Macroeconomia: Noções Básicas

Este texto apresenta os conceitos fundamentais da macroeconomia - descreve o comportamento dos agentes económicos, apresenta as principais variáveis macroeconómicas e explica como elas podem ser medidas, procede à distinção entre valores reais e valores nominais, faz a separação entre as visões Keynesiana e neoclássica do sistema económico e fornece uma breve explicação sobre o processo de crescimento das economias. O documento tem o propósito de introduzir os temas da macroeconomia a alunos de licenciatura.

Macroanálise, regulação e o método uma alternativa ao holismo e ao individualismo metodológicos para uma macroeconomia histórica e institucionalista

Macro-analysis, regulation and the method: an alternative to the methodological holism and individualism to a historical and institutionalist macro-economy. The paper examines the epistemological conditions that make the "regulationist" macro-analysis a possible alternative to the traditional equilibrium approaches. It shows how these analyses allow to overcome the structure-agent dilemma as from the concept of contextual rationality and of a hol-individualist methodology that, combined with the notion of strong historicity, find wide theoretical basis in Bourdieu's sociology, in Braudel's works on economical history and in Lukács's ontology on the social being. The paper also explains its historical origins and concludes with a synthesis of the method and the necessary steps to accomplish this type of macroeconomics approach.

Notas críticas sobre a macroeconomia novo-Keynesiana

This article shows that, in spite of its great steps towards reality, new-Keynesian macroeconomics seems to be a non-systematic construction with problems originated from "ad hoc" hypothesis required to explain the non neutrality of money and the existence of disequilibria in the short run. In particular, it seems that prices and wages rigidities stand in sandy bases and that the derivation of the IS and LM curves from neoclassical fundamentals is problematic. Even disregarding the apparent difficulties of the neoclassical theory of value and distribution, the new-Keynesian connections between interest rate, money, and output do not seem fully consistent.

Macroeconomia estruturalista do desenvolvimento

Structuralist development macroeconomics. This paper presents some basic ideas and models of a structuralist development macroeconomics (the tendencies to the overvaluation of the exchange rate and the tendency of wages to grow below productivity, the critique of growth with foreign savings, and a new model of the Dutch disease) that complement and actualize the thought of the Latin-American structuralist school that developed around ECLAC from the late 1940s to the 1960s. On the other hand, it suggests that a new national development strategy based on the experience of fast growing Asian countries is emerging; and argues that only the countries that adopt such strategy based on growth with domestic savings, fiscal and foreign trade responsibility and a competitive exchange rate will be able to catch up.

Macroeconomia com M4

O trabalho trata de refazer modelos macroeconômicos usuais, como por exemplo o IS-LM, com a introdução de um agregado amplo de liqüidez, o M4. Faz-se uma cuidadosa análise da identidade de Walras, estendendo-se Simonsen (1983). Como resultado, vê-se que a introdução do mercado de M4 nos modelos exige que seja abandonada ou a curva IS (equilíbrio no mercado de bens e serviços),ou a LM (equilíbrio no mercado monetário). A seguir estuda-se a demanda de M4, sua estimativa no Brasil e um modelo LM4-LM. A utilidade da análise precedente é óbvia: podem-se estudar os impactos de aumentos de M4 diretamente, sem que se recorra ao efeito riqueza (Pigou).