via gamete fusion. Cytosine methylation in plants leads to gene repression, thereby affecting transcription without changing the DNA sequence. Previous studies using random amplification of polymorphic DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers revealed no polymorphisms among select fig mutants that originated from gamma-irradiated buds. Therefore, we conducted methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism analysis to verify the existence of variability due to epigenetic DNA methylation among these mutant selections compared to the main cultivar 'Roxo-de-Valinhos'. Samples of genomic DNA were double-digested with either HpaII (methylation sensitive) or MspI (methylation insensitive) and with EcoRI. Fourteen primer combinations were tested, and on an average, non-methylated CCGG, symmetrically methylated CmCGG, and hemimethylated hmCCGG sites accounted for 87.9, 10.1, and 2.0%, respectively. MSAP analysis was effective in detecting differentially methylated sites in the genomic DNA of fig mutants, and methylation may be responsible for the phenotypic variation between treatments. Further analyses such as polymorphic DNA sequencing are necessary to validate these differences, standardize the regions of methylation, and analyze reads using bioinformatic tools. © FUNPEC-RP.

Epigenetic variability in the genetically uniform forest tree species Pinus pinea L

There is an increasing interest in understanding the role of epigenetic variability in forest species and how it may contribute to their rapid adaptation to changing environments. In this study we have conducted a genome-wide analysis of cytosine methylation pattern in Pinus pinea, a species characterized by very low levels of genetic variation and a remarkable degree of phenotypic plasticity. DNA methylation profiles of different vegetatively propagated trees from representative natural Spanish populations of P. pinea were analyzed with the Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism (MSAP) technique. A high degree of cytosine methylation was detected (64.36% of all scored DNA fragments). Furthermore, high levels of epigenetic variation were observed among the studied individuals. This high epigenetic variation found in P. pinea contrasted with the lack of genetic variation based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) data. In this manner, variable epigenetic markers clearly discriminate individuals and differentiates two well represented populations while the lack of genetic variation revealed with the AFLP markers fail to differentiate at both, individual or population levels. In addition, the use of different replicated trees allowed identifying common polymorphic methylation sensitive MSAP markers among replicates of a given propagated tree. This set of MSAPs allowed discrimination of the 70% of the analyzed trees.