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TDP-43-immunoreactive pathology in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP) with and without associated motor neuron disease (MND)

A proportion of patients with motor neuron disease (MND) exhibit frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and some patients with FTD develop the clinical features of MND. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the pathological substrate of FTD and some forms of this disease (referred to as FTLD-U) share with MND the common feature of ubiquitin-immunoreactive, tau-negative cellular inclusions in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Recently, the transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) has been found to be a major protein of the inclusions of FTLD-U with or without MND and these cases are referred to as FTLD with TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP). To clarify the relationship between MND and FTLD-TDP, TDP-43 pathology was studied in nine cases of FTLD-MND and compared with cases of familial and sporadic FTLD-TDP without associated MND. A principal components analysis (PCA) of the nine FTLD-MND cases suggested that variations in the density of surviving neurons in the frontal cortex and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) in the dentate gyrus (DG) were the major histological differences between cases. The density of surviving neurons in FTLD-MND was significantly less than in FTLD-TDP cases without MND, and there were greater densities of NCI but fewer neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NII) in some brain regions in FTLD-MND. A PCA of all FTLD-TDP cases, based on TDP-43 pathology alone, suggested that neuropathological heterogeneity was essentially continuously distributed. The FTLD-MND cases exhibited consistently high loadings on PC2 and overlapped with subtypes 2 and 3 of FTLD-TDP. The data suggest: (1) FTLD-MND cases have a consistent pathology, variations in the density of NCI in the DG being the major TDP-43-immunoreactive difference between cases, (2) there are considerable similarities in the neuropathology of FTLD-TDP with and without MND, but with greater neuronal loss in FTLD-MND, and (3) FTLD-MND cases are part of the FTLD-TDP 'continuum' overlapping with FTLD-TDP disease subtypes 2 and 3. © 2012 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Monads in double categories

We extend the basic concepts of Street's formal theory of monads from the setting of 2-categories to that of double categories. In particular, we introduce the double category Mnd(C) of monads in a double category C and dene what it means for a double category to admit the construction of free monads. Our main theorem shows that, under some mild conditions, a double category that is a framed bicategory admits the construction of free monads if its horizontal 2-category does. We apply this result to obtain double adjunctions which extend the adjunction between graphs and categories and the adjunction between polynomial endofunctors and polynomial monads.

Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) is a possible disease modifying therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, which is also known as motor neuron disease (MND)). OBJECTIVES: To examine the efficacy of rhIGF-I in affecting disease progression, impact on measures of functional health status, prolonging survival and delaying the use of surrogates (tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation) to sustain survival in ALS. Occurrence of adverse events was also reviewed. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register (21 November 2011), CENTRAL (2011, Issue 4), MEDLINE (January 1966 to November 2011) and EMBASE (January 1980 to November 2011) and sought information from the authors of randomised clinical trials and manufacturers of rhIGF-I. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered all randomised controlled clinical trials involving rhIGF-I treatment of adults with definite or probable ALS according to the El Escorial Criteria. The primary outcome measure was change in Appel Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Rating Scale (AALSRS) total score after nine months of treatment and secondary outcome measures were change in AALSRS at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 months, change in quality of life (Sickness Impact Profile scale), survival and adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Each author independently graded the risk of bias in the included studies. The lead author extracted data and the other authors checked them. We generated some missing data by making ruler measurements of data in published graphs. We collected data about adverse events from the included trials. MAIN RESULTS: We identified three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of rhIGF-I, involving 779 participants, for inclusion in the analysis. In a European trial (183 participants) the mean difference (MD) in change in AALSRS total score after nine months was -3.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) -8.68 to 2.08). In a North American trial (266 participants), the MD after nine months was -6.00 (95% CI -10.99 to -1.01). The combined analysis from both RCTs showed a MD after nine months of -4.75 (95% CI -8.41 to -1.09), a significant difference in favour of the treated group. The secondary outcome measures showed non-significant trends favouring rhIGF-I. There was an increased risk of injection site reactions with rhIGF-I (risk ratio 1.26, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.54). . A second North American trial (330 participants) used a novel primary end point involving manual muscle strength testing. No differences were demonstrated between the treated and placebo groups in this study. All three trials were at high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Meta-analysis revealed a significant difference in favour of rhIGF-I treatment; however, the quality of the evidence from the two included trials was low. A third study showed no difference between treatment and placebo. There is no evidence for increase in survival with IGF1. All three included trials were at high risk of bias.

Micro-Structural Brain Alterations in Aviremic HIV+ Patients with Minor Neurocognitive Disorders: A Multi-Contrast Study at High Field.

OBJECTIVE: Mild neurocognitive disorders (MND) affect a subset of HIV+ patients under effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). In this study, we used an innovative multi-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach at high-field to assess the presence of micro-structural brain alterations in MND+ patients. METHODS: We enrolled 17 MND+ and 19 MND- patients with undetectable HIV-1 RNA and 19 healthy controls (HC). MRI acquisitions at 3T included: MP2RAGE for T1 relaxation times, Magnetization Transfer (MT), T2* and Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI) to probe micro-structural integrity and iron deposition in the brain. Statistical analysis used permutation-based tests and correction for family-wise error rate. Multiple regression analysis was performed between MRI data and (i) neuropsychological results (ii) HIV infection characteristics. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) based on MRI data was performed between MND+ and MND- patients and cross-validated with a leave-one-out test. RESULTS: Our data revealed loss of structural integrity and micro-oedema in MND+ compared to HC in the global white and cortical gray matter, as well as in the thalamus and basal ganglia. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant influence of sub-cortical nuclei alterations on the executive index of MND+ patients (p = 0.04 he and R(2) = 95.2). The LDA distinguished MND+ and MND- patients with a classification quality of 73% after cross-validation. CONCLUSION: Our study shows micro-structural brain tissue alterations in MND+ patients under effective therapy and suggests that multi-contrast MRI at high field is a powerful approach to discriminate between HIV+ patients on cART with and without mild neurocognitive deficits.

Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of central nervous system dysfunction in HIV-infected patients

Background :¦In addition to opportunistic infections of the central nervous system (CNS), which are due to immunosuppression related to HIV, the latter virus, itself, can cause neuropathological abnormalities which are located mainly in the basal ganglia and are characterized by microglial giant cells, reactive astrocytosis and perivascular monocytes. This HIV encephalopathy is characterized, clinically, by psycho-motor slowing, memory loss, difficulties in complex tasks requiring executive functions, as well as motor disorders .These cognitive deficits are grouped under the acronym of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In fact, HANDs are subdivided in three groups in accordance with the severity of the cognitive impairment: Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment (ANI), Mild/moderate Neurocognitive Disorders (MND) and HIV Associated Dementia (HAD).¦While the incidence of HAD has significantly decreased in the era of combined antiretrobiral therapy (cART), the prevalence of milder forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders HAND seem to have increased. There are many potential reasons to explain this state of facts.¦An important question is to understand how soon the brain may be affected by HIV. Since performing a biopsy in these patients is not an issue, the study of the CSF represents the best available way to look at putative biomarkers of inflammation/neurodegeneration in the CNS. Here, we wanted to examined the putative usefulness of different biomarkers as early indicators of anti-retroviral failure at the level of the CNS. We chose to study the CSF levels of:¦Amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42), Tau total (tTau), phosphorylated Tau (pTau), Neopterin and S100-β.¦Indeed, these molecules are representative biomarkers of the major cells of the CNS, i.e. neurons,¦macrophages/microglia and astrocytes.¦To examine how sensitive were these CSF biomarkers to indicate CNS insults caused by HIV, we proposed to take advantage of the MOST (Monotherapy Switzerland/Thailand study) study, recently published in AIDS. Thus, we collaborated with Prof. Pietro Vernazza in St-Gall. In MOST study, monotherapy (MT) consisting in ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) was compared to continuous conventional antiretroviral therapy including several molecules, hereafter referred as CT¦Methods :We tested 61 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 52 patients enrolled in MOST, including 34 CSF samples of CT and 27 of MT (mean duration on MT: 47+20 weeks) in patients who maintained full VL suppression in blood (<50cps/ml). Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we determined the CSF concentration of S100-beta (astrocytosis), neopterin (microglia, inflammation), total Tau (tTau), phosphorylated Tau (pTau), and amyloid-beta 1-42 (Abeta), the latter three markers indicating neuronal damages. The CSF samples of 37 HIV-negative patients with Alzheimer dementia (AD) served as controls. Results are expressed in pg/ml and reported as median ± interquartile range. Mann Whitney-U test was used to compare the results of a given biomarker between two groups and the Fisher test to compare frequencies.¦Results: We found a higher concentration of S100-beta (570±1132) and neopterin (2.5±2.9) in the CSF of MT versus CT (0±532, p=0.002 and 1.2±2.5, p=0.058, respectively). A cutoff of 940 pg/ml for S100-beta allowed to discriminate MT (11 above versus 16 below) from CT (1 vs 33, p=0.0003). At a lesser extent, a cutoff of 11 pg/ml for neopterin separated MT (4 above versus 23) from CT (0 vs 34, p=0.034) (Figure).¦In AD, tTau was higher (270±414) and Abeta lower (234±328) than in CT (150±153, p=0.0078, and 466±489, p=0.007, respectively). Such as for CT, Abeta was lower in AD than in MT (390±412, p=0.01). However, contrasting with CT, the levels of tTau were not different between AD and MT (199±177, p=0.11). S100b (173±214; p=0.0006) and neopterin (1.1±0.9; p=0.0014) were lower in AD than MT.¦Conclusions: Despite full VL-suppression in blood, HIV monotherapy is sufficient to trigger inflammation and, especially, astrocytosis. CSF markers of patients on CT have the same profile as reported for healthy subjects, suggesting that CT permits a good control of HIV in the brain. Finally, the levels of tTau, which are relatively similar between AD and MT patients, suggest that neurons are damaged during monotherapy.

Prevalence of cognitive disorders in HIV plus patients with long-term suppression of viremia

Background: HAART has contributed to decrease the HIV-related mortality and morbidity. However, the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) seems to have increased. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cognitive complaint and of HAND in a cohort of aviremic HIV_patients in the South-western part of Switzerland. Design/Methods: Two hundred HIV_ patients who had (1) undetectable HIV RNA concentrations in the plasma for_3 months, (2) no history of major opportunistic infection of the CNS in the past three years, (3) no current use of IV drugs and (4) no signs of major depression according to the DSM-IV criteria, answered a questionnaire designed to elicit cognitive complaints. Cognitive functions of a subset of HIV_ patients with or without cognitive complaints were assessed using the HIV Dementia scale (HDS) and a battery of neuropsychological tests evaluating the sub-cortical functions. Cognitive impairment was defined according to the revised diagnostic criteria for HAND. Non-parametric tests were used for statistics and a Bonferroni corrected standard p level of pB0.002 was applied for multiple comparisons. Results: The prevalence of cognitive complaints was 27% (54 patients) among the 200 questioned patients. At the time of writing this abstract, cognitive functions of 50 complaining and 28 noncomplaining aviremic patients had been assessed with the HDS and the full neuropsychological battery. The prevalence of HAND producing at least mild interference in daily functioning (mild neurocognitive disorders [MND] or HIV-associated dementia [HAD]) was 44% (34/78 patients) in the group who underwent neuropsychological testing. Objective evidences of HAND were more frequent in complaining than in non-complaining patients (pB0.001). Using a ROC curve, a cut-off of 13 on the HDS was found to have a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 71% (p_0.001) for the diagnosis of HAND. A trend for lower CNS Penetrating-Effectiveness scores for HAART in patients with MND or HAD as compared to the others was present (1.59 0.6 vs. 1.990.6; p_0.006 [Bonferroni correction]). Conclusions/Relevance: So far, our results suggest that (1) the prevalence of HAND is high in HIV_ patients with a long-term suppression of viremia, and (2) cognitive complaints expressed by aviremic HIV_ patients should be carefully investigated as they correlate with objective evidences of cognitive decline in a neuropsychological testing. HAART with a high CNS penetrating-effectiveness may contribute to prevent HAND. Funding: Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

Familial frontotemporal dementia with ubiquitin inclusion bodies and without motor neuron disease.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common degenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease and its Lewy body variant. Clinical pathology can be subdivided in three main neuropathological subtypes: frontal lobe dementia, Pick's disease and FTD with motor neuron disease (MND), all characterised by distinct histological features. Until recently the presence of ubiquitin-positive intraneuronal inclusions in the dentate gyrus, and the temporal and frontal cortex was usually associated with the MND type. Such inclusions were also observed in a few sporadic cases of FTD without or with parkinsonism (FTDP) in the absence of MND. We present here clinical, neuropathological and immunohistochemical data about a Swiss FTD family with FTDP-like features but without MND. Spongiosis and mild gliosis were observed in the grey matter. No neurofibrillary tangles, Pick bodies, Lewy bodies, senile plaques or prion-positive signals were present. However, ubiquitin-positive intracytoplasmic inclusions were detected in various structures but predominantly in the dentate gyrus. These observations support the existence of a familial form of FTDP with ubiquitin-positive intracytoplasmic inclusions (Swiss FTDP family).

Is the presence of an intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins associated with neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected patients?

Worldwide, the incidence of HIV-associated dementia has decreased However, the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), mostly the milder forms, i.e. mild neurocognitve disorders (MND) and asymptomatic neurocognitive impairments (ANI) has increased in the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. Indeed, 20% to 60% of well- treated HIV-infected patients, i.e. with undetectable HIV viremia, still present HAND in the cART era. HAND are characterized by psychomotor slowing, memory loss, and attention deficit. Possible explanations for this paradoxical phenomenon encompass: increased survival of HIV- infected patients thank to cART, low grade inflammation of the brain insufficient penetrance of antiretroviral drugs through the blood brain barrier (BBB), or on the contrary, toxic effect of some antiretroviral drugs. These somewhat contradictory hypotheses underline our poor understanding of HAND physiopathology. Here, we aim at determining whether the intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins G (IgG), hereafter referred as cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal band (CSF OB), may help us in better understanding the immunopathogenesis of cognitive disorders. By analogy with other infection, such as syphilis or neuroborreliosis (9, 10), one can assume that, in the case of HIV-infected patients, the CSF OB are directed against HIV proteins (11). Nevertheless, in the case of HIV, the meaning of such CSF OB is unclear. Indeed, it is unknown whether this intrathecal inflammatory reaction is beneficial (viral control) or harmful (brain parenchyma destruction by the different inflammatory factors). Here, we looked at the association between CSF OB and cognitive disorders in HIV-infected patients, hypothesizing that if these CSF OB are protective, one should see an inverse correlation with the presence of cognitive disorders.

Lapsen neurologinen tutkiminen Touwenin menetelmällä

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tehdä ohjekirja Touwenin testistä. Touwenin testin avulla voidaan tehdä laaja-alainen ja yksityiskohtainen neurologinen tutkimus lapselle. Tutkimus kohdistuu erityisesti lieviin neurologisiin poikkeavuuksiin (Minor Neurological Dysfunctions, MND). Tulosten avulla lapset jaotellaan neurologisesti normaaleihin, lievästi poikkeaviin (Simple MND), merkittävästi poikkeaviin (Complex MND) ja CP-vammaa sairastaviin lapsiin. Tutkittavia osa-alueita ovat asento ja lihasjänteys, refleksit, tahattomat liikkeet, koordinaatio ja tasapaino, hienomotoriikka, liitännäisliikkeet, tuntoaisti ja aivohermojen toiminta. Lasten hermosto on nopeasti kehittyvä ja laadullisesti erilainen kuin aikuisilla, sillä lapsen neurologinen kehitys on vielä kesken. Tämä täytyy huomioida lapsen neurologisessa tutkimuksessa ja tulosten tulkinnassa. Touwenin testi on suunnattu erityisesti 4-13-vuotiaille lapsille. Motoriset vaikeudet voivat vaikuttaa fyysiseen ja sosiaaliseen aktiivisuuteen sekä mielenterveyteen. Monesti niillä on yhteys myös oppimis- ja käytöshäiriöihin. Motorisen kehityksen merkittävät häiriöt olisi tärkeä löytää mahdollisimman varhain, jotta näiden lasten kehitystä voitaisiin tukea. Motorisia toimintahäiriöitä on huomattavasti enemmän lapsilla, jotka ovat syntyneet ennen raskausviikkoa 32 ja joiden syntymäpaino on alhainen. Tämän vuoksi keskosten neurologisen kehityksen seuranta on erityisen tärkeää.

Marqueurs électroencéphalographiques du développement d’une maladie neurodégénérative dans le trouble comportemental en sommeil paradoxal

Le trouble comportemental en sommeil paradoxal (TCSP) est une parasomnie se caractérisant par la perte de l’atonie musculaire, la paralysie qui accompagne généralement le sommeil paradoxal, suivie de l’apparition de comportements indésirables et souvent violents. Des études suggèrent que le TCSP idiopathique (TCSPi) est fortement lié au développement ultérieur de la maladie de Parkinson, de la démence à corps de Lewy et de l’atrophie multisystémique. En effet, des signes subtils de neurodégénérescence sont observés chez ces patients, notamment un ralentissement de l’activité électrique cérébrale (EEG) à l’éveil et la présence de troubles cognitifs. Le but de cette thèse est 1) d’évaluer sur le plan transversal la contribution du trouble cognitif léger (TCL) dans le ralentissement de l’EEG à l’éveil observé chez ces patients et 2) d’évaluer la valeur prédictive des mesures de l’EEG à l’éveil mesurées au temps de base par rapport au développement d’une maladie neurodégénérative (MND) lors du suivi longitudinal. Dans le cadre de la première étude, l’EEG à l’éveil d’un groupe de patients avec un TCSPi présentant des atteintes cognitives a été comparé à celui d’un groupe de patients sans troubles cognitifs et à des sujets témoins sains. Seuls les patients avec un TCL affichaient un ralentissement de l’EEG d’éveil plus prononcé au niveau postérieur, c’est-à-dire une puissance relative thêta plus élevée dans les régions pariétale, temporale et occipitale, une puissance relative alpha plus faible dans les régions occipitale et temporale, en plus d’un ratio spectral (ondes lentes sur ondes rapides) plus élevé dans ces régions en comparaison avec les deux autres groupes. De plus, le ratio spectral corrélait négativement avec les fonctions attentionnelles/exécutives, visuospatiales et la mémoire épisodique verbale. La deuxième étude a quant à elle évalué l’EEG à l’éveil au temps initial de patients qui ont développé une MND sur une période de 3,5 ans en comparaison à celui de patients qui sont demeurés idiopathiques et à un groupe de témoins sains. Les patients avec un TCSPi qui ont évolué vers une MND présentaient une augmentation de la puissance de l’activité absolue delta et thêta, en plus d’un ratio spectral plus élevé dans les cinq régions corticales en comparaison avec les deux autres groupes. Cette thèse suggère ainsi que le ralentissement de l’EEG à l’éveil dans le TCSPi est relié à la présence d’un TCL concomitant. De plus, ces anomalies sont associées à un plus grand risque de développer une maladie de Parkinson, une démence à corps de Lewy ou une atrophie multisystémique à court terme chez ces patients. Le ralentissement de l’EEG à l’éveil semble donc être un marqueur prometteur d’une neurodégénérescence cérébrale plus sévère chez les patients souffrant d’un TCSPi.

Omvårdnad vid andningsproblematik och sväljproblematik hos ALS patienter

Amyotrofisk Lateral Skleros, ALS, är en neurologisk sjukdom vilken leder till att samtliga kroppens muskler förtvinas och dör. Då sjukdomen saknar bot blir all behandling symptomatisk och individuellt anpassad för varje enskild persons behov. I denna systematiska litteraturstudie har det sökts efter olika sätt att stötta denna patientgrupp då syftet att belysa hur vi som personal kan hjälpa och stötta personer med ALS relaterad dysfagi och andningsproblem till en så bra tillvaro som möjligt skulle belysas.Författarna har funnit att omvårdnaden sällan sätts i fokus. Det är istället de lösningar som tar bort symtomet som fått fokus i flertalet av de artiklar som granskats. Att hjälpa dessa personer till trygga och oberoende människor som kan fortsätta att leva istället för som många av artiklarna visade då det gjordes insatser som ledde till att personerna blev mer bundna till sina anhöriga och sina vårdare.

Provning av ackumulatorsystem för solvärmeanläggningar

Inom projektet provades 10 konfigurationer av samma ackumulatortank. Tankarna utsattes under kontrollerade förhållanden för en 6-dagars testcykel. Under testet tillfördes varje tank värme från en (simulerad) solfångare och, i den mån det behövdes, tillsatsvärme från elpatronen. Väderförhållanden under de sex dagarna var två fina, en växlande, två dåliga och ytterligare en växlande dag i nämnd följd. De flesta systemkonfigurationer klarade sig under de soliga dagarna utan energitillskott från elpatronen och förmådde dessutom att lagra värnlen så att även tappningar på följande dag med "växlande" väder kunde ske utan el-tillskott. De molniga dagarna behövde alla systemkonfigurationer el-tillskott. Solvärmesystemens täckningsgrad varierade mellan 36,5 % för det sämsta systemet till 70, 3 % för det bästa. En ackumulatortank med två seriekopplade tappvarmvattenvärmeväxIare (en i botten för förvärmning och en i tankens övre del för slutvärmning) ger betydligt bättre resultat än en tank med bara en enda sådan värmeväxlare. Tankens volym var i de utförda provningarna 750 liter, solfångarstorleken 10 m2 och lasten 13 kWh per dag. För dessa förutsättningar ger en yttre solvärmeväxlare inga mätbara fördelar gentemot en tillräcklig stor inbyggd värmeväxlare. De gjorda försöken visar, att alla tankkonfigurationerna visar dålig skiktning. Ett fortsatt arbete bör göras för att minska omblandningen i tanken vid både inladdning och uttag av värme.

Análise da assimetria na corrida de aproximação de diferentes tipos de chute no futsal

Existe uma lacuna na literatura no que diz respeito chutes no futsal, ainda mais em relação as diferenças entre membros contralaterais. Portanto o objetivo do estudo foi analisar e comparar os parâmetros espaço-temporais da corrida de aproximação e de desempenho (precisão e velocidade da bola) de chutes realizados com o membro dominante e membro não dominante para diferentes tipos de chutes no futsal, separadamente para a bola em posição estacionária e para a bola em deslocamento. Participaram do estudo cinco jogadores destros e cinco jogadores sinistros de futsal da equipe adulta da UNESP – Campus Rio Claro. Os participantes realizaram 10 chutes com a bola parada e 10 chutes com a bola em deslocamento, sendo que em cada situação 5 chutes foram realizados com o membro dominante (MD) e os outros 5 chutes com o membro não dominante (MND). Para a bola parada os chutes foram realizados na marca do tiro livre (10 m distante do gol). Para bola em deslocamento foi utilizada uma rampa para padronizar a velocidade de chegada da bola. Os participantes foram instruídos a realizar o chute com o dorso do pé o mais forte que conseguir, tendo como objetivo acerta um alvo de 1m² posicionado no centro do gol. Os chutes foram filmados por seis câmeras digitais JVC® modelo GR9800u, ajustadas com freqüência de aquisição de 120 Hz, shutter a 1/250, white balance e o foco definido de forma manual. Foram fixados marcadores nas proeminências ósseas dos membros inferiores direito e esquerdo dos participantes. As variáveis dependentes foram: velocidade da corrida de aproximação; distância do pé de suporte para a bola; ângulo de aproximação para a bola; distância do participante para a bola; velocidade da bola; e comprimento e largura do passo durante a corrida de aproximação. As variáveis foram comparadas através de análise de variância (ANOVA) com medidas repetidas e com fator... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)