RNA folding kinetics regulates translation of phage MS2 maturation gene

The gene for the maturation protein of the single-stranded RNA coliphage MS2 is preceded by an untranslated leader of 130 nt, which folds into a cloverleaf, i.e., three stem–loop structures enclosed by a long distance interaction (LDI). This LDI prevents translation because its 3′ moiety contains the Shine–Dalgarno sequence of the maturation gene. Previously, several observations suggested that folding of the cloverleaf is kinetically delayed, providing a time window for ribosomes to access the RNA. Here we present direct evidence for this model. In vitro experiments show that ribosome binding to the maturation gene is faster than refolding of the denatured cloverleaf. This folding delay appears related to special properties of the leader sequence. We have replaced the three stem–loop structures by a single five nt loop. This change does not affect the equilibrium structure of the LDI. Nevertheless, in this construct, the folding delay has virtually disappeared, suggesting that now the RNA folds faster than ribosomes can bind. Perturbation of the cloverleaf by an insertion makes the maturation start permanently accessible. A pseudorevertant that evolved from an infectious clone carrying the insertion had overcome this defect. It showed a wild-type folding delay before closing down the maturation gene. This experiment reveals the biological significance of retarded cloverleaf formation.

Variabilidade da frequencia cardiaca : estudo das influencias autonomicas sobre suas caracteristicas temporal e espectral em halterofilistas e sedentarios

Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação Física

Effects of drill cuttings discharge on meiofauna communities of a shelf break site in the southwest Atlantic

The present study investigates the effects of drill cutting discharges on the structure of meiofauna communities in an area of the shelf break at Campos Basin, Southeast Brazil. Drilling activities were operated, in a first phase, with water-based fluid and, in a second phase, with synthetic fluid paraffin-based (NAF-III). A total of 135 samples taken at a pre-drilling situation (MS1) and two post-drilling moments (MS2 and MS3-3 and 22 months post-drilling, respectively) were analyzed. Effects on meiofauna were dependent on two main factors: 1-the impact received during drilling operation, if water-based or synthetic/water-based drilling fluid and 2-the background state, if it already presented signs of previous drilling activities or not. Based on univariate and multivariate analysis, there were evidences that the most affected area after drilling was those under the influence of synthetic-based fluid and that already had signs of previous drillings activities. The region impacted only by water-based fluid was less affected and the only one that completely recovered after 22 months. Nematodes and copepods had different responses to the impact. While copepods flourish in the impacted area and recovered 22 months after drilling, nematodes were adversely affected shortly after drilling and the community structure only recovered where hydrocarbons had been depleted.

Alterações da Actividade Autonómica Durante o Teste de Inclinação em Doentes com Fibrilhação Auricular Paroxística: Análise com Wavelets

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is known to be an important modulator in the pathogenesis of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). Changes in ANS control of heart rate variability (HRV) occur during orthostatism to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. Wavelet transform has emerged as a useful tool that provides time-frequency decomposition of the signal under investigation, enabling intermittent components of transient phenomena to be analyzed. AIM: To study HRV during head-up tilt (HUT) with wavelet transform analysis in PAF patients and healthy individuals (normals). METHODS: Twenty-one patients with PAF (8 men; age 58 +/- 14 yrs) were examined and compared with 21 normals (7 men, age 48 +/- 12 yrs). After a supine resting period, all subjects underwent passive HUT (60 degrees) while in sinus rhythm. Continuous monitoring of ECG and blood pressure was carried out (Task Force Monitor, CNSystems). Acute changes in RR-intervals were assessed by wavelet analysis and low-frequency power (LF: 0.04-0.15 Hz), high-frequency power (HF: 0.15-0.60 Hz) and LF/HF (sympathovagal) were calculated for 1) the last 2 min of the supine period; 2) the 15 sec of tilting movement (TM); and 3) the 1st (TT1) and 2nd (TT2) min of HUT. Data are expressed as means +/- SEM. RESULTS: Baseline and HUT RR-intervals were similar for the two groups. Supine basal blood pressure was also similar for the two groups, with a sustained increase in PAF patients, and a decrease followed by an increase and then recovery in normals. Basal LF, HF and LF/ HF values in PAF patients were 632 +/- 162 ms2, 534 +/- 231 ms2 and 1.95 +/- 0.39 respectively, and 1058 +/- 223 ms2, 789 +/- 244 ms2 and 2.4 +/- 0.36 respectively in normals (p = NS). During TM, LF, HF and LF/HF values for PAF patients were 747 +/- 277 ms2, 387 +/- 94 ms2 and 2.9 +/- 0.6 respectively, and 1316 +/- 315 ms2, 698 +/- 148 ms2 and 2.8 +/- 0.6 respectively in normals (p < 0.05 for LF and HF). During TF1, LF, HF and LF/ HF values for PAF patients were 1243 +/- 432 ms2, 302 +/- 88 ms2 and 7.7 +/- 2.4 respectively, and 1992 +/- 398 ms2, 333 +/- 76 ms2 and 7.8 +/- 0.98 respectively for normals (p < 0.05 for LF). During TF2, LF, HF and LF/HF values for PAF patients were 871 +/- 256 ms2, 242 +/- 51 ms2 and 4.7 +/- 0.9 respectively, and 1263 +/- 335 ms2, 317 +/- 108 ms2 and 8.6 +/- 0.68 respectively for normals (p < 0.05 for LF/HF). The dynamic profile of HRV showed that LF and HF values in PAF patients did not change significantly during TM or TT2, and LF/HF did not change during TM but increased in TT1 and TT2. CONCLUSION: Patients with PAF present alterations in HRV during orthostatism, with decreased LF and HF power during TM, without significant variations during the first minutes of HUT. These findings suggest that wavelet transform analysis may provide new insights when assessing autonomic heart regulation and highlight the presence of ANS disturbances in PAF.

Avaliação da função autonômica em portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica com e sem síncope

FUNDAMENTO: Diversos mecanismos podem estar envolvidos no desencadeamento da síncope em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH), incluindo colapsos hemodinâmicos que podem estar relacionados a um desequilíbrio autonômico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar a função autonômica de pacientes que apresentam CMH com síncope inexplicada (SI) com os que não apresentam síncope. MÉTODOS: Trinta e sete pacientes foram incluídos, sendo 16 com SI e 21 sem síncope. Sua função autonômica foi avaliada por sensibilidade barorreflexa (SB) espontânea e induzida por fenilefrina, pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) no domínio do tempo durante o Holter de 24 horas e no domínio da frequência (análise espectral), ambos em decúbito dorsal e no teste de inclinação (TI) a 70º. RESULTADOS: A SB espontânea mostrou-se semelhante em ambos os grupos (16,46 ± 12,99 vs. 18,31 ± 9,88 ms/mmHg, p = 0,464), assim como a SB induzida por fenilefrina (18,33 ± 9,31 vs. 15,83 ± 15,48 ms/mmHg, p = 0,521). Não foram observadas diferenças no SDNN (137,69 ± 36,62 vs . 145,95 ± 38,07 ms, p = 0,389). O grupo com síncope apresentou um RMSSD significativamente menor (24,88 ± 10,03 vs. 35,58 ± 16,43 ms, p = 0,042) e tendência a menor pNN50 (4,51 ± 3,78 vs . 8,83 ± 7,98%, p =0,085) e a menores valores do componente de alta frequência da análise espectral da VFC em repouso (637,59 ± 1.295,53 vs. 782,65 ± 1.264,14 ms2 , p = 0,075). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada em resposta ao TI (p = 0,053). A sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia do TI na identificação da etiologia da SI em pacientes com CMH foram 6%, 66% e 40%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se tônus parassimpático mais baixo em pacientes com CMH e SI, mas a relevância clínica deste achado ainda não está clara. O TI não é uma ferramenta vantajosa para avaliar a origem da síncope em tais doentes, principalmente por causa da sua baixa especificidade.

Spectral Analysis Related to Bare-Metal and Drug-Eluting Coronary Stent Implantation

Background: The autonomic nervous system plays a central role in cardiovascular regulation; sympathetic activation occurs during myocardial ischemia. Objective: To assess the spectral analysis of heart rate variability during stent implantation, comparing the types of stent. Methods: This study assessed 61 patients (mean age, 64.0 years; 35 men) with ischemic heart disease and indication for stenting. Stent implantation was performed under Holter monitoring to record the spectral analysis of heart rate variability (Fourier transform), measuring the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components, and the LF/HF ratio before and during the procedure. Results: Bare-metal stent was implanted in 34 patients, while the others received drug-eluting stents. The right coronary artery was approached in 21 patients, the left anterior descending, in 28, and the circumflex, in 9. As compared with the pre-stenting period, all patients showed an increase in LF and HF during stent implantation (658 versus 185 ms2, p = 0.00; 322 versus 121, p = 0.00, respectively), with no change in LF/HF. During stent implantation, LF was 864 ms2 in patients with bare-metal stents, and 398 ms2 in those with drug-eluting stents (p = 0.00). The spectral analysis of heart rate variability showed no association with diabetes mellitus, family history, clinical presentation, beta-blockers, age, and vessel or its segment. Conclusions: Stent implantation resulted in concomitant sympathetic and vagal activations. Diabetes mellitus, use of beta-blockers, and the vessel approached showed no influence on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Sympathetic activation was lower during the implantation of drug-eluting stents.

Subclinical Ventricular Dysfunction Detected by Speckle Tracking Two Years after Use of Anthracycline

Background: Heart failure is a severe complication associated with doxorubicin (DOX) use. Strain, assessed by two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-STE), has been shown to be useful in identifying subclinical ventricular dysfunction. Objectives: a) To investigate the role of strain in the identification of subclinical ventricular dysfunction in patients who used DOX; b) to investigate determinants of strain response in these patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 81 participants: 40 patients who used DOX ±2 years before the study and 41 controls. All participants had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥55%. Total dose of DOX was 396mg (242mg/ms2). The systolic function of the LV was evaluated by LVEF (Simpson), as well as by longitudinal (εLL), circumferential (εCC), and radial (εRR) strains. Multivariate linear regression (MLR) analysis was performed using εLL (model 1) and εCC (model 2) as dependent variables. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were higher in the control group (p < 0.05). εLL was lower in the DOX group (-12.4 ±2.6%) versus controls (-13.4 ± 1.7%; p = 0.044). The same occurred with εCC: -12.1 ± 2.7% (DOX) versus -16.7 ± 3.6% (controls; p < 0.001). The S’ wave was shorter in the DOX group (p = 0.035). On MLR, DOX was an independent predictor of reduced εCC (B = -4.429, p < 0.001). DOX (B = -1.289, p = 0.012) and age (B = -0.057, p = 0.029) were independent markers of reduced εLL. Conclusion: a) εLL, εCC and the S’ wave are reduced in patients who used DOX ±2 years prior to the study despite normal LVEF, suggesting the presence of subclinical ventricular dysfunction; b) DOX was an independent predictor of reduced εCC; c) prior use of DOX and age were independent markers of reduced εLL.

Protection of aouts monkeys after immunization with recombinant antigens of Plasmodium falciparum

The genus Aotus spp. (owl monkey) is one of the WHO recommended experimental models for Plasmodium falciparum blood stage infection, especially relevant for vaccination studies with asexual blood stage antigens of this parasite. For several immunization trials with purified recombinant merozoite/schizont antigens, the susceptible Aouts kenotypes II, III, IV and VI were immunized with Escherichia coli derived fusion proteins containg partial sequences of the proteins MSAI (merozoite surface antigen I), SERP (serine-strech protein) and HRPII (histidine alanine rich protein II) as well as with a group of recombinant antigens obtained by an antiserum raised against a protective 41 kD protein band. The subcutaneous application (3x) of the antigen preparations was carried out in intact animals followed by splenectomy prior to challange, in order to increase the susceptibility of the experimental hosts to the parasite. A partial sequence of HRPII, the combination of three different fusion proteins of the 41 kD group and mixture of two sequences of SERP in the presence of the modified Al(OH)3 adjuvant conferred significant protection against a challange infection with P. falciparum blood stages (2-5 x 10 (elevado a sexta potência) i. RBC). Monkey immunized with the MS2-fusion protein carrying the N-terminal part of the 195 kD precursor of the major merozoite surface antigens induced only marginal protection showing some correlation between antibody titer and degree of parasitaemia. Based on the protective capacity of these recombinant antigens we have expressed two hybrid proteins (MS2/SERP/HRPII and SERP/MSAI/HRPII) in E. coli containing selected partial sequences of SERP, HRPII and MSAI. Antibodies raised against both hybrid proteins in rabbits and Aotus monkeys recognize the corresponding schizont polypeptides. In two independent immunization trials using 13 animals (age 7 months to 3 years) we could show that immunization of Aotus monkeys with either of the two hybrid proteins administered in an oil-based well tolerated formulation protected the animals frm a severe experimental P. falciparum (strain Palo Alto) infection.

Heterogeneity of Ia antigen expression on myeloblastic leukaemias: correlation with stage of maturation defined by cytochemical markers.

The expression of Ia-like antigen (Ia) has been studied in 55 cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in correlation with the expression of both Sudan Black (SB) and naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (NCAE) stains. Operationally the AML cases were divided into three groups using only NCAE expression on the leukaemic cells: the first group with early maturation stage (MS1) consisted of 30 cases with less than 10% NCAE positive cells (SB: 15-100%): the MS2 group of 14 cases with 10-70% NCAE positive cells (SB: 65-100%) and the MS3 group of 11 cases with 70-100% NCAE positive cells (SB: 89-100%). Ia expression was determined by complement-dependent cytotoxicity, immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods. A similar high percentage (80%) of patients from both group MS1 and MS2 expressed Ia on the surface of 32-100% of the cells. Furthermore, individual comparison of all cases from these two groups showed no correlation between Ia, NCAE and SB expression. Only in the 11 cases from the MS3 group, which included nine cases of promyelocytic leukaemias, was there a correlation between very low expression of Ia antigen with the high NCAE expression. Thus, for AML with a low degree of differentiation the expression of Ia seems to be independent of conventional cytochemical markers of cell maturation.

Trafic intracellulaire de l’ARN de la télomérase chez Saccharomyces cerevisiæ : relation entre biogénèse de la télomérase et homéostasie des télomères

Le contrôle de la longueur des télomères est une étape critique régissant le potentiel réplicatif des cellules eucaryotes. A cause du problème de fin de réplication, les chromosomes raccourcissent à chaque cycle de division. Ce raccourcissement se produit dans des séquences particulières appelées télomères. La longueur des télomères est en relation directe avec les capacités prolifératives des cellules et est responsable de la limite de division de Hayflick. Cependant, dans certains types cellulaires et dans plus de 90% des cancers, la longueur des télomères va être maintenue par une enzyme spécialisée appelée télomérase. Encore aujourd’hui, comprendre la biogénèse de la télomérase et savoir comment elle est régulée reste un élément clé dans la lutte contre le cancer. Depuis la découverte de cette enzyme en 1985, de nombreux facteurs impliqués dans sa maturation ont été identifiés. Cependant, comment ces facteurs sont intégrés dans le temps et dans l’espace, afin de produire une forme active de la télomérase, est une question restée sans réponse. Dans ce projet, nous avons utilisé la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiæ comme modèle d’étude des voies de biogénèse et de trafic intracellulaire de l’ARN de la télomérase, en condition endogène. La première étape de mon travail fut d’identifier les facteurs requis pour l’assemblage et la localisation de la télomérase aux télomères en utilisant des techniques d’Hybridation In Situ en Fluorescence (FISH). Nous avons pu montrer que la composante ARN de la télomérase fait la navette entre le noyau et le cytoplasme, en condition endogène, dans les cellules sauvages. Nos travaux suggèrent que ce trafic sert de contrôle qualité puisqu’un défaut d’assemblage de la télomérase conduit à son accumulation cytoplasmique et prévient donc sa localisation aux télomères. De plus, nous avons identifié les voies d’import/export nucléaire de cet ARN. Dans une deuxième approche, nous avons réussi à développer une méthode de détection des particules télomérasiques in vivo en utilisant le système MS2-GFP. Notre iv étude montre que contrairement à ce qui a été précédemment décrit, la télomérase n’est pas associée de façon stable aux télomères au cours du cycle cellulaire. En fin de phase S, au moment de la réplication des télomères, la télomérase se regroupe en 1 à 3 foci dont certains colocalisent avec les foci télomériques, suggérant que nous visualisons la télomérase active aux télomères in vivo. La délétion des gènes impliqués dans l’activation et le recrutement de la télomérase aux télomères entraine une forte baisse dans l’accumulation des foci d’ARN au sein de la population cellulaire. Nos résultats montrent donc pour la première fois la localisation endogène de l’ARN TLC1 in situ et in vivo et propose une vue intégrée de la biogenèse et du recrutement de la télomérase aux télomères.

Exploring TERRA (TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA) Expression and Regulation During Cell Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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