Projeto de um sistema de aquisição dedados para a planta termelétrica do laboratório de máquinas térmicas do DEN/FEG/UNESP

With the purpose of provide students with the practical contact with the operation of a thermoelectric plant, the steam plant Laboratory College of Engineering Guaratinguetá was restored, this work was undertaken so that the necessary equipment was specified for this steam plant had their instrumented processes, enabling greater precision of the measurements performed in the tests and also storing your information. The instrumentation of the plant is to approximate the practices carried out in the laboratory with real situations encountered in industrial steam plant, thus collaborating with the most comprehensive training of students and ensuring the safety of operations performed in the laboratory

Análise de sistemas de máquinas térmicas em plantas de processos químicos

Pressure drop and energy efficiency of compressors in chemical plants are the focus of this study. Its objective is an analysis of possible sources of energy loss through the study of pressure loss in pipes, calculation of thermodynamic efficiency of the compressors. Important issues are raised for this analysis such as the types of compressors, the operating range of each compressor, compression types, as well as a study of accessories such as filters and valves. After studying these issues was carried out calculations of pressure drop step-bystep and with a software WIPCD. Followed by the calculation of efficiency of compressors and monthly energy cost of each compressor in operation. Finally, the study shows some suggestions for immediate improvements, changes and suggestions for possible future purchases of compressors

Aplicação de um ciclo orgânico de Rankine à indústria Naval

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Diseño y mantenimiento de equipos de transferencia de calor por Benito Sergio Garza Espinosa.

Tesis (Maestro en Ciencias de la Ingeniería Mecánica con Especialidad en Térmica y Fluidos) U.A.N.L.

Diseño de equipos de transferencia de calor

Tesis (Maestro en Ciencias de la Ingeniería Mecánica con Especialidad en Térmica y Fluidos) UANL Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, 2001

Ingeniería Térmica (II).

En el presente libro se desarrollan los siguientes temas: principios básicos hidrodinámicos, flujo viscoso incomprensible, propiedades termodinámicas del agua, ciclos de máquinas térmicas, aire acondicionado (1), aire acondicionado (2), refrigeración (1), refrigeración (2), criogenia, y combustión.

Segunda lei da termodinâmica

Apresenta os dois enunciados mais importantes da segunda lei da termodinâmica. Apresenta as máquinas térmicas, dispositivos que produzem trabalho a partir de calor em processo cíclico, citando exemplo. Apresenta refrigeradores térmicos simples, que funcionam como aquecedores quando invertidos. Apresenta o ciclo de Carnot, definindo e equacionando as quatro etapas e ilustrando em um diagrama.

Entropia e a segunda lei da termodinâmica

Apresenta entropia por meio da desigualdade de Clausius, demonstrando essa desigualdade para máquinas térmicas e ciclos de refrigeração, concluindo que a igualdade se aplica a ciclos reversíveis e a desigualdade a ciclos irreversíveis. Define entropia como uma propriedade termodinâmica extensiva, e apresenta as equações para calcular a entropia. Apresenta o diagrama TS, faz a representação de um ciclo termodinâmico e do ciclo de Carnot nesse diagrama. Apresenta equações para cálculo de eficiência máquinas térmicas e rendimento de refrigeradores. Apresenta considerações de entropia para gases ideais.

Ciclos termodinâmicos

Apresenta duas grandes áreas de aplicação da termodinâmica: refrigeração e geração de potência. Cita como funcionam máquinas térmicas de combustão externa e interna. Relembra o ciclo de Carnot, eficiente para transformar calor em trabalho e apresenta o ciclo de Rankine, que se aproxima do ciclo de Carnot, porém suas turbinas são projetadas com a umidade formada na expansão do vapor saturado sendo removida no processo, evitando erosões. Apresenta o ciclo de Rankine com aquecimento, que se aproxima mais ao ciclo de Carnot. Apresenta o ciclo de refrigeração de Rankine, com a expressão de cálculo de coeficiente de desempenho. Apresenta dispositivos a gás de um único passe, como motor de gasolina ideal, funcionando como o ciclo Otto. Apresenta o ciclo Diesel, de motor diesel ideal, comparando com o ciclo Otto. Apresenta a turbina a gás, ciclo de Brayton ou Joule.

Segunda lei da termodinâmica e a entropia

Apresenta algumas observações experimentais que fornecem embasamento para a segunda lei da termodinâmica, os enunciados de Clausius e Kelvin-Planck. Demonstra através de esquemas o princípio de funcionamento das máquinas térmicas e dos refrigeradores, das máquinas ideais (descrição do ciclo de Carnot) e a representação dos ciclos de potência e de refrigeração num diagrama p-v. Avalia o rendimento de máquinas térmicas ideais. Posteriormente, define o conceito de entropia e suas aplicações, como calcular variações desta propriedade termodinâmica em diferentes processos, em líquidos, sólidos e gases ideais.

Protótipo de um microgerador termoelétrico de estado sólido: cogeração a gás

The thermoelectric energy conversion can be performed directly on generators without moving parts, using the principle of SEEBECK effect, obtained in junctions of drivers' thermocouples and most recently in semiconductor junctions type p-n which have increased efficiency of conversion. When termogenerators are exposed to the temperature difference (thermal gradient) eletromotriz a force is generated inducing the appearance of an electric current in the circuit. Thus, it is possible to convert the heat of combustion of a gas through a burner in power, being a thermoelectric generator. The development of infrared burners, using porous ceramic plate, is possible to improve the efficiency of heating, and reduce harmful emissions such as CO, CO2, NOx, etc.. In recent years the meliorate of thermoelectric modules semiconductor (TEG's) has stimulated the development of devices generating and recovery of thermal irreversibility of thermal machines and processes, improving energy efficiency and exergy these systems, especially processes that enable the cogeneration of energy. This work is based on the construction and evaluation of a prototype in a pilot scale, for energy generation to specific applications. The unit uses a fuel gas (LPG) as a primary energy source. The prototype consists of a porous plate burner infrared, an adapter to the module generator, a set of semiconductor modules purchased from Hi-Z Inc. and a heat exchanger to be used as cold source. The prototype was mounted on a test bench, using a system of acquisition of temperature, a system of application of load and instrumentation to assess its functioning and performance. The prototype had an efficiency of chemical conversion of 0.31% for electrical and heat recovery for cogeneration of about 33.2%, resulting in an overall efficiency of 33.51%. The efficiency of energy exergy next shows that the use of primary energy to useful fuel was satisfactory, although the proposed mechanism has also has a low performance due to underuse of the area heated by the small number of modules, as well as a thermal gradient below the ideal informed by the manufacturer, and other factors. The test methodology adopted proved to be suitable for evaluating the prototype

Elaboração e aplicação de uma estratégia de ensino sobre os conceitos de calor e de temperatura

This piece of work has investigated the alternative conceptions shown by students of secondary school, concerned to the concepts of warmth and temperature, aiming the elaboration and application of a learning strategy as of the diagnose risen from the conceptions present in students. The learning strategy was built up by a sequence of activities that involve History of Science and experiments, put in a course that had as a base the proposal of the Group of Redevelopment of Physics Teaching (GREF). We have used as the conductor wire of our research the development of thermo dynamics since the development of the first thermo machines, passing by the Industrial Revolution and the evolution of concepts of warmth and temperature. The learning strategy was applied to a group of second grade of secondary school in a public school in Mossoró (RN). By doing these activities we tried to become the concepts, which are part of thermo dynamics, more meaningful to the students. We have estimated that the application of the strategy has represented some profits to the students of the group, concerning to learning of laws and concepts of thermo dynamics (specifically the concepts of warmth and temperature), as well as what it is referred to the overcoming of its initial conceptions

Estabelecimento de rotinas de operação e orientações de manutenção para a planta termelétrica do DEN/FEG/UNESP

Steam generation plants have several industrial applications, being important for the national and global energetic matrix. Operational knowledge of steam plants is extremely important to forming a Mechanical Engineer. The facilities from Faculty of Engineering of Guaratingueta have a no operated steam pilot plant, named Thermal Machine Lab. Nowadays, the Energy Department from the faculty cannot explore this lab for its classes, even being essential to consolidate the theoretical concepts with tests simulating industrial applications. The goal of this project was to restore the operational condition of equipment of steam laboratory by fixing the equipment, and creating operational scripts for them. In a close future this lab could be used for classes, research and other applications

Actualización y automatización de la toma de medidas en un compresor volumétrico alternativo

Este proyecto se centra en actualizar, modernizar y recuperar un compresor volumétrico alternativo del Laboratorio de Motores y Máquinas Térmicas de la ETSII. Inicialmente se ha evaluado el estado de los sensores disponibles, y se han seleccionado los útiles. Más tarde, se han acondicionado los sensores para que aporten una señal que sea interpretable por el microcontrolador Arduino, que hace la función de tarjeta de adquisición de datos. Esto significa que las señales deben tener un voltaje de entre 0 y 5 voltios. Para continuar se desarrolló el software en el programa LabVIEW™ que nos permite tomar lecturas de todos los sensores simultáneamente. Para finalizar se calibraron los sensores y se comprobó el funcionamiento final del programa. Abstract This project is focused on actualize, modernize and recuperate an alternative volumetric compressor located at the Thermical Motors and Machines Laboratory of the ETSII. First, the sensors state has been evaluated in order to select the correct ones. Later, the sensors have been repaired and prepared to allow them to give an electrical signal between 0 and 5 volts, because these are the values that our microcontroller Arduino is able to read. Next, we have developed the needed software with the program LabVIEW™ that permits us to take the data from all the sensors at the same time. Finally, the sensors were calibrated and the program was tested.

Estudo da absorção das espécies pesadas do gás natural em octanol: efeitos da temperatura e vazão

In the oil industry, natural gas is a vital component of the world energy supply and an important source of hydrocarbons. It is one of the cleanest, safest and most relevant of all energy sources, and helps to meet the world's growing demand for clean energy in the future. With the growing share of natural gas in the Brazil energy matrix, the main purpose of its use has been the supply of electricity by thermal power generation. In the current production process, as in a Natural Gas Processing Unit (NGPU), natural gas undergoes various separation units aimed at producing liquefied natural gas and fuel gas. The latter should be specified to meet the thermal machines specifications. In the case of remote wells, the process of absorption of heavy components aims the match of fuel gas application and thereby is an alternative to increase the energy matrix. Currently, due to the high demand for this raw gas, research and development techniques aimed at adjusting natural gas are studied. Conventional methods employed today, such as physical absorption, show good results. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the removal of heavy components of natural gas by absorption. In this research it was used as the absorbent octyl alcohol (1-octanol). The influence of temperature (5 and 40 °C) and flowrate (25 and 50 ml/min) on the absorption process was studied. Absorption capacity expressed by the amount absorbed and kinetic parameters, expressed by the mass transfer coefficient, were evaluated. As expected from the literature, it was observed that the absorption of heavy hydrocarbon fraction is favored by lowering the temperature. Moreover, both temperature and flowrate favors mass transfer (kinetic effect). The absorption kinetics for removal of heavy components was monitored by chromatographic analysis and the experimental results demonstrated a high percentage of recovery of heavy components. Furthermore, it was observed that the use of octyl alcohol as absorbent was feasible for the requested separation process.